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Topic: Movement for Democracy in Algeria

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	Eritrea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eritrea is officially a parliamentary democracy consisting of six regions, but it functions as a single-party state.
		The rebel movement was primarily dominated by the ELF and by the Eritrean People's Liberation Front.
		The ELF was a conservative grass roots movement dominated by Muslim lowlanders, and thus received backing from Arab governments, whereas the EPLF professed Marxism and was supported by a growing Eritrean Diaspora.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eritrea (4674 words)

	Politics of Algeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Politics of Algeria takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Algeria is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system.
		Algeria has a long history of revolution and regime change, making the political climate dynamic and often in a state of change.
		Algeria is divided into 48 wilaya (province) headed by walis (governors) who report to the Minister of Interior.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Algeria (977 words)

	Elections in Algeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is the mechanism by which a democracy fills elective offices in the legislature, and sometimes the executive and judiciary, and in which electorates choose local government officials.
		Algeria elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature.
		Algeria has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elections_in_Algeria (443 words)

	Algeria's Tragic Contradictions
		Algeria is an interesting case precisely because in February 1989, just months after the October 1988 riots that cost nearly a thousand lives, the ruling National Liberation Front (FLN) embarked on a series of reforms, changing the Constitution to allow multipartism and alternation in power by means of elections.
		The contradiction of democratization in Algeria is that the leaders have sought to introduce, alongside the historical legitimacy embodied by the army, a principle of electoral legitimacy intended to sanction the government alone.
		Lahouari Addi, a native of Algeria, is visiting professor of political science at the University of Lyon II in Lyon, France, and the author of L'Algérie et la démocratie: Pouvoir et crise du politique dans l'Algérie contemporaine (1995).
	www.algeria-watch.de /en/analyses/addi_contradictions.htm (5943 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Africa - Algeria
		Algeria has the fifth-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the second largest gas exporter; it ranks 14th in oil reserves.
		Algeria's financial and economic indicators improved during the mid-1990s, in part because of policy reforms supported by the IMF and debt rescheduling from the Paris Club.
		Algeria's finances in 2000 and 2001 benefited from the temporary spike in oil prices and the government's tight fiscal policy, leading to a large increase in the trade surplus, record highs in foreign exchange reserves, and reduction in foreign debt.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/africa/algeria.html (10794 words)

	Algeria - INTRODUCTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Algeria's military leaders were apparently unwilling to accept the risks connected with political pluralism and liberalization.
		Democracy appears to be a more acceptable course than socialism, in view of developments in Eastern Europe in recent years and the questionable success of Boumediene's socialist policies.
		Algeria is a founding member of the Union of the Arab Maghreb (Union du Maghreb Arabe--UMA), which came into existence in 1989, designed to create a common market among Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-314.html (3814 words)

	Algeria Arab and Middle East Affairs
		Algeria's national commitment to pan-Arabism and Arab causes throughout the Middle East and North Africa has resulted in an active role in the region.
		Algeria's energetic efforts on behalf of the PLO and the Palestinian cause have from time to time jeopardized its relations with other Arab nations (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt), many of which host significant Palestinian populations of their own.
		Algeria shares a cultural identity with the Arab-Islamic nations but is separated by its distance from the rest of the Middle East.
	www.country-studies.com /algeria/arab-and-middle-east-affairs.html (569 words)

	Democracy: Free Muslims Coalition
		Among the reasons given to spread democracy is that if more people in the Middle East were given an opportunity to play a role in their governance then they will be less likely to resort to terrorism as a means to effect political change.
		The people of Algeria chose to elect extremist Muslims to government and before taking office, some of the newly elected officials announced that the democracy that brought them to power was inconsistent with Islam and they would reject a democratic form of government once they took office.
		Democracy is rule by the people; a system of free choice where rulers are elected and held accountable by their constituents.
	www.freemuslims.org /issues/democracy.php (881 words)

	MILNET: Country Studies - Algeria
		Algeria's contribution to the October 1973 War consisted of a number of air force units that joined Egyptian forces on the Suez front and two medical teams that were dispatched to the Syrian front.
		Although Algeria, like other Arab countries, was unable (or unwilling) to help the PLO resist the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, Benjedid's government allowed between 1,000 and 2,000 of the guerrillas evacuated from Beirut to establish themselves in military camps in Algeria.
		The problems facing Algeria in the west are duplicated in the southeast, where the lengthy border area with Libya is isolated from the remainder of the country.
	www.milnet.com /pentagon/mideast/algeria/algsec.htm (4025 words)

	1997 Human Rights Reports: Algeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Algeria is a middle-income country; annual per capita income was approximately $1,600 in 1997.
		Algeria's first private newspaper printing operation, Sodipresse, opened in March, but it was shut down by the Interior Ministry only 2 weeks later after it printed an issue of the independent weekly publication Ech-Chourouq.
		In June Algeria held its first elections to the APN since the January 1992 elections were canceled and elected the first multiparty parliament in the country?s history.
	www.usemb.se /human/human97/algeria.html (8604 words)

	MOROCCO IN TRANSITION
		This democracy allowed for multiple political parties as long as the king’s position as leader of the country and the faith was not questioned.
		For those in the human rights movement, exacting justice on those responsible for past human rights abuses continued to be an area of concern, as did resolution of cases of the disappeared. This promised to be particularly difficult given that most of the perpetrators of human rights abuses remained in power.
		Algeria’s movement toward democracy was thwarted when polling indicated that the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) would likely win December 1991 elections.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v7/v7i1a3.htm (9057 words)

	ALGERIA
		Algeria is a multi -party state, but parties must obtain approval to exist from the Ministry of the Interior.
		A representative of the Embassy of Algeria in Ottawa stated in 1993 that the amnesty proclaimed by this law was not permanent, and applied only to people who were 30 years of age or older in 1989.
		Algeria adopted a penal code in 1966, retaining the death penalty, which was suspended since early 1994.
	www.asylumlaw.org /docs/algeria/ind99b_algeria_ca.htm (17558 words)

	Algeria
		Algeria is a multi-party republic based on a constitution and a presidential form of government.
		Algeria is emerging from over a decade of terrorism and civil strife in the 1990s, in which between 100,000 and 150,000 persons were estimated to have been killed.
		The Southern Movement for Justice (SMJ) was organized in March with the objective of creating political awareness for politicians to address the South's high rates of poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41718.htm (12272 words)

	Maghreb Mirror: Algeria Junks Its Political As Well As Its Industrial Monopolies
		For Algeria today the situation is clear: the time has come to junk both its political and its economic monopolies.
		Algeria, mismanaged for decades, is now passionately serious about its democratic life.
		In Algeria today, democracy is young, resentments are deep, and the ambitious young leaders are merciless.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/0191/9101023.htm (972 words)

	Democratic and Social Movement (Algeria) - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		As an outgrowth of the Algerian Communist Party (Parti Communiste Algérien), which disappeared soon after Algerian independence, the PAGS has consistently opposed the government, offering sharp criticism of all political leaders and most of their programs.
		A group who wanted to retain the communist legacy of the party broke away, and formed the Algerian Party for Democracy and Socialism.
		In 1999 Ettehadi was reconstructed as the Democratic and Social Movement (Mouvement Démocratique et Social).
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Democratic_and_Social_Movement_(Algeria) (225 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Algeria searches for a leader
		Although opposition parties criticised the amendment, viewing it as another form of the military's centralisation of power in Algeria, it was passed, thus extending Zeroual's term to the year 2000.
		Although Zeroual invited the political parties to nominate their candidates for the presidential elections in February, observers argue that Algeria's next president will be chosen from the military circle and will most likely be a retired general like Zeroual.
		Algeria's political parties have not announced their candidates for the presidential elections and are yet to meet with Zeroual as he promised in his speech two weeks ago.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /1998/396/re3.htm (723 words)

	Marxists Writers Archive
		Co-founder of the German Social Democracy with Wilhelm Liebknecht in 1869.
		Leader of the militant and socialist wing of the Independence Movement in India; hanged by the British in 1931.
		Advocated the orientation to the workers movement, combining parliamentary and extra-parliamentary means of struggle.
	www.marxists.org /archive (2248 words)

	The Algerian army holds the levers of power, by Lahouari Addi
		The month of Ramadan was marked by a further escalation of violence in Algeria, with serial massacres ravaging villages in the west of the country in the Islamist heartland.
		The democrats did not understand the extent to which support for the Islamist movement reflected a desire to break with the system and participate in political life.
		For this kind of compromise to be credible, the army would also have to guarantee it; but first it would have to abandon its belief that it constitutes the source of power, and its opposition to a multi-party system.
	mondediplo.com /1998/02/02algeria (3452 words)

	World Movement for Democracy: Made in the USA - by Tom Barry
		Just as the citizens' global anti-globalization movement often described itself as a "movement of movements," NED describes the World Movement for Democracy as a "network of networks," that functions as an umbrella organization for an array of affiliated international networks of citizens' groups, parliamentarians, research institutions, business groups, and foundations.
		Also under the umbrella of the World Movement for Democracy are several other global "pro-democracy" networks that NED has been developing over the past decade, including International Movement of Parliamentarians for Democracy, Network of Young Democracy Activists, Democracy Information and Communications Technology Group, and the Network of Democracy Research Institutes.
		NED and the World Movement for Democracy are also promoters of the Community of Democracies — which has been greeted with widespread skepticism by many European nations who regard it as a U.S. strategy to skirt UN authority.
	www.antiwar.com /barry/?articleid=6866 (1645 words)

	World Movement for Democracy
		If you know of a democracy network in the region that you believe should be included, please write to world@ned.org.
		The GPFC also aims to improve journalists' skills in the Gulf region by bringing together journalists from the Gulf and Yemen who are increasingly concerned about the absence of press freedom in the region.
		The Middle East Network for Democracy (MEND) is an emerging virtual network of groups and activists dedicated to promoting democracy in the Middle East and North Africa.
	www.wmd.org /mena/menaNetworks.html (616 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Field Listing - Economy - overview
		In addition, most overseas development assistance ceased after the junta suppressed the democracy movement in 1988 and subsequently ignored the results of the 1990 election.
		The most serious negative social effect of this downturn was the emergence of high unemployment; unemployment in the WBGS during the 1980s was generally under 5%; by 1995 it had risen to over 20%.
		Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, faces severe economic development problems, stemming from secessionist movements and the low level of security in the regions, the lack of reliable legal recourse in contract disputes, corruption, weaknesses in the banking system, and strained relations with the IMF.
	www.brainyatlas.com /fields/2116.html (16441 words)

	Events
		The Democracy Award is given annually by the National Endowment for Democracy's Board of Directors to recognize the courageous and creative work of individuals and organizations that has advanced the cause of human rights and democracy around the world.
		The NED's Democracy Award is a small-scale replica of the Goddess of Democracy that was constructed in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China during the student movement for freedom and democracy in 1989.
		In 1991 the National Endowment for Democracy began presenting the symbolic statuette as its annual Democracy Award.
	www.ned.org /events/democracyaward.html (244 words)

	Algeria
		Despite widespread electoral fraud in 1997 and 1999, Algeria is one of the few Arab countries in which people can actually cast a vote (votes are not necessarily counted, but it's a beginning).
		Neither did the Berbers of the Kabylie province (which are to Algeria what the the Palestinians are to Israel, except they don't blow up civilians).
		Since the rebel movement enjoys the support of vast sectors of the population, the army has not been able to uproot it and it has resorted to a campaign of massacres.
	www.scaruffi.com /politics/algeria.html (616 words)

	World Movement for Democracy - DemocracyNews
		The World Movement for Democracy is a global network of democrats, including activists, practitioners, academics, policy makers, and funders, who have come together to develop new forms of cooperation to promote the development of democracy.
		The report was prepared by the Democracy Coalition Project in collaboration with Freedom House and circulated among participants in the Non-Governmental Process for the Community of Democracies.
		The Democratic Initiative Foundation of Ukraine, a World Movement for Democracy participating organization, worked with the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology and the Razumkov Center of Economic and Political Studies to conduct the National Exit Poll 2004 for the second round of the presidential election in Ukraine, which helped to expose the fraudulent elections.
	www.wmd.org /democracynews/Dec0904.html (3721 words)

	Algeria Information and Online Map - Map Town Ltd.
		The surprising first round success of the fundamentalist FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) party in December 1991 balloting caused the army to intervene, crack down on the FIS, and postpone the subsequent elections.
		Algeria has the fifth-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the second largest gas exporter; it ranks fourteenth for oil reserves.
		Algiers' efforts to reform one of the most centrally planned economies in the Arab world stalled in 1992 as the country became embroiled in political turmoil.
	www.maptown.com /geos/algeria.html (1292 words)

	Islamic Salvation Front (Political party, Algeria, 1989-1992) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In 1989, the process of creating multiparty democracy began and opposition political forces were legalized.
		In the free municipal elections of 1990, the FLN, FIS, Communist Party, Social Democratic Party, and Union for Culture and Democracy competed, although Ben Bella's Movement for Democracy in Algeria and Ait-Ahmed's Front of Socialist Forces abstained.
		The upper and lower inscriptions on the flag are unreadable, but the main inscription is the movement name in Arabic.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/dz}fis.html (191 words)

	FREE In-depth report - Introduction - Algeria
		Algeria Hotels - Algeria Hostels - Algeria Sights
		If you did not find the information you were looking for on the subject of Introduction you may wish to do another search of Exploitz.com: related Introduction search
		A good starting point for researching Algeria for travel or reference.
	www.exploitz.com /Algeria-Introduction-cg.php (3901 words)

	Commentary: DEMOCRACY NEWS: Electronic Newsletter of the World Movement for Democracy
		NDRI, a netowork of the World Movement for Democracy, is a membership association of institutions that conduct and publish research on democracy and democratic development.
		Among other things, the author urges cooperation among democracies, assistance to states in transition to democracy, support for the civil and political rights of activists fighting for democracy in totalitarian countries, and the development and implementation of non-military strategies for peace.
		Suu Kyi, pro-democracy leader in Burma and winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize, and her colleagues were detained on May 30 after a clash between her supporters and a pro-government crowd in northern Burma.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/COMM.7.15.03.HTM (4562 words)

	Algeria - Democratization, October 1988-January 11, 1992
		The FIS, competing with more than twelve political parties and numerous independent candidates in the country's first multiparty elections, captured the greatest share of the anti-FLN/antiregime protest vote.
		The elections were officially boycotted by the Berber Front of Socialist Forces (Front des Forces Socialistes-- FFS) and Ben Bella's Movement for Democracy in Algeria (Mouvement pour la Démocratie en Algérie--MDA), along with a number of smaller opposition parties.
		Calling the government's position toward the Islamists "accommodating," the army called for the president's resignation and the suspension of the scheduled second round of elections.
	countrystudies.us /algeria/114.htm (1336 words)

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