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Topic: Movement for Multiparty Democracy

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	Zambia
		In May 1990 Kaunda announced that a popular referendum on the subject of multiparty politics would take place in October of that year.
		The Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) was formed in July.
		In September 1991 Kaunda announced the dissolution of the National Assembly in preparation for the elections.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/countries/Zambia.html (484 words)

	World Movement for Democracy - DemocracyNews
		The World Movement for Democracy is a global network of democrats, including activists, practitioners, academics, policy makers, and funders, who have come together to develop new forms of cooperation to promote the development of democracy.
		The BCHR calls on democracy activists around the world to appeal to the authorities of Bahrain to urge for the protection of the rights and well being of the detainee and his immediate release.
		Pradhan has informed the World Movement for Democracy that he has been reunited with his wife and daughter after enduring physical and mental suffering during his three years of imprisonment and has returned to PFHRD's office, which was destroyed during his absence.
	www.wmd.org /democracynews/oct1304.html (2478 words)

	Movement for Multiparty Democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Movement for Multy-party Democracy (MMD) is a political party in Zambia.
		To add to the MMD landslide, in the parliamentary elections the MMD won 125 of the 150 elected seats and UNIP the remaining 25.
		In the presidential and parliamentary elections held in November 1996, Chiluba was re-elected, and the MMD won 131 of the 150 seats in the National Assembly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Movement_for_Multiparty_Democracy (653 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Zambia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		While the MMD still holds an absolute majority in the National Assembly, the one-party dominance that characterized the legislature during the Kuanda and Chiluba years appears to have come to an end.
		The MMD sought to elect a sympathetic Speaker through a closed election within the Assembly even though the Constitution requires that this position be filled through an open electoral ballot.
		Fearing that the MMD had bribed some opposition MPs to vote for their candidate, the opposition staged a boycott of the institution until this issue could be resolved.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Zam1.htm (1534 words)

	CAMPAIGNS AND COALTIONS: BUILDING MULTIPARTY DEMOCRACY
		The most direct route to multiparty politics would be a realignment of the electoral system based on the rise of an independent candidate.
		Having noted that third parties have been a major cause of the primary electoral realignments of American history, it is logical to assume that one major path to multiparty democracy is the rise of one of America's current third parties.
		Protest movements seem to occur under three conditions: first, institutions lose their legitimacy; second, institutional power is no longer considered an inherent feature of politics; and third, people believe they can change the system.
	www.matthewg.org /multiparty/ch6.htm (9912 words)

	The Head Heeb: Zambia's choice
		In the main event, incumbent president Levy Mwanawasa of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy is facing a close race against a field of candidates led by populist Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front and businessman Hakainde Hichilema of the United Democratic Alliance.
		In the 1991 election, the first to be held after opposition parties were legalized, challenger Frederick Chiluba ended Kenneth Kaunda's quarter-century in office and the MMD swept the parliamentary voting.
		In the 15 years since then, however, the MMD has held uninterrupted power, and the 2001 election (which Mwanawasa won by a 34,000-vote plurality with 29.2 percent of the total vote) was tainted by accusations of irregularities and political influence on the judiciary.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/032998.html (1482 words)

	1993 Human Rights Report: ZAMBIA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Free and fair multiparty elections in October 1991 resulted in the victory of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) and the election of President Frederick J.T. Chiluba.
		In practice, the MMD Government generally respected freedom of expression during 1993, but in a few cases individuals were either denied this right or arrested for expressing views deemed to be contrary to the law.
		Constitutional reform to increase the power of Parliament, a prominent plank in the MMD election platform, continued to proceed at an extremely slow pace, although in September the Government announced the formation of a constitutional commission to draft a new constitution.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /erc/democracy/1993_hrp_report/93hrp_report_africa/Zambia.html (6028 words)

	Party expels former VP
		Zambia’s ruling Movement for Multiparty Democracy party has expelled former vice president Nevers Mumba for lack of discipline after he accused President Levy Mwanawasa of involvement in corruption.
		MMD national secretary Vernon Mwaanga told journalists on Wednesday that Mumba had been expelled for bringing the party’s name into "ridicule" and for lack of discipline.
		Mwaanga said the MMD national executive committee (Nec), which is normally chaired by the president of this southern African country, met late on Tuesday and found Mumba had no grounds to defend himself on charges of improper conduct.
	www.eastandard.net /archives/cl/print/news.php?articleid=21822 (177 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		July 1990: The Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), an unofficial alliance of political opponents to the government was formed under the leadership of Frederick Chiluba of the ZCTU.
		July 1993: Fifteen members of MMD, 11 of whom had seats in the Assembly, resigned from the party accusing the government of protecting corrupt cabinet members and failing to respond to accusations linking party officials with the drugs trade.
		The MMD handicapped its opponents through adoption of controversial constitutional amendments including a clause limiting eligibility for the presidency to people whose parents were not born in Zambia, a clause banning traditional rulers from running, and harassment of the press and NGOs.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/zamlozichro.htm (3328 words)

	20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy
		Our commitment to democracy is also tested in the Middle East, which is my focus today, and must be a focus of American policy for decades to come.
		Some skeptics of democracy assert that the traditions of Islam are inhospitable to the representative government.
		Seventy-four years ago, The Sunday London Times declared nine-tenths of the population of India to be "illiterates not caring a fig for politics." Yet when Indian democracy was imperiled in the 1970s, the Indian people showed their commitment to liberty in a national referendum that saved their form of government.
	www.ned.org /events/anniversary/20thAniv-Bush.html (3409 words)

	ZNet \|South Asia \| People's War to Competitive Democracy
		We are talking of multiparty democracy within a specific constitutional framework that is anti-feudal and anti-imperialist.
		Our decision on multiparty democracy is a strategically, theoretically developed position, that in a communist state, democracy is a necessity.
		After that, in the multiparty democracy which comes â” interim government, constitutional assembly and democratic republic â” we are ready to have peaceful competition with you all.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=9698 (2200 words)

	Movement for Multiparty Democracy: Encyclopedia II - Movement for Multiparty Democracy - Party Genesis and the first ...
		Movement for Multiparty Democracy, Movement for Multiparty Democracy - Party Genesis and the first election, Movement for Multiparty Democracy - MMD and the second election, Movement for Multiparty Democracy - MMD and the third election
		MMD candidate Frederick Chiluba resoundingly carried the presidential election over Kenneth Kaunda with 81% of the vote.
		To add to the MMD landslide, in the parliamentary elections the MMD won 125 of the 150 elected seats and UNIP the remaining 25.
	www.experiencefestival.com /a/Movement_for_Multiparty_Democracy_-_Party_Genesis_and_the_first_election/id/5311082 (510 words)

	SADOCC - News - Movement for Multiparty Democracy concedes defeat in by-election (Site not responding. Last check: )
		MMD spokesperson Akashambatwa Mbikusita-Lewanika said that the party was disappointed with the result but congratulated the PF for retaining the seat.
		Copperbelt Province Minister Webby Chipili said although the MMD had lost twice this did not mean the party was finished.
		He said the electorate in the area should have realised that PF leader Michael Sata was part of the administration which imposed misery on the miners by privatising the mines and rendering several of them unemployed.
	www.sadocc.at /news/2004-179.shtml (244 words)

	CNN.com - Zambia president sworn in - January 2, 2002
		A lawyer by trade, Mwanawasa was the presidential candidate for the MMD which has ruled Zambia since 1991 under outgoing president Chiluba.
		The opposition had accused MMD of rigging the closely-fought presidential poll in favour of Mwanawasa.
		The MMD and Electoral Commission rejected the allegations, but European Union observers cited glaring irregularities in the electoral process.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/africa/01/02/zambia.court0950 (544 words)

	1995 Human Rights Report: ZAMBIA
		After two decades of one-party rule, free and fair multiparty elections in October 1991 resulted in the victory of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) and the election of President Frederick J.T. Chiluba, a former trade unionist.
		Freedom of Movement Within the Country, Foreign Travel, Emigration, and Repatriation The Constitution provides citizens with the right to move freely throughout Zambia, to reside in any part of the country, and to depart and return to the country without restriction.
		Although the MMD continued to be the dominant political force, UNIP showed strength in a number of by-elections following the return of former President Kaunda to its leadership.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/democracy/1995_hrp_report/95hrp_report_africa/Zambia.html (4831 words)

	Slow road from one-party rule to democracy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		LUSAKA, 26 Sep 2006 (IRIN) - Zambia's faith in democracy is being tested by the failure of successive leaders to entrench democratic norms while in office, political analysts and civic organisations said on the eve of the country's fourth multiparty elections.
		Levy Mwanawasa, presidential incumbent and leader of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy, is seeking a second and final term of office, although many expect the poll to be as close as the previous election, which saw him scraping into power by a single percentage point.
		"Our democracy has been a learning process, with a destination that is yet to be seen because we have lamentably failed to have a people-driven constitution, and we have also failed to have a people-driven electoral act," said Bonny Tembo of the Anti-Voter Apathy project, a civic organisation that monitors elections.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=55728 (887 words)

	USAfricaonline.com \| Democracy Watch
		But a decade later, Chiluba and his MMD are blamed for graft, mismanaging the economy and reviving tribalism in a nation once free of the tribal politics affecting Africa.
		Mwanawasa's weakness within the MMD is due partly to his quitting the MMD executive in 1994 after a fallout with Chiluba, whom he accused of graft and human rights abuses.
		The MMD recalled Mwanawasa from the political wilderness in August to carry the mantle after Chiluba retired at the end of his second and final five-year term.
	www.usafricaonline.com /zambia.elections.jan.202.html (1521 words)

	ZAMBIA: parliamentary elections National Assembly, 2001
		Mr Chiluba's ruling party, the Movement for Multiparty Democracy, pledged during the electoral campaign to pay special attention to agriculture and job creation to boost the declining economy.
		In the parliamentary elections, the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) won 68 seats, while the United Party for National Development (UPND) obtained 48, the United National Independence Party (UNIP) 13 and the Forum for Democracy and Development (FDD) 12.
		On 2 January 2002, Mr Levy Mwanawasa was sworn in as the country's third President at a ceremony presided by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
	www.ipu.org /parline-e/reports/arc/2359_01.htm (567 words)

	Politics of Zambia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In response to growing popular demand for multi-party democracy, and after lengthy, difficult negotiations between the Kaunda government and opposition groups, Zambia enacted a new constitution in August 1991.
		Nevertheless, MMD presidential candidate Levy Mwanawasa was declared the victor by a narrow margin, and he was sworn into office on January 2, 2002.
		Zambia is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the Commonwealth, the African Union (and its predecessor the Organisation of African Unity or OAU), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), which is headquartered in Lusaka.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Zambia (1766 words)

	ThePolitical.html (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1991 a popular movement pushed for an end to one-party state government and for multi-party democracy.
		The Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) won landslide victories in both elections.
		Orientation Of Major Political Parties: The MMD platform is for democracy, human rights, and free market economics.
	www.mac.doc.gov /tcc/data/commerce_html/countries/Countries5/Zambia/CountryCommercial/1998/ThePolitical.html (372 words)

	Democracy in Africa
		Democracy in Africa is still an iffy proposition.
		It was ruled for 27 years by President Kenneth Kaunda, leader of the nation's independence movement against Britain, who went on to dominate a one-party state until he finally allowed elections in 1991.
		And members of Parliament who didn't vote for the constitutional amendment were thrown out of his Movement for Multiparty Democracy, a misnomer if there ever was one.
	www.usagold.com /gildedopinion/Jensen/20020105.html (828 words)

	World Press Review - Zambia - Elections
		Now the MMD holds 75 seats in Parliament against 80 for the opposition.
		So while the opposition may be able to block the MMD’s initiatives, it’s far from certain it will be able to put together serious programs of its own—a recipe for disaster in a poverty-stricken country that desperately needs economic leadership.
		“Mwanawasa allowed himself to be imposed on the MMD by Chiluba who hand-picked him for a specific mission, that of protecting him and his henchmen,” the newspaper said.
	www.worldpress.org /africa/0302zambia.htm (491 words)

	Zambia: HRW Report on Electionsm 12/8/96
		In these parliamentary and presidential elections, the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) won a majority and President Frederick Chiluba was returned for a second term.
		The vote marked the second multiparty election since 1991, when twenty-seven years of authoritarian rule under Kenneth Kaunda was ended.
		* As promised by the MMD in its election platform in 1991 and in 1996, ensure that all Zambians may exercise their rights to freedom of expression and association, that the organizations of civil society may freely operate, and that checks and balances of the different branches of government are respected.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Urgent_Action/api_12896.html (1842 words)

	International Market Research - Zambia Country Commercial Guide FY 2003: Political Environ (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1991, a popular movement pushed for an end to the one-party state and adoption of a multi-party democratic system.
		With some important deviance, the MMD has generally pursued these policies since 1991, although calls for a constitutional amendment for a third presidential term early in 2001 caused a split within the party.
		Forum for Democracy and Development (FDD), a coalition of expelled MMD members who opposed the third term constitutional amendment, is another important opposition party.
	strategis.ic.gc.ca /epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr110471e.html (895 words)

	Ethno-Net Database: Zambia
		Splits have deepened within Zambia's ruling Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) over the arrest of former president Frederick Chiluba, charged this week with more than 60 counts of theft and abuse of office.
		Chiluba, who was released on bail on Monday after surrendering his passport, is due to appear in court on 3 March together with his former intelligence chief Xavier Chungu, currently in detention on similar charges of diversion of public funds.
		Chitalu Sampa, MMD chairman and former defence minister said that the Supreme Court decision was likely to cause further divisions.
	www.ethnonet-africa.org /data/zambia/rep0203.htm (2771 words)

	Club Afrika \| Editorials, Comments & Opinions
		When the winds of multi-party politics swept across Africa in the early 1990s most Africans hoped multi-party democracy would soon be achieved in their countries.
		More than a decade later, multipartyism is widespread across the continent, but analysts say the lack of constitutional changes and supporting democratic institutions keeps genuine democracy out of reach for many Africans.
		MDC's Secretary General, Welshman Ncube, says the multiparty system has failed to set the pace for democratic reforms in Zimbabwe, because the ruling party has not made a commitment to change.
	www.clubafrika.com /editorials (968 words)

	"); NewWindow.document.write("IRINnews"); NewWindow.document.write(" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Michael Sata, the president of the Patriotic Front (PF), which won the sole opposition seat in the Mufulira by-election, described the win as a clear indication that the MMD was losing popularity in the influential and highly political Copperbelt province.
		UNDP maintained their pre-election stance that the MMD were out to rig the polls and alleged that national identity cards, a requirement for being issued with voter's cards, were issued in a partisan manner.
		An opposition legislator was arrested, while another from the MMD was injured and property damage estimated at millions of kwacha was caused.
	irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=36710&... (553 words)

	freedomforum.org: Elections will test news media's freedom to report political change
		The country is in the midst of a rough-and-tumble election campaign that has divided its ruling party, the Movement for Multiparty Democracy, and brought citizens into the streets to oppose attempts to change the Zambian Constitution to allow its president to run for a third term.
		The case was an acute demonstration of the level of tension in the country and the major challenge facing both the media and political leaders as Zambia moves toward national elections for president and Parliament later this year.
		During the drama, leading members of Chiluba's Movement for Multiparty Democracy quit the party or were thrown out for their opposition to the third-term idea.
	www.freedomforum.org /templates/document.asp?documentID=14865 (1291 words)

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