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Topic: Mozarab

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	Mozarab - LoveToKnow 1911
		MOZARAB [Spanish Mozdrabe, a corruption of the Arabic Musta`rib, coll.
		It was applied by the Moslems in Spain to the Christian communities existing among them, in Cordova, Seville, Toledo and other large cities, in the exercise of their own laws and religion.
		The ancient liturgy used by the Christians of Toledo is commonly known as Mozarabic.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Mozarab (82 words)

	Mozarabs
		Their liturgy, called the Mozarabic rite, was like that of ancient Gaul.
		For one or two periods, notably in the 11th cent., the Mozarabs were persecuted.
		The chief Mozarab centers were Toledo, Seville, and Córdoba.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/M/Mozarabs.html (166 words)

	Mozarab - Encyclopedia , the free encyclopedia , the free encyclopedia
		Though impossible to quantify, the immigration of Mozarabs from the south was probably a significant factor in the growth in the Christian principalities of northern Spain.
		The Mozarab population was badly affected by the hardening of relations between the Christians and the Muslims during the Almoravid period.
		Hence, the Mozarab liturugy was abolished in 1086.
	www.wielkaencyklopedia.com /en/wiki/Mozarab.html (3683 words)

	Calvo - The Oldest Chess PIeces in Europe
		Separate Mozarab enclaves were located in the large Muslim cities, especially Toledo, Cordoba, and Seville, where they formed prosperous communities ruled by their own officials and were subject to a Visigothic legal code.
		In the center of the town arises the impressive Mozarab church-monastery of Santiago, which gives both name and fame to the village.The church was built in 909 A.D. by a Mozarab saint, St. Genadio, who was also Bishop of Astorga between 898-920.
		In the Mozarabic church of the monastery of Peoalba, were the saint was buried, there is a sculptured image of San Genadio dating from the mid 16th century.
	www.goddesschess.com /chessays/calvopieces.html (3059 words)

	Mozarab - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mozarabs (in Spanish, mozárabes; in Portuguese, moçárabes) were Iberian Christians living under Muslim dominion, and their descendants.
		As the universal nature of Roman law was eroded away, most ethnic groups in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages expected to be judged by their own judges, under their own law: Mozarabs had their own tribunals and authorities.
		A Mozarab brotherhood is still active in Toledo.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mozarabs (1024 words)

	Chapter 7: A History of Spain and Portugal
		The rise of the Leonese church in the ninth and tenth centuries contrasted with the steady decline of the Mozarab, a decline which first reached crisis proportions in the Cordoban martyrdoms of the 850s, at the very time when the cult of Santiago was beginning to take firm hold in the north.
		Sizable Mozarab emigrations to the northwest in the second half of the ninth century apparently made significant contributions to Leonese culture, but it is not clear that the influx of southern Christians had any very original effects on the religious structure and ethos, for these were fairly well defined in León by that time.
		Moreover, though there were instances of other heresies besides Adoptionism among the Mozarabs between the ninth and eleventh centuries, Leonese Catholicism remained rigidly orthodox throughout, as a militant frontier religion holding to a firm, rather narrow identity in tense opposition to a powerful spiritual foe.
	libro.uca.edu /payne1/payne7.htm (4372 words)

	MOZARAB
		During the early stages of Romance languages development in Iberia, a set of romance dialects was spoken in Muslim areas of the Peninsula by the general population.
		The Mozarabs remained out of the influence of French monks and conserved the Visigothic rite of Mass, also known as the Mozarabic rite.
		Nowadays, the Mozarabic rite is allowed by a Papal privilege at one chapel of the Toledo Cathedral.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/Mo/Mozarab.html (521 words)

	Mozarabic@Everything2.com
		Mozarabic is an extinct Romance language from Spain, spoken by the Mozarabs, the Christians living under Moorish rule between 711 and around 1300.
		Mozarabic is related to Spanish, and perhaps more closely related to Asturian/Leonese.
		Mozarabic is not a dialect of Castilian or any of the other languages in the area, despite what some references suggest.
	everything2.com /index.pl?node=Mozarabic (351 words)

	2008 « Ordo Romanus Primus
		The construction of contemporary Mozarab culture is, of course, the result of the power exercised, and the choices and responses made, by the members of the community in relation to the larger Spanish society and church.
		Mozarabs themselves are keenly aware they are the canonical subjects of the rite and have made their thoughts and desires known in the efforts to update the rite.
		It is precisely the self-consciousness of Mozarabs of Toledo that is a key factor both in the actualization of the rite and its potential for continued survival.
	ordoromanusprimus.wordpress.com /2008 (9017 words)

	Conspiratus Angelorum
		An area once belonging to the ancient Basque, it is now an open hub of cultures and religions: Jews, Mozarab and Muwallad mix freely with the Visigoth and Normans.
		The Kingdom has avoided the wars that have racked the rest of the Europe, and instead has set itself as a stable center of politics, learning, and trade.
		It is an open hub of cultures and religions: Jews, Mozarab and Muwallad mix freely with the Basque, Visigoth, and Normans.
	www.walkingshadows.org /DA (416 words)

	Mozarab
		During the early stages of Romance languages development in Iberia, a set of romance dialects was spoken in Muslim areas of the Peninsula by the general population.
		The Mozarabs remained out of the influence of French monks and conserved the Visigothic rite of Mass, also known as the Mozarabic rite.
		Nowadays, the Mozarabic rite is allowed by a Papal privilege at one chapel of the Toledo Cathedral.
	www.experiencefestival.com /mozarab (571 words)

	Arabic words in English: live usage examples
		The Mozarabs (in Spanish, moz??rabes; in Portuguese, mo????rabes) were Iberian Christians living under Muslim domination, and their descendants.
		Language During the early stages of Romance languages development in Iberia, a set of romance dialects was spoken in Muslim areas of the Peninsula by the general population.
		Religion The Mozarabs remained out of the influence of French monks and conserved the Visigothic rite of Mass, also known as the Mozarabic rite.
	www.1001inventions.com /words/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewWord&vcWord=mozarab (584 words)

	Architecture in Christian Spain
		It is used throughout the entire structure - as the initial entry into the portico, in the arcade along the nave, and in the frame of the sanctuary window.
		While the term "Mozarab" may be derived from an Arabic word meaning "arabicized," "Mozarab" is often used to describe all Christians who had lived under Muslim rule in Al-Andalus, and not just those who were highly acculturalized.
		It is possible that "Mozarab" influence brought not an assimilation of Islamic architectural forms, but rather a better familiarity with the Visigothic past which they then integrated in their new homeland.
	medspains.stanford.edu /demo/themes/art_and_architecture/arch_christian_spain/index.html (3331 words)

	First European chessmen
		Mozarab chess pieces known as "the pieces of San Genadio".
		Mozarab chess set, rock-crystal, Museu de Lleida Diocesa I Comarcal, Spain, late 9th c - beg.
		King and Queen from the same set found at church of San Pere of Ager near Urgel, Catalonia, beg 11th c.
	history.chess.free.fr /first-european.htm (704 words)

	Portugal Travel Guide
		Although Portuguese architecture is said to have commenced with the start of the monarchy, there was already a scattering of ancient buildings in existence.
		These include the Visigoth temple of Balsemão, the Mozarab church of Lourosa (built in 912), the basilica of Santo Amaro at Beja and the church of São Frutuoso near Braga, the purest specimen of Byzantine architecture in the Iberian Peninsular.
		The finest Roman building is without doubt the Temple of Diana (2-3 AD) at Évora, a historic town situated in the heart of the Alentejo.
	www.portugaltravelguide.com /en/architecture (349 words)

	Mozarab: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mozarabs (in Spanish, mozárabes; in Portuguese, moçárabes) were Iberian (Iberian: the iberian peninsula, or iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of europe....
		This is known as the Mozarabic language (Mozarabic language: mozarabic was a continuum of closely related iberian romance dialects spoken in al-andalusmuslim...
		Nowadays, the Mozarabic rite is allowed by a Papal privilege at one chapel of the Toledo (Toledo: A city in central Spain on the Tagus river; famous for steel and swords since the first century) Cathedral.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/mozarab (810 words)

	Mozarab : Information and resources about Mozarab : School Work Guru (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mozarab (in Spanish, mozárabe; in Portuguese, moçarabe) was the Iberian Christian living under Muslim domination.
		This is known as the Mozarabic language, though never was a common standard.
		Some Christian authorities were scandalized at how the young ones preferred the Arabic culture and language and tried to raise confrontation by publicly offending Islam.
	www.schoolworkguru.org /encyclopedia/m/mo/mozarab.html (438 words)

	MOZARAB (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mozarab was the Iberian Christian living under Muslim domination.
		Some Christian authorities were scandalized at how the young ones preferred the Arabic culture and language and, in 851, tried to raise confrontation by publicly offending Islam.
		It is licensed under the GNU free documentation license.
	www.yotor.org /wiki/en/mo/Mozarab.htm (399 words)

	UNESCO Courier: The Christian contribution - Arabized Christians of Moorish Spain - Al-Andalus: where three worlds met (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mozarabs were attracted by certain heresies such as adoptianism which, by denying the divinity of Christ, seemed to bear some resemblance to Islam.
		While Mozarabic, a Romance language, was widely spoken (it was even used at court and in the administration), and used in folk literature, Arabic was adopted by the Christians as the language of culture.
		In the ninth century, a group of Mozarabs who were partly Arabized but remained profoundly attached to their Christian and Visigothic roots, were willing to sacrifice their lives in order to preserve their identity.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1991_Dec/ai_11863999 (1257 words)

	SPANISH NOBLE CORPORATIONS, MAESTRANZAS AND ASSOCIATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The right to transmit the status of being a Mozarab was extended to all the descendents in the male or female line by virtue of a decision of the Roman Rota published on 6 July 1551.
		Today the Mozarabic status passes to all the descendants of the original families in the male line and, in the event of their extinction, to the descendants of the eldest female to marry and leave issue.
		Membership of the Brotherhood is limited to worthy descendants of the Mozarabic community and may be extended to distinguished persons, admitted as honorary members, who must prove the legitimacy and christianity of their paternal lineage as far back as their great-grandfathers and must practise the Roman Catholic faith.
	www.chivalricorders.org /nobility/maestran.htm (1729 words)

	Mozarabic chant -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The term Mozarab, denoting Christians under Muslim rule, came into use after the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Muslim Arabs (711) and eventually came to designate the Spanish liturgy before, during, and after the Muslim domination, which began to decline in the late 11th century.
		In the 11th century Pope Gregory VII, desiring to unify liturgical practice, suppressed the Mozarabic rite in favour of the Roman.
		The conquered Christians were tolerated, although called musta'rib (arabicized,”; from which “Mozarab” is derived), and maintained their traditional religion.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9054086 (1046 words)

	MOZARAB [VII:246b] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mozarab was thereby considered a dubious element, having suffered the contagion of the Arabo-Muslim enemy; in other words, he was “arabised”, “impure”, a type of hybrid, of mixed blood hence mixti arabes.
		This is clearly the case, since the firm and intransigent line taken by the monks of Cluny and Queen Constance were to lead to his replacement as governor of Toledo by Pedro Ansurez.
		In order to do this, in 1077, Alfonso VI resorted to a double ordeal (by fire and judicial combat), of which he did not accept the result, suppressing the ancient Hispanic rite in his dominions in 1080 “for all those who were not Mozarabs or their descendants”.
	www.encislam.brill.nl /data/EncIslam/S5/SIM-5265.html (2727 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Notes on Al-Andalus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mozarabs remained Christian and their liturgy and rites were never in Arabic.
		The communities have some trouble in developing since Mozarabs only pass their faith on from father to son.
		Younger women, unless they stay single or marry a Mozarab, lose their status." I went to the charming little Mozarab church of Santa Eulalia.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/197605/notes.on.al-andalus.htm (3051 words)

	Mozarab -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Separate Mozarab enclaves were located in the large Muslim cities, especially Toledo, Córdoba, and Sevilla (Seville), where they formed prosperous communities ruled by their own officials...
		In the 8th century, in the years immediately following the conquest, there were no traces of a cultural level higher than that attained by the Mozarabs who lived among the Arab conquerors.
		The Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashufin entered the peninsula from North Africa and by a slow advance reached the fields of Az-Zallaqah, north of Badajoz (Batalyaws), where in 1086 he defeated a Castilian army under Alfonso VI; unable to exploit his victory, he returned to the Maghrib.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9054084 (384 words)

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