Mu-law - Factbites

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Topic: Mu-law

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In the News (Sat 26 Dec 09)

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	Former MU law dean dies on MKT trail Heinsz remembered as
		MU law professor Len Riskin said Heinsz’s death came as a shock to his colleagues.
		A former law school dean at the University of Missouri-Columbia died yesterday of an apparent heart attack while exercising on the MKT Nature/Fitness Trail.
		He was a law faculty member at the University of Toledo from 1975 to 1979 and during the 1980-81 school year.
	www.lawschool.com /tim.htm (782 words)

	Law center makes the case for dispute-resolution study
		Around that time, officials and faculty at the law school were trying to stake out an area of expertise that would not only benefit the practice of law generally but could help MU gain a national reputation.
		Every class for MU’s first-year law students was shaped to include some form of dispute-resolution training, and this year the model has been changed to one in which every first-year student will take a class on dispute resolution.
		Sitting in a law school conference room on a recent Wednesday morning, the center’s associate director, Jim Levin, explained that arbitration and mediation were used in labor law for years.
	archive.showmenews.com /2003/nov/20031129busi005.asp (1587 words)

	Mu-law algorithm - TheBestLinks.com - Mu law, Digital, Japan, North America, ...
		Mu law, Mu-law algorithm, Digital, Japan, North America, Standard...
		Mu-law algorithm - TheBestLinks.com - Mu law, Digital, Japan, North America,...
		It is similar to the A-law algorithm used in Europe.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Mu_law.html (174 words)

	Centre for Environmental Law
		As part of the IUCN’s Environment Law Centre’s contribution to the WPC programmes and on behalf of Parks Canada, Michael was the lead author of Part Two of a four-part paper entitled An International Regime for Protected Areas.
		Donna has been extended a special invitation to attend the IUCN Academy of Environmental Law launch in Shanghai and to present a report to the Steering Committee of the IUCN's Commission on Environmental Law on the activities of the IUCN - CEL Specialist Group on Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Law of which she is co-convenor.
		His research interests include marine environmental law with a particular emphasis on the conservation of deep-sea biodiversity and the biodiversity of the high seas.
	www.law.mq.edu.au /MUCEL/news/newsletter_aug2003.htm (3798 words)

	News Bureau - University of Missouri-Columbia
		The MU Law Library already represents a partnership of technology and information that gives students and researchers the tools they need to meet the challenges of legal education.
		Ashley is a 1948 graduate of the MU School of Law.
		This is particularly true of law libraries, which serve as centers of research for law students as well as repositories of historical information available to the public.
	munews.missouri.edu /NewsBureauSingleNews.cfm?newsid=6542 (438 words)

	Aerospace Software Ltd.
		For Mu law, the code is inverted and the zero code is suppressed, by inverting (or not inverting?) bit 6 (bit 1 to normal human beings) of the 8 bit PCM samples, turning 0 into -2.
		Mu law is used mainly in North America and Japan, while A law is used elsewhere.
		According to Mu law, 12 bits of audio can be compressed to 8 bits, while A law will squash 14 bits of audio to 8 bits of compressed PCM.
	www.aerospacesoftware.com /pcm.htm (1716 words)

	Hazelware
		A-Law and Mu-Law compression appear to have been developed at around the same time, and basically only differ by the particular logarithmic function used to determine the translation.
		Mu-Law and A-Law compression are both logarithmic forms of data compression, and are extremely similar, as you will see in a minute.
		Both Mu-Law and A-Law take advantage of this, and are able to compress 16-bit audio in an manner acceptable to human ears.
	www.luggle.com /~jon/tutorials/mulawcompression.html (1517 words)

	µ-Law Compressed Sound Format
		A-Law (or a-Law) is used in Europe and throughout the rest of the world.
		From http://www.winbond-usa.com/products/codecs/faqs.html: "µ-law and A-law are audio compression schemes defined by ITU-T G.711 that compress 16 bit linear data down to 8 bits of logarithmic data.
		Standard companding algorithm used in digital communications systems in North America and Japan (telephones, for the most part) to optimize the dynamic range of an analog signal (generally a voice) for digitizing, i.e., to compress 16 bit LPCM (Linear Pulse Code Modulated) data down to 8 bits of logarithmic data.
	www.digitalpreservation.gov /formats/fdd/fdd000039.shtml (420 words)

	CG 6000C Installation and Developer's Manual (6745-18): DSP.C5x[x].XLaw
		For A_LAW and MU_LAW modes, 8 bit data sent and received to or from the HMIC circuit switch is converted to or from the 16-bit linear form used internally.
		Therefore, A_LAW must use cg6kliba.r54, and MU_LAW must use cg6klibu.r54.
		All DSPs within a resource pool must have the same value.
	www.nmscommunications.com /manuals/6745-18/dspc5xxxlaw.html (116 words)

	Digital switch module having encoding law conversion capability - Patent 4661946
		In order for a digital switching network to handle voice signals encoded according to both A-law and.mu.-law, it is necessary to convert from one encoding law to the other when switching from an input channel which uses one of the encoding laws to an output channel which uses the other of the encoding laws.
		In a time slot in which an A-law encoded signal is converted to a.mu.-law encoded signal and the atennuation value is set to 0 dB, the control data (P, M.sub.1, M.sub.0, C.sub.2, C.sub.1 and C.sub.0) written in the control memory 29 would be "001000", assuming that odd parity is used.
		In order to match the number of channels when interfacing the above two PCM systems, four A-law PCM systems and five.mu.-law PCM systems are required.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4661946.html (4302 words)

	[music-dsp] A-Law Mu-Law Compression on adsp2186m
		Previous message: [music-dsp] A-Law Mu-Law Compression on adsp2186m
		A-law and u-law compress 14 (or 13, I can't remember which) bit data into 8 bits.
		From the symptoms you describe above, it seems that the algorithm you are using is expecting the 13/14 bit data in the lower bits while you are providing full 16 bit data.
	shoko.calarts.edu /pipermail/music-dsp/2004-January/025854.html (203 words)

	PCM Details
		In both A-Law and Mu-Law PCM, the values used to represent the amplitude is a number between 0 and +/- 127; therefore, 8 bits are required to represent each sample (2 to the eigth power = 256).
		Note that by reducing the A-Law interval size in half (doubling the number of intervals to 8192), a fairly accurate comparison of the two quantizing algorithms can be achieved.
		The analog signal is comprised of +/- 4096 equal-amplitude intervals.
	telecom.tbi.net /pcm1.html (602 words)

	University of Missouri School of Law: Center for Dispute Resolution
		U.S. News and World Report has ranked the dispute resolution program at the MU School of Law as the number one program in five of the past six years.
		Contact Us The Center for the Study of Dispute Resolution (CSDR) was established in 1984 within the University of Missouri-Columbia School of Law to promote greater understanding of conflict and conflict resolution in the legal profession and in society at large and to develop new forms of lawyering.
		During its twenty-one year history, the CSDR has distinguished itself as the premier law school dispute resolution center in the nation.
	law.missouri.edu /csdr (134 words)

	MU Law Student Forum
		All Law Students who have completed their first semester with a GPA of 70 or above, and who are not members of another legal fraternity are eligible for membership.
		This is the law library administration office and Kathy Smith has outgoing bins which she is kind enough to let any student use if they don’t want to walk over to Brady.
		But as a law student, I wonder why it is that we can go our entire law school career if we choose and not have a substantive discussion about how this world ought to run.
	mulawstudents.blogspot.com (2856 words)

	MU law professor worked closely with Alito - Columbia Missourian
		Samuel Alito, the newest Supreme Court nominee, is “a very careful, meticulous, detail-oriented judge,” an MU law professor said.
		“This is a guy with a much deeper understanding of the criminal law, and that would be a tremendous asset to the court,” Bowman said.
		MU law professor worked closely with Alito - Columbia Missourian
	columbiamissourian.com /news/story.php?ID=17023 (435 words)

	School of Law Financial Aid Office
		When you receive an award letter from MU stating the financial aid for which you are eligible, review it carefully and follow the appropriate instructions.
		When you receive an award letter from MU stating the aid for which you are eligible, review it carefully and follow the appropriate instructions.
		Second and Third year students who did not receive a scholarship award their first year of law school can apply for scholarships in April of each year.
	www.sfa.missouri.edu /Graduate_and_Professional/law.php (1596 words)

	RGL Codec Description Document
		The "mu-255" law consists of a 15 segment characteristic with the two innermost segments about zero having the identical slope; the "A 78.56" law has the four innermost segments having the identical slope, resulting in 13 areas of distinct slope.
		ITU-T Recommendation G.711 specifies the dominant companding methods used in the PSTN/GSTN, the so-called mu-law and A-law companding (with mu=255 and A=87.56).
		This table maps the most negative quantization level of the G.711 alphabet (either mu-law or A-law) to q(0) and the most positive to q(255); the anchoring codepoint column will be described shortly.
	www.winlab.rutgers.edu /~ramalho/rgl_codec_01.html (6653 words)

	JS Online: Dean of MU's law school dies at 55
		Dean of MU's law school dies at 55
		From 1991-'95, he was dean and professor of law at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock.
		He left Wisconsin in 1978 to become executive director of the National Aid and Defender Association in Washington, D.C. From 1983 to 1991, he was a professor and Director of Clinical Education at the Southern Illinois University School of Law.
	www.jsonline.com /news/metro/jun02/48516.asp?format=print (372 words)

	App Note Abstract: mu-Law and A-Law Companding Using the TMS320C2xx DSP
		This application note describes subroutines for performing mu-law and A-law companding using Texas Instruments (TI)(tm) TMS320C2xx ('C2xx) DSP.
		App Note Abstract: mu-Law and A-Law Companding Using the TMS320C2xx DSP
		For a-law, this means the least-significant three bits are zero after expansion, and are ignored during compression.
	www.ti.com /sc/docs/psheets/abstract/apps/spra349.htm (178 words)

	MU law professor honored
		University of Missouri-Columbia law Professor Michelle Cecil, shown yesterday in her office, was named a winner of the 2001 Governor’s Award for Excellence in Teaching.
		For Cecil, who received her law degree from the University of Illinois in 1982, tax law, in its own unique way, is fun.
		Dean acknowledged the less-than-exotic connotations associated with tax law but said that Cecil finds a way to make her courses engaging and enjoyable.
	www.showmenews.com /2001/Dec/20011206News011.asp (429 words)

	Mu-law algorithm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In telecommunication, a mu-law algorithm (μ-law) is a standard analog signal compression or companding algorithm, used in digital communications systems of the North American and Japanese digital hierarchies, to optimize (in other words, modify) the dynamic range of an audio analog signal prior to digitizing.
		The mu-law algorithm is also used in some rather standard programming language approaches for storing and creating sound (such as the sun.audio classes in java 1.1, in the.au format, and in some C# methods).
		A-Law and mu-Law Companding Implementations Using the TMS320C54x (PDF)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mu-law (236 words)

	LearnThis.Info Encyclopedia articles beginning with 'Mu'
		M > Mu Listed below are all articles that begin with Mu.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /m/mu (75 words)

	Altera® Megafunction: Gain Generation
		The GainGen Megafunction also supports Mu-law to/from A-law encoding, and other parameters on a tone by tone basis, providing complete control over the tones being generated; the selected gain level for the given timeslot is controlled via software.
		Plug-In (GainGen Plug-In) is used to specify and maintain the gain levels to be generated by the GainGen Megafunction.
		The GainGen Plug-In is fully integrated with the Altera MegaWizard™, providing a very simple yet powerful way to add new gain settings generation to a telephony or other application.
	www.ncomm.com /frames/main/gaingen.htm (588 words)

	How to configure an E-1 DM3 IPlink board as a T-1 resource to transmit and receive Mu-law data on the TDM bus
		The TDM bus can only be configured to A-law or Mu-law, but not both at the same time.
		However, changing this registry setting allows the board to be configured to transmit and receive A-law or Mu-law PCM data over the TDM bus.
		By default, an E-1 board will try to use A-law on the TDM bus.
	resource.intel.com /telecom/support/tnotes/gentnote/dl_hard/tn233.htm (262 words)

	lin2mu.m
		% MU = LIN2MU(Y) converts linear audio signal amplitudes % in the range -1 <= Y <= 1 to mu-law encoded "flints" % in the range 0 <= MU <= 255.
		% % Note that for mu = 0:255, lin2mu(mu2lin(mu)) == mu, except % for mu = 127 because lin2mu(0) could equal either 127 or 255.
		SCALE = 32768; BIAS = 132; CLIP = 32635; OFFSET = 335; y = SCALEy; sig = sign(y) + (y==0); y = min(abs(y),CLIP); [f,e] = log2(y+BIAS); mu = 64sig - 16e - fix(32f) + OFFSET;
	www.clemson.edu /cle4_share/CWE/COES0915_CLUG/REFERENCE/matlabr14/toolbox/matlab/audiovideo/lin2mu.m (182 words)

	First Generation Tenor Command Reference P5.2.1 - law
		Used to set the voice coding law for this Tenor, either Mu-Law or A-Law.
		Mu-Law is used with T1, while A-Law is used with E1.
		Therefore, it is important to make sure that both interfaces (PBX and PSTN) within one Tenor unit are set to the same voice coding law.
	www.quintum.com /support/1G/sysdoc/webhelp/law.htm (122 words)

	Untitled Document
		The University of Alabama (UA) and Mekelle University (MU) are bringing together their resources and expertise to develop human capacity in the Ethiopian legal sector by assisting the newly established Mekelle University Law Faculty deliver degree, diploma, and continuing education programs and by providing legal services to the surrounding community.
		Visiting UA faculty have conducted lectures on administrative and environmental law, law and anthropology, and family law, and a permanent UA faculty member has begun teaching two courses on constitutional law and legal writing and methodology at MU.
		A MU law librarian has participated in a two-month internship at the UA law library, where he has learned to train others in Westlaw and LexisNexis.
	www.aascu.org /alo/IP/2001/Africa.html (980 words)

	Tenor CMS Command Reference P103-08-00 - Law
		The Law command is used to set the voice coding law for this Digital Interface to either Mu-Law or A-Law.
		Typically, Mu-Law is used with T1, while A-Law is used with E1. Exceptions to this are extremely rare!
		Sets the voice coding to A-Law for the third Digital Interface on the card in the first Slot.
	www.quintum.com /support/products/2G/cms/sysdoc/webhelp/law_2.htm (137 words)

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In the News (Sat 26 Dec 09)