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	Muawiya
		Muawiya was the son of Abu Sufyan, the leader of the Abd Shams clan.
		Muawiya is credited with the creation of specialized bureaus, known as diwans, to increase the centralization of the government; two such diwans created to improve communications are the diwan al-khatam, the chancellery, and the diwan al-barid, the postal service.
		Muawiya's most lasting innovation was his designation of his son Yazid as his successor; this move established hereditary succession as the norm for the caliphate.
	www.princeton.edu /~batke/itl/denise/muawiya.htm (682 words)

	Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan (died 680) was the founder of the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs.
		Muawiya at this time was made secretary to the Prophet, but it was as a warrior in the army sent by the caliph Abu Bakr to conquer Syria that Muawiya first distinguished himself in the Moslem community.
		Muawiya appeased the native Christian population of Syria by his tolerance, which included the employment of Christians at his court; and he cultivated the Syrian tribesmen of southern Arabian origin by a marriage alliance, when he took a woman of the Kalb tribe as wife.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-muawiya-ibn-abu-sufyan (884 words)

	Muawiya; The Cursed - www.sdol.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Mu'awiya, his father Abu Sufyan, his mother Hind, and his brother Yazid son of Abu Sufyan were all Tulaqaa'; Mu'awiya never forgot this stigma for the rest of his life; he could never shake it from his mind, thus a feeling of malicious vengeance always existed in his heart.
		Mu'awiya's character and aspirations were entirely opposite to that of his sister, Umm Habiba, who was one of the wives of the Holy Prophet (pbuh).
		Mu'awiya sent one of his agents to contact Imam Al-Hasan's wife Joda who was the daughter of Al-Ash'ath (once a secret agent for Mu'awiya against Imam Ali in the Battle of Siffin).
	www26.brinkster.com /sdolshah1/muawiya.htm (2150 words)

	The battle of Islam at Siffin (Saffin), Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (Muawiya Ibn Abi Sufian)
		However, Muawiya sent back a message that the murderers of Uthman had not allowed him any water when they had laid siege to his palace, and Muawiya was avenging that action.
		However, Muawiya did not wish the matter to end so easily, because it was the issue of Uthman's unavenged death that had enabled him to gather such a large army.
		Muawiya eagerly accepted these words and his men raised 500 copies of the Holy Qur'an on their spears, saying that the Holy Book would decide their differences.
	www.ezsoftech.com /islamic/siffin.asp (1671 words)

	Muawiya
		Mu'awiya was one of the Companions of the Prophet and one of his scribes who recorded the Revelation.
		Although Mu'awiya is said to be the first king in Islam as he himself is credited, probably posthumously, as saying, "I am the first of the kings and the last of the khalifs," it was a rather strange sort of kingship.
		Mu'awiya put his hand over his face and said, "Come on, obey your father, but do not be too hard on your uncle!" The man threw the money to the ground and Mu'awiya doubled the amount.
	bewley.virtualave.net /muawiya.html (5846 words)

	Restatement of History of Islam and Muslims
		Muawiya employed the same "skill" in removing from the scene, real or fancied threats to his own security and power, on numerous other occasions in later times, with the same results.
		Muawiya also knew that Ali had, this time, both the ability and the resolution, to bring the conflict to a speedy and successful conclusion.
		Muawiya made the act of the assassination of Ali look absolutely spontaneous and convincing by making himself and his crony, Amr bin Aas, the potential and intended "victims" of the conspiracy and fanaticism of the Kharji anarchists.
	al-islam.org /restatement/66.htm (2156 words)

	11
		Substantiating the process of the wrongful seizure of power: Muawiya, the ‘released’, the son of the ‘released’ and one of the inclinedhearted category, found himself the president, or the king, of the Islamic state, the representative and, officially, the successor of God's messenger.
		Muawiya is the right, whether he fights or opts for peace, attacks or absconds, takes or gives.
		He asserted that Muawiya had used a mass of the Sahaba and their successors for fabricating ill news against Ali (peace be upon him).
	www.rafed.net /english/books/sahaba/11.html (1981 words)

	AlMujtaba Islamic Articles
		Muawiya managed to bribe and threaten many of the Holy Imam's (A) followers into abandoning him, including Ubaidullah, who was paid one million dirhams to betray the Holy Imam (A).
		Muawiya accepted all the terms except the last one, but agreed not to abuse Imam Ali (A) in the presence of the Holy Imam (A).
		When Ju'da came to Muawiya to claim her reward, he gave her the money, but refused to marry her to Yazid, declaring that a woman who could poison one husband would certainly not hesitate to poison another.
	www.almujtaba.com /articles/4/000697.html (1664 words)

	Restatement of History of Islam and Muslims
		Muawiya, the son of Abu Sophian, and of the cruel Hinda, was dignified in his early youth with the office or title of the secretary of the Prophet; the judgment of Omar entrusted him with the government of Syria; and he administered that province above forty years, either in a subordinate or supreme rank.
		Muawiya awakened in Jo’dah the ambition to become a queen, and when he sent the poison to her, as it was arranged between them, she administered it to her husband, and he died from it.
		Muawiya was neither the heir of Uthman nor he was the head of the government of the Muslims.
	www.al-shia.com /html/eng/books/restatment/63.htm (7949 words)

	Battle of Siffin
		Muawiya had a pavilion pitched on the field; and there, surrounded by five lines of his sworn body-guards, watched the day.
		Appalled by the carnage, Ali sent a message to Muawiya and challenged him to single combat, saying that whoever won should be the Caliph.
		At length, Muawiya made his mercenaries tie copies of Holy Koran to their lances and flags, demanding for the decision of arbitration.
	ismaili.net /histoire/history03/history341.html (1340 words)

	[No title]
		Muawiya's mother, Hind, ate the liver of Hamza, the Uncle of the Prophet because of her burning hatred and beasthood.
		Muawiya was governing Damascus and Jordan during the reign of Umar, Uthman added to his state Hams, Palestine, and Jazera.
		Muawiya's order was not to let any Hadith or incident in favour of Imam Ali but to fabricate a 'Similar one and attribute it to Uthman, Umar and Abu Bakr.
	biphome.spray.se /hyla/hussain.htm (8271 words)

	Damascus_Timeline
		Moreover, Muawiya (who was a cousin of Uthman) challenged his rival Ali to become the next leader of the Muslims.
		Muawiya became the leader of all Muslim territories which he continued to expand through conquest.
		Muawiya moved the capital of the Islamic territories from Medina, Arabia to Damascus, Syria.
	www.sfusd.k12.ca.us /schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Damascus_Timeline.html (983 words)

	Hasan bin Ali bin Abu Talib
		It was for the first reason that Muawiya moved towards Iraq at a very slow pace, while sending letter after letter to Hasan, asking him not to try to fight and urging him to come to terms.
		Muawiya's ambitious plans to perpetuate the caliphate in his own house and nominate his son Yazid as his heir-apparent, were not so possible, because of the terms on which Hasan had abdicated to Muawiya.
		Muawiya is reported to have suborned her with the promise of a large sum of money and of marrying her to his son Yazid.
	ismaili.net /histoire/history03/history349.html (2041 words)

	Imam Hassan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Muawiya replied to him with his letter, which there is no need to mention.
		Kharijites) who were influenced by (the desire of) fighting Muawiya with every means (possible); some of them were men who loved discords and were anxious for booty; some of them were doubters; others were tribal supporters who followed the leaders of their tribes without reference to religion.
		Therefore he, peace be on him, bound himself (in a treaty) with Muawiya as a result of the confirmation of the proof (of his situation) and with the excuses before God, the Most High, and all the Muslims, of what had taken place among them.
	members.tripod.com /kbitar/imamhassan.html (4064 words)

	[No title]
		Muawiya escaped and is said to have wept when he heard that Ali was killed.
		Firstly, according to the peace treaty Muawiya was obliged not to choose a successor.
		Muawiya cleverly balanced all these three forces and he was therefore a successful leader.
	www.angelfire.com /bug/j_abidbata/jigsaw.html (6177 words)

	Hadeeth
		Muawiya declined to obey until Uthman's blood was avenged.
		Muawiya now openly rebelled against Ali and a fierce battle was fought between their armies.
		The assassins who were deputed to kill Muawiya and Amr did not succeed and were captured and executed, but Ibn-e-Muljim, the assassin who was commissioned to kill Ali, accomplished his task.
	www.muslimaccess.com /sunnah/sahabah/Ali.htm (1100 words)

	05
		This trend became indisputably obvious after Muawiya's proposing his son, Yazeed the notorious lascivious and ill-mannered, as the caliph, in addition to the coercive procedures of acquiring people's declaration of allegiance.
		The incentive beyond her ill deed was that Muawiya had promised her with one hundred thousand dirhams and selecting her as his son's wife.
		Muawiya gifted SamarabnJundub, the Sahabi, five thousand dirhams in place of forging misrepresentatively that the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) had informed of AlibnAbiTalib's having been the one
	www.rafed.net /english/books/sahaba/05.html (3443 words)

	Restatement of History of Islam and Muslims
		Muawiya attacked the banks of the Tigris in person, and seized the public treasury in Jazirah.
		Muawiya and his generals had adopted a policy of waging irregular warfare against the successor of the Prophet of Islam and the sovereign of all Muslims.
		For him, conflict was not limited to the operation of armies, but was carried on behind the front by his agents and partisans, by subversion and sabotage, and by propaganda and indoctrination.
	al-islam.org /restatement/65.htm (2046 words)

	Sermon 2
		To Mu’awiya on his (Ali’s) right to the caliphate...basics of allegiance...one who opposes the verdict of muslims in terms of allegiance should be killed...characteristics of Muawiya...
		To Mu’awiya, on receiving letters from him based on hypocritical advice and false accusations...Muawiya's enmity, envy towards Imam Ali (p)...characteristics of Muawiya...those who break their pledge of allegiance to Imam Ali are hypocrites and traitors...
		A reply to Mu’awiya's letter...Muawiya's acceptance of Islam is hypocrisy...Imam Ali (p) has the sword that sent the relatives of Muawiya to hell..the right of Imam Ali (p), caliphate is usurped...
	members.tripod.com /imammehdi/letters_by_imam_ali_as/toc_lett.htm (5057 words)

	Shia News \| Articles: Islam \| Life of Imam Hassan bin Ali (AS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Muawiya resorted to this trick so as to weaken the morality of the army of Imam (A.S).
		The holy Imam, through his behaviour and action made the people realise that Muawiya is the pillar of falsehood, deceit and treachery while the right of khilafat belonged to the true Awsiya of the Holy Prophet of Islam (saww).
		But Muawiya did not stop from resorting to conspiracy and intrigue from the beginning, he started to break the articles of the peace treaty.
	www.shianews.com /hi/articles/islam/0000172.php (1589 words)

	Imam Hassan (as) - al-imam.net
		Muawiya (la) must not harass or persecute the shia.
		Muawiya (la) must ensure the safety and security of the shia and guard their wealth and possessions.
		In order to break the condition of the Peace Treaty and hand the caliphate over to Yazid, Muawiya (la) instigated Imam Hassan’s (as) wife, Joadah bin Ashath to poison him in return for 100,000 dinars and the promise to marry her to Yazid.
	al-imam.net /forums/index.php?showtopic=1056 (3295 words)

	"Judgment Belongs to God Alone": The Battle and Arbitration at Siffin
		The immediate provocation of the confrontation between Muawiya and Ali was Uthman's murder, but the men's quarrel also stemmed from tensions about status and membership in the Muslim community.
		When Ali and Muawiya confronted each other at Siffin, they hesitated to fight because many of their soldiers felt strongly that Muslims should not shed the blood of other Muslims.
		The furious battle came to a sudden halt in July when Muawiya's soldiers held up pages of the Qur'an on the ends of their spears and appealed for arbitration.
	wps.ablongman.com /long_levack_west_1/0,8723,1123838-,00.html (932 words)

	Asia Times - Part 1: How real and how deep?
		After Ali's army defeated Aisha's forces at the Battle of the Camel in 656, she apologized to Ali and was allowed to return to her home in Medina, where she withdrew from public life.
		Hazrat Ali was on the verge of victory when the treacherous Muawiya hoisted copies of the Koran on lances as a request for peace and settling the dispute through arbitration.
		He could not march against Muawiya as his followers deserted him in large numbers, accusing him of un-Islamic behavior in violating the agreement for arbitration.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/South_Asia/EH23Df05.html (2466 words)

	[No title]
		Muawiya, however, established a new phenomenon in Islam, a dynasty, with his son Yazid as successor, in spite of the fact that his son had a reputation for vice, impiety, and foolishness.
		Muawiya thus showed that he had no regard for the "god of his fathers", the spirit of Islam, and tribal tradition, for he magnified himself and his posterity above all.
		Muawiya died in 680 AD and his son Yazid assumed power who was the second King of the North.
	home.earthlink.net /~mcasale/4-KingNorth.htm (4808 words)

	Progressive Dawoodi Bohras: THE TRAGEDY OF KARBALA
		Muawiya, who had caused the poisoning of Imam Hasan (A), continued to disregard the human rights of the people and employed gangs of criminals to terrorise them.
		Imam Husain (A) was not frightened by the power of Muawiya, and openly condemned him and criticised his actions in his letters, warning him against the punishment of Allah.
		He then sent word to Walid that it was late and he was in the mosque, and that he would visit him the next morning.
	www.dawoodi-bohras.com /perspective/ashura.htm (8276 words)

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