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	Muawiya II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mu'awiyya II was born on the 28th March 661 and was the son of Yazid I of the Ummayyad dynasty and on his mother's side a descendet of the Quayash tribe in the Hejaz.
		The accession of Mu'awiyya II was met first with indifference and trepidation by Muslims, for they didn't know anything about him as he had been kept away in the home of the Caliphs.
		Mu'awiyya II declared that the war in Medina and Mecca had been foolish and blasphemous and that the damage to the Ka'aba was sacrilege.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muawiya_II (1443 words)

	Muawiya II - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Muawiya II or Muawiya ibn Yazid (معاوية بن يزيد ، معاوية الثاني) (661 - 684) was an Umayyad caliph for about four months after the death of his father Yazid I.
		Muawiyah II was considered a good-natured person who was not keen to involve himself in politics.
		By this they mean that Muawiya II considered his fore fathers to be the murderers of Ahl ul-Bayt.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Muawiya_II (199 words)

	Umayyad History
		Muawiya was the son of Abu Sufyan, the leader of the Abd Shams clan.
		Muawiya is credited with the creation of specialized bureaus, known as diwans, to increase the centralization of the government; two such diwans created to improve communications are the diwan al-khatam, the chancellery, and the diwan al-barid, the postal service.
		Muawiya's most lasting innovation was his designation of his son Yazid as his successor; this move established hereditary succession as the norm for the caliphate.
	islamiccoins.ancients.info /umayyads/umayyadhistory.htm (2294 words)

	Umayyads
		Upon the death of Muawiya II (683-684), civil war broke out between two Arab factions, the Qaysites and the Kalbites, the latter of whom supported the candidacy of Marwan b.
		His successor, Yazid II (720-724), caused a renewal of the hostilities between the Qaysites and the Kalbites by openly favoring the the former.
		Under Hisham's successors, Walid II, Yazid III, and Ibrahim, a series of rebellions paralyzed the caliphate: Kharijites seized Kufa, and feuds between the Qaysites and Kalbites errupted.
	www.princeton.edu /~batke/itl/denise/umayyads.htm (650 words)

	Marwan I - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Marwan's ascension pointed to a shift in the lineage of the Umayyad dynasty from descendants of Abu Sufyan to those of Hakam, both of whom were grandsons of Umayya (for whom the Umayyad dynasty is named).
		He was removed from this position by Ali, only to be reappointed by Muawiya I.
		Marwan's short reign was marked by a civil war among the Umayyads as well as a war against Abdullah bin Zubayr who continued to rule over the Hejaz, Iraq, Egypt and parts of Syria.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Marwan_I (318 words)

	Caliphs of the Islamic World - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		Muawiya again played on the pride of the Syrians by declaring that since the people of the Hejaz had compromised their honour by pledging allegiance to the instigator of Uthman’s murder, the right of shura now belonged to the people of Syria.
		Muawiya countered with his own argument: he had been longer in office, and was more experienced, more skilled in statecraft, and older than al-Hasan, so he was worthier of the caliphate.
		Muawiya advised Yazid to be gentle with him, but immediately upon his father’s death, Yazid sent an army under Ubayd Allah that surrounded al-Husayn, his family and companions at Karbala and killed them all.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2303 (13034 words)

	Muawiya II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Muawiya II or Muawiya ibn Yazid (661 - 684) was an Umayyad caliph for about four months after the death of his father Yazid I.
		Unlike his father, Muawiyah II was considered a good-natured person who was not keen to involve himself in politics.
		He would step down after only four months as caliph, not testing the rule of Abdullah bin Zubayr.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Muawiya_II (155 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Medieval: Lecture Six (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Muawiya again made a peace treaty with the Romans in 678 that lead to increasing commercial exchange and the employment of Roman technical assistance for the Muslims.
		Muawiya's successors Yazid I, 681-683, Muawiya II, 683-684, and Merwan, 684-685, were confronted by internal dissension and accomplished little for us to note.
		After ten years Justinian II was deposed, mutilated (his nose was split lengthwise) and exiled to Cherson on the north coast of the Black Sea in 695 by Leontius (Leo the Isaurian), the governor general of militarized province of Hellas with the help of the Blue political faction in Constantinople.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht34632e06.html (5481 words)

	Caliph - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is known that Mehmed II and his grandson Selim used it to justify their conquest of Islamic countries.
		At a later date, one of the last Sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdulhamid II, used it as a tool against the European colonisation and occupation of countries with large Muslim populations.
		Muawiya instituted dynastic rule by appointing his son Yazid as his successor, a trend that would continue through all subsequent caliphates.
	www.unipedia.info /Caliph.html (1986 words)

	Marwan I - RecipeFacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Marwan ibn al-Hakam (623 - 685) was an Umayyad caliph who took over the dynasty after Muawiya II gave up the title in 684.
		During the reign of Uthman, Marwan took advantage of his relationship to the caliph and was appointed governor of Medina.
		However, he was removed from this position by Ali, only to be reappointed by Muawiya I.
	www.recipeland.com /encyclopaedia/index.php/Marwan_I (259 words)

	ScienceDaily: Muawiya ii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Look for Muawiya ii in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
		Look for Muawiya ii in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
		Check for Muawiya ii in the deletion log, or visit its deletion vote page if it exists.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/muawiya_ii (892 words)

	Wikipedia
		Mehmed II and his grandson Selim used it to justify their conquest of Islamic countries, but it was little more than a rhetorical flourish.
		Mehmed (Muhammed) II (the Conqueror of Constantinople, afterwards Istanbul) - 1451 - 1481 (actively used numerous titles such as of Caliph and Caesar)
		Abdul Mejid II - 1922 - 1924 (ceremonial Caliph under the patronage of the Republic of Turkey and its president Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha)
	www.sunnypopulation.net /w/index.php?title=Caliph (3143 words)

	June 26 Definition / June 26 Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		June 26 is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 188 days remaining.
		684 - Benedict IIBenedict II was pope from 684 to 685.
		He succeeded Leo II, but although chosen in 683 he was not ordained till 684, because the leave of the Emperor Constantine IV Pogonatus was not obtained until some months after the election.
	www.elresearch.com /June_26 (470 words)

	Yazid I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He lightened the taxation of some Christian groups and abolished the tax concessions granted to the Samaritans (Samaritans: A person who voluntarily offers help or sympathy in times of trouble) as a reward for aid they had rendered in the days of the early Arab conquests.
		He was succeeded by his son, Muawiya II (Muawiya II: more facts about this subject).
		Muawiya I (Muawiya I: more facts about this subject)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/yazid_i (374 words)

	Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ramses II is the pharaoh who is the best candidate for the opponent of Moses.
		It is Necho II who is said to have commissioned a small fleet of Phoenician explorers to circumnavigate Africa, mentioned in Herodotus some 160 years later.
		Apepi II Some scholars speculate that the two Apepis are actually two variant forms of the name of the same individual.
	www.hostkingdom.net /egypt.html (2776 words)

	Yazid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		After his accession to the position of Caliph, Mu'awiya governed the geographically and politically disparate Caliphate, which spread from Egypt in the West to Iran in the East, by strengthening the power of his allies in the newly conquered Arab territories.
		He attempted to preserve the form of the election however, by causing his nobles and the chiefs of the empire to elect and swear allegiance to his son in his own lifetime, a tradition that endured for several succeeding dynasties.
		Mu'awiya is not recognized as one of the Four Rightly Guided caliphs.
	frost.sv.reference.pl /sv/Yazid (7487 words)

	AhlulBayt Discussion Forum -> Muawiya II
		Muawiyah II rejected the rule of his father and grandfather.
		When on death bed Yazid called his' son Mauwia II and siad son now you'd be the next Caliph, he harshly repied saying: i don't want to sit on a throne whose legs are coloured with innocent blood of Ahlul Bayt
		Muawiya II or Muawiya ibn Yazid (661 - 684) was an Umayyad caliph for about four months after the death of his father Yazid I. The empire he inherited was in a state of disarray with Abdullah bin Zubayr claiming to be the true caliph and holding the Hejaz as well as other areas.
	www.shiachat.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=58354 (528 words)

	Umayyads
		The Umayyads were an Islamic dynasty established by the caliph Muawiyah I (Mu'awiya) in 661.
		Opposition centered in Persia where there was continued opposition to Syrian domination and where the legitimists allied themselves with the Abbasids, who claimed descent from Abbas, the uncle of the prophet Muhammad.
		The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750, killed the caliph, Marwan II, and gained the caliphate for themselves.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/umayyad.htm (901 words)

	Yazid I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The exact place of Yazid's burial is unknown.
		He was briefly succeeded by his son, Muawiya II.
		For Shi'a Muslims, Yazid is the consummate villain, who will always be remembered for his murder of Husayn and persecution of his family.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yazid_I (1077 words)

	Kalbites and Qaysites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As Muawiya was married to the daughter of a Kalbite aristocrat, he chose to rely on their support in his conflict with Ali; Muawiya's son, Yazid, was also married to a Kalbite woman.
		Because of Muawiya and Yazid's reliance on the Kalb, the Qaysites supported Ibn al-Zubayr during his revolt (682-692).
		Upon the death of Muawiya II in 684, civil war broke out between the two groups in Syria; the Qaysites were defeated at Marj Rahit, just outside of Damascus in 684, and a new Umayyad caliph was installed.
	www.princeton.edu /~batke/itl/denise/qaysite.htm (346 words)

	AhlulBayt Discussion Forum > Muawiya II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Jun 16 2005, 08:39 AM Muawiyah II rejected the rule of his father and grandfather.
		Muawiya II cursed his father (LA) and grandfather (LA)....
		Jun 16 2005, 11:12 AM When on death bed Yazid called his' son Mauwia II and siad son now you'd be the next Caliph, he harshly repied saying: i don't want to sit on a throne whose legs are coloured with innocent blood of Ahlul Bayt
	www.shiachat.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t58354.html (488 words)

	Marwan I: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Marwan was eventually removed from the city when Abdullah ibn Zubayr (Abdullah ibn Zubayr: more facts about this subject) rebelled against Yazid I (Yazid I: more facts about this subject).
		From here, Marwan went to Damascus (Damascus: An ancient city (widely regarded as the world's oldest) and present capital and largest city of Syria; according to the New Testament, the Apostle Paul (then known as Saul) underwent a dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus), where he was made the caliph after Muawiyah II abdicated.
		Marwan was able to win the Umayyad civil war, the result of which was a new Marwanid line of Umayyad caliphs.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/marwan_i (278 words)

	Umayyad : Omayyad
		It is literary canaille; that his soul consumes with wrath to see the Queen defiled by contact with Shakespeare, etc., and yet he has got to stay blank.html">blank.html">blank.
		About 8 x 10 inches, printed on handmade linen paper soaked in II.
		The privately printed West Point edition, the first printing of the text story of this printing is fully told in the Introduction.
	www.findword.org /om/omayyad.html (263 words)

	Umayyad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An Umayyad prince, Abd-ar-rahman I, took over the Muslim territory in Al-Andalus (Hispania) and founded a new Umayyad dynasty there.
		Marwan II ibn Muhammad (ruled from Harran in the Jazira) 744-750
		Here is a partial list of the Companions of Muhammad who were part of the Umayyad clan:
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Umayyad (453 words)

	Umayyad
		The assassination of Uthman, the third caliph, and a member of the Ummaya, presented the dynamic Ummayad figure of Muawiya the opportunity to challenge the otherwise troubled rulership of Ali.
		With the death of Muawiya in 680, Yazid faced the opposition of Husayn, the son of Ali.
		Sulayman's successor, Umar II (717–20) unsuccessfully attempted to reverse the course of tribal-based politics in an effort to restore the Islamic political ideal of transcending partisanships.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0849981.html (507 words)

	Chronology of Islamic Egypt
		Under the second Caliph, the Arab armies were organised to attack the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires; under his rule, the Arab general Amr overwhelmed the Byzantine forces in Egypt.
		64/683 Muawiya II 64/684 Marwan I bin al-Hakam
		1371-1372/1952-1953 Fuad II Muhamad Ali was of Turkish Albanian origin, and came to Egypt as part of the Ottoman forces sent to expel the French Revolutionary expedition of 1798-1801.
	www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk /chronology/islamic.html (1040 words)

	Umayyad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Marwan II ibn Muhammad (ruled from Harran in the Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia) 744-750
		Abd ar-Rahman II, 822-[[8* Abdallah ibn Muhammad, 888-912
		Here is a partial list of the Sahaba who were part of the Umayyad clan:
	www.yahoo10.net /search/Umayyad.html (429 words)

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