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Topic: Muawiyah I

	Muawiyah I Summary
		Muawiyah's father was Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and mother was Hind bint Utbah.
		By 647, Muawiyah had built a Syrian army strong enough to repel a Byzantine attack and, in subsequent years, to take the offensive against the Byzantines in campaigns that resulted in the capture of Cyprus (649) and Rhodes (654) and a devastating defeat of the Byzantine navy off the coast of Lycia (655).
		As a kinsman of the slain caliph Uthman ibn Affan, Muawiyah bore the duty of revenge.
	www.bookrags.com /Muawiyah_I (2280 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Muawiyah I
		But Mu'awiyah's contributions to Islamic history are wholly associated with his career in Syria, which began shortly after the death of the Prophet, when he, along with his brother Yazid, served in the tribal armies sent from Arabia against the Byzantine forces in Syria.
		Thereupon 'Ali marched to the Euphrates border of Syria and engaged Mu'awiyah's troops at the famous Battle of Siffin[?] (657).
		Thus, when 'Ali was assassinated in 661, Mu'awiyah held both Syria and Egypt and, as commander of the largest force in the Muslim Empire, had the strongest claim to the caliphate.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/mu/Muawiyah_I (447 words)

	syrian syria nargile-narghile-waterpipe-hookah-hubble bubble-shisha-handmade narghiles-gilded narghiles
		Muawiyah is considered the architect of the Islamic empire and a political genius.
		Muawiyah created a professional army and, although rigorous in training them, won the undying loyalty of his troops for his generous and regularly paid salaries.
		Muawiyah cultivated the goodwill of Christian Syrians by recruiting them for the army at double pay, by appointing Christians to many high offices, and by appointing his son by his Christian wife as his successor.
	www.syriangate.com /syria/umayadcaliphate.htm (462 words)

	Muawiyah I
		Muawiyah I, also known as MuË¤Äwiyya I, or MuË¤Äwiyya ibn AbÄ«-SufyÄn ()(602 - May 6, 680) was the fifth Muslim caliph and founder of the Umayyad dynasty of Islamic caliphs.
		By 647, Muawiyah had built a Syrian army strong enough to repel a Byzantine attack and, in subsequent years, to take the offensive against the Byzantines in campaigns that resulted in the capture of Cyprus (649) and Rhodes (654) and a devastating defeat of the Byzantine navy off the coast of Lycia (655).
		One of Muawiyah's most controversial and enduring legacies was his decision to designate his son as his successor, thereby converting the Caliphate from an elective office to a dynasty.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DMuawiyah%26type%3Den (1414 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		By 647, Muawiyah had built a Syrian army strong enough to repel a Byzantine attack and, in subsequent years, to take the offensive against the Byzantines in campaigns that resulted in the capture of Cyprus (649) and Rhodes (654) and a devastating defeat of the Byzantine navy off the coast of Lycia (655).
		As a kinsman of the slain caliph Uthman ibn Affan, Muawiyah bore the duty of revenge.
		Muawiyah instituted several Byzantine-style bureaucracies, called diwans, to aid him in the governance and the centralization of the Caliphate and the empire.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Muawiyah_I (1704 words)

	Muawiyah I (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mu'awiyah's father was Abu Sufiyan ibn Harb who was a bitter opponent of Muhammad.
		But Mu'awiyah's contributions to Islamic history are wholly associated with his career in Syria, which began shortly after the death of the Prophet, when he, along with his brother Yazid, served in the tribal armies sent from Arabia against the Byzantine forces in Syria.
		Thus, when 'Ali was assassinated in 661, Mu'awiyah held both Syria and Egypt and, as commander of the largest force in the Muslim Empire, had the strongest claim to the caliphate.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Muawiyah_I.html (610 words)

	Muawiyah I
		But Mu'awiyah's contributions to Islamic history are wholly associated with his career in Syria, which began shortly after the death of the Prophet, when he, along with his brother Yazid, served in the tribal armies sent from Arabia against the Byzantine forces in Syria.
		As a kinsman of the slain caliph 'Uthman, Mu'awiyah bore the duty of revenge.
		Thus, when 'Ali was assassinated in 661, Mu'awiyah held both Syria and Egypt and, as commander of the largest force in the Muslim Empire, had the strongest claim to the caliphate.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/m/mu/muawiyah_i.html (577 words)

	More On Muawiyah
		He then sent it to Muawiyah in Damascus, where the head was roamed around the city and was finally presented to his wife in her lap.
		Muawiyah and his father Abu Sufyan were among those who fought the Prophet till last minutes and when they found that Mecca will be captured shortly and their turn is over, they decided to go under the guise of Islam to save their life and to destroy Islam from inside.
		Similarly, Yazid Ibn Muawiyah, Ziyad, the son of his father, Ibn Marjanah, Marwan, al-Hajjaj, Ibn al-Aas, and others from the accursed tree mentioned in Quran, and who were cursed by the tongue of the Prophet (PBUH&HF), they became the commanders of the believers and the guardians of their affairs.
	al-islam.org /encyclopedia/chapter5a/2.html (2144 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Muawiyah I
		Upon the death of Yazid in 640, Mu'awiyah was appointed governor of Damascus by the caliph 'Umar and gradually gained mastery over other areas of Syria, instilling remarkable personal loyalty among the prelates, troops and common people of the region.
		Mu'awiyah greatly beautified Damascus and developed a court to rival that of the Byzantines.
		One of Mu'awiyah's most controversial and enduring legacies was his decision to designate his son as his successor, thereby converting the Caliphate from an elective office to a dynasty.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Muawiyah_I (993 words)

	Muawiyah I
		But Mu'awiyah's contributions to Islamic history are wholly associated with his career in Syria, which began shortly after the death of the Prophet, when he, along with his brother Yazid, served in the tribal armies sent from Arabia against the Byzantine forces in Syria.
		As a kinsman of the slain caliph 'Uthman, Mu'awiyah bore the duty of revenge.
		Thereupon 'Ali marched to the Euphrates border of Syria and engaged Mu'awiyah's troops at the famous Battle of Siffin (657).
	www.damascus-online.com /se/bio/muawiyah.htm (420 words)

	Anjar, Lebanon - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		Uthman ibn Affan, a member of the prominent Umayyad family of Mecca, had been elected to the caliphate in 644 to succeed Umar I, but his weakness and nepotism resulted in rebellion and he was murdered in 656.
		However, Muawiyah I, governor of Syria and first Umayyad caliph, revolted against Ali and, supported by Amr, the conqueror of Egypt, gained the advantage.
		Muawiyah I developed an administrative system modeled after the Byzantine Empire and before his death in 680 had secured the throne for his son, thus putting the state on a dynastic basis.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /anjar.htm (620 words)

	Letters of Ali Addressed to Muawiyah
		Muawiyah objected to the election of Ali as the Caliph.
		Muawiyah gave the threat of war, and in reply Ali challenged him as follows: "O Muawiyah what will you do when this mantle of the world which you are wearing is taken off from you.
		Muawiyah suggested that the Muslim State be partitioned and Syria be assigned to him.
	www.witness-pioneer.org /vil/Articles/companion/60_ali_bin_talib.htm (1721 words)

	Umayyads
		In place of the theocratic government of the early caliphs, Muawiyah created a more autocratic and secular regime, which sought to maintain the privileges of the Arabs and the fruits of their conquests.
		Muawiyah I developed an administrative system modeled after the Byzantine Empire and before his death in 680 had secured the throne for his son, thus putting the state on a dynastic basis.
		Muawiyah had been the governor of Syria under the 3rd and 4th caliphs, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali Ben Abu Talib.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/umayyad.htm (926 words)

	Muawiyah I information - Search.com
		Muawiyah I, also known as Muˤāwiyya I, or Muˤāwiyya ibn Abī-Sufyān (Arabic: معاوية بن أبي سفيان)(602 - May 6, 680) was the fifth Muslim caliph and founder of the Umayyad dynasty of Islamic caliphs.
		By 647, Muawiyah had built a Syrian army strong enough to repel a Byzantine attack and, in subsequent years, to take the offensive against the Byzantines in campaigns that resulted in the capture of Cyprus (649) and Rhodes (654) and a devastating defeat of the Byzantine navy off the coast of Lycia (655).
		One of Muawiyah's most controversial and enduring legacies was his decision to designate his son as his successor, thereby converting the Caliphate from an elective office to a dynasty.
	www.search.com /reference/Muawiyah_I (1463 words)

	CALIPHATE, (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The governor of Syria Muawiyah (602?–80), later Muawiyah I (661–80) the first Umayyad caliph, refused to recognize Ali as caliph and called for vengeance for the death of Uthman (who was Muawiyah's kinsman).
		The Umayyad caliphs were descendants of aristocratic caravan merchants, the Umayya, to which Muawiyah, the first Umayyad caliph, belonged.
		Muawiyah also dispensed with the practice of electing the caliph by designating his son Yazid (d.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=204358 (2034 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Muawiyah marched to Kufa, where he persuaded a number of Ali's supporters to acclaim him as caliph instead of Ali's son, Hasan.
		Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, and one of his closest advisors was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus.
		Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Umayyad (3329 words)

	Imam Hassan (a.s.), Hazrat Ali (a.s.), Prophet Muhammad (saw), Muawiyah, Jodah bint Asash, Second Imam and fourth ...
		Muawiyah had established a government and dominion in Syria and for years he had played tricks with cunning ways and means against Hazrat Ali (a.s.).
		Muawiyah not only denied and turned his face from taking the oath of allegiance, he also sent spies to kufa to martyr the Imam Hassan (a.s.).
		But the conduct of Muawiyah in certain matters showed that he was strongly embarrassed and harassed due to the influence of Imam Hassan (a.s.) so that sometimes he was obliged to put into practice few of the points of the peace pact.
	www.ezsoftech.com /stories/infallible4.asp (4100 words)

	Muawiyah and Abusing Imam Ali (AS)
		One of the ugliest innovations that started during the reign of Muawiyah was that Muawiyah himself, and through his order to his Governors, they used to insult Imam Ali (AS) during the Sermons in the Mosques.
		More Sunni references on the mischief of Muawiyah: It is reported from Abdullah, son of Ahmad Ibn Hanbal saying: I asked my father about Ali and Muawiyah.
		As such, they joined a man (i.e., Muawiyah, as given in the footnotes) who verily fought him battled him, and they praised him (Muawiyah) extravagantly setting a snare for themselves for him.
	www.al-islam.org /encyclopedia/chapter5a/1.html (1162 words)

	CYC - Ramadhan Season
		Muawiyah had established a government and dominion in Syria and for years he had played tricks with cunning ways and means against Ali (A.S.).
		Muawiyah not only denied and turned his face from taking the oath of allegiance, he also sent spies to kufa to martyr the Imam.
		But the conduct of Muawiyah in certain matters showed that he was strongly embarrassed and harassed due to the influence of Imam (A.S.) so that sometimes he was obliged to put into practice few of the points of the peace pact.
	www.cyconline.co.uk /ramadhan/historical/hasan.html (3900 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Iraq - The Sunni-Shia Controversy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Muawiyah, a kinsman of Uthman and the governor of Syria, then refused to recognize Ali, and he demanded the right to avenge his relative's death.
		Both Ali and Muawiyah bided their time in their separate governorships: Muawiyah, who had been declared caliph by some of his supporters, in newly conquered Egypt, and Ali, in Iraq.
		Yazid I, Muawiyah's son and his successor in 680, was unable to contain the opposition that his strong father had vigorously quelled.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/iraq/15.php (1505 words)

	MUAWIYAH I (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mu'awiyah I, guida e fondatore islamici in anticipo del dynasty grande di Umayyad dei caliphs.
		Mu'awiyah non ha stato bene ad un musulmano fino a che Muhammad non avesse conquistato Mecca ed avesse riconciliato i suoi ex nemici dai regali.
		Da 647 Mu'awiyah aveva costruito un esercito tribale siriano abbastanza forte per respingere un attacco byzantine e durante gli anni successivi per prendere l'offensiva contro il Byzantines nelle campagne che hanno provocato il bloccaggio della Cipro e di Rhodes e di una sconfitta devastating del blu marino byzantine fuori del litorale di Lycia in Anatolia.
	www.facteri.com /wiki/it/mu/Muawiyah%20I.htm (657 words)

	Exposing Al-Tijani’s Lies in His Book: “Then I was Guided”... surely people have no truth except what came from the ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mu’awiyah’s severity in killing Hijr was because Hijr tried to transgress against the Islamic nation and to break the bond of the Muslims and Mu’awiyah considered it as an endeavor to corrupt the earth especially in Kufah where some groups of the affliction first appeared against Uthman.
		Mu’awiyah saw himself as the guardian of Uthman’s blood, and Uthman was one of his relatives, and Mu’awiyah relied on some prophetic hadeeths that show and clear that Uthman would be killed as an innocent and describes the rebels as hypocrites.
		Mu’awiyah said that because he could not imagine that Uthman’s murderers were the right people in the light of the hadeeths which prove that Uthman would be killed as an innocent and that his killers are the oppressors.
	www.allaahuakbar.net /shiites/muawiyah_bin_abi_sufyan.htm (7721 words)

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