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Topic: Mud Volcano

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	11.2 Mud Volcanoes - Mysterious Phenomena Fascinate Scientists and Tourists by Ronnie Gallagher
		Both mud volcanoes and hydrocarbon fields are the result of a single process of oil and gas formation, which has a characteristic vertical zone with methane gas forming in younger strata, overlying a zone of intense formation of oil and fatty gases.
		Mud volcanoes are one of the visible signs of the presence of oil and gas reserves hidden deep beneath land and sea in the Caspian region.
		Mud volcanoes are essentially channels for releasing pressurized gas and mineral water, sometimes with traces of oil, together with associated mud from great depths (812km) and depositing them on the surface of the earth where they form mounds ranging from 5 to 500m high.
	www.azer.com /aiweb/categories/magazine/ai112_folder/112_articles/112_mud_volcano.html (2142 words)

	Volcano K-12 Experiments for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		Active mud volcanoes tend to involve temperatures much lower than those of igneous volcanoes, except when a mud volcano is actually a vent of an igneous volcano.
		In 1989 the Voyager 2 spacecraft observed ice volcanoes (cryovolcanism) on Triton, a moon of Neptune and in 2005 the Cassini-Huygens probe photographed fountains of frozen particles erupting from Saturn's moon Enceladus [2].
		Some volcanoes consist of a crater alone, with scarcely any mountain at all; but in the majority of cases the crater is situated on top of a mountain (the volcano), which can tower to an enormous height.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/earthsciences/volcano.html (5881 words)

	Volcano - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		A volcano is a geological landform (usually a mountain) where magma (rock of the Earth's interior made molten or liquid by extremely high temperatures along with a reduction in pressure and/or the introduction of water or other volatiles) erupts through the surface of the planet.
		Although there are numerous volcanoes (some very active) on the solar system's rocky planets and moons, on Earth at least, this phenomenon tends to occur near the boundaries of the continental plates.
		Mud volcanoes are formations which are often not associated with known magmatic activity.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/v/o/l/Volcano.html (3634 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| Azeri mud volcano flares
		Mud volcanoes come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but those most common in Azerbaijan have several small cones, or vents, up to about four metres in height (13 feet), sometimes topping a hill of several hundred metres.
		Mud volcanoes are one of the visible signs of the presence of oil and gas reserves under the land and sea in the Caspian region.
		Mud volcanoes are often formed in areas of weakness in the Earth's crust, along fault lines, and are associated with geologically young sedimentary deposits, the presence of organic gas from hydrocarbon deposits, and overlying pressure which forces this gas to the surface.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/1626310.stm (737 words)

	Mud volcano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mud volcanoes are often associated with petroleum deposits and tectonic subduction zones and orogenic belts.
		Mud volcanoes are also often associated with lava volcanoes, and the typical relationship is that where they are close, the mud volcanoes emit incombustible gases including helium, while the ones further away emit methane.
		Kaglulik mud volcano, 43 m under the surface of the Beaufort Sea, near the northern boundary of Alaska and Canada.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mud_volcano (1559 words)

	Erupting mud volcano
		The mud volcano, known locally as ‘Lusi’, has been erupting for 239 days and has continued to spew between 7,000 and 150,000 cubic metres of mud out every day, destroying infrastructure, razing four villages and 25 factories.
		The team of mud volcano and pressure experts, who analysed satellite images of the area for their study, propose that a local region around the central volcano vent will collapse to form a crater.
		Mud volcano expert, Professor Richard Davies, Durham University said: "It is standard industry procedure that this kind of drilling requires the use of steel casing to support the borehole, to protect against the pressure of fluids such as water, oil or gas.
	www.cardiff.ac.uk /news/articles/erupting-mud-volcano.html (661 words)

	Volcano Threats
		Lava is oozing from the southeastern crater of Mount Etna.
		And reports of the mud eruption suggest that it is a hybrid between typical mud volcanoes and hydrothermal vents.
		The volcano near the town of Bialla on the island of New Britain is being monitored by staff from the Rabaul Volcanology Observatory.
	home.att.net /~thehessians/volcanothreats.html (19804 words)

	Caribbean Carousel! story archives - Volcanoes
		In 1997, a mud volcano erupted in the central Trinidad farming village of Piparo, covering homes with mud that flew as high as 150 feet in the air.
		Mud volcanoes - which come in different sizes, from knee high to as big as a mountain - are often shaped like normal volcanoes, but instead of lava they expel a mixture of mud, rocks and gasses.
		When a mud volcano ejects large amounts of gas suddenly, there is a risk of asphyxiation for humans and animals in the immediate vicinity.
	www.angelfire.com /biz2/caribbeancarousel/mudvolcanoes.html (1341 words)

	What's a Mud Volcano? - The cold volcanoes - Softpedia
		Mud volcanoes appear mostly when gas pockets or gas deposits associated with oil manage to seep to the surface, transporting water mixed with solid material (mud).
		Mud volcanoes are also found in the mountains between Iran and Pakistan, China's western Uyghur province, Arakan Coast (Myanmar) and nearby Andaman islands and South Taiwan.
		The landscape of the muddy volcanoes plateaus constantly changes, as periodically new cones emerge, while old ones stop their activity, because of the changes in the pressure and circulation of the gases along the crevices and the amount of available water to be drained to the surface.
	news.softpedia.com /news/What-039-s-a-Mud-Volcano-62855.shtml (817 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary:
		Mud volcano in the Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
		A mud volcano is a small volcano-shaped cone of mud and clay, usually less than 1-2 m tall.
		These small mud volcanoes are built by a mixture of hot water and fine sediment (mud and clay) that either (1) pours gently from a vent in the ground like a fluid lava flow; or (2) is ejected into the air like a lava fountain by escaping volcanic gas and boiling water.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/MudVolcano.html (136 words)

	Mud volcano rises off Trinidad - The Boston Globe
		Since it was discovered in May by a pair of spearfishermen 5 miles off Trinidad's eastern shore, the mud volcano has attracted hordes of sightseers who trek to a bluff to watch waves crash over its summit, which measures 160 feet across.
		Mud volcanoes are not normal volcanoes, which erupt lava and superheated gases from deep within the earth, said Roderick Stewart, a seismologist at the University of the West Indies in Trinidad.
		Mud volcanoes are a common phenomenon on and around the twin-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago -- the world's fifth-largest exporter of liquefied natural gas.
	www.boston.com /news/world/latinamerica/articles/2007/08/13/mud_volcano_rises_off_trinidad (592 words)

	Millennium Ark: Hot News
		Mud volcanoes are not true volcanoes; they do not erupt lava or ash.
		Mud volcanoes are tourist attractions in New Zealand, Azerbaijan, Trinidad, the Andaman Islands, Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. and Yanchao Township in South Taiwan's Kaohsiung County.
		Mud trickles down the side of the volcano, and disappears into a hole in the ground.
	www.millennium-ark.net /NEWS/05_Weird/051103.mud.volcanoes.html (519 words)

	Anatomy Of A Mud Volcano
		Mud volcanoes tend to be associated with petroleum deposits.
		Mud volcanoes are generally found where stratified rocks with cores of mobile sediment, deposited rapidly and trapping water, fold down from a crest.
		The survey notes that mud volcanoes take various forms in Trinidad: "mounds, cones, 'fladen' (flat cakes), streams and terraces when the ejected mud is of the dry type, and bouffes, salsas, depressions, when of the wet type".
	www.vulkaner.no /v/volcan/bcmudvol.html (984 words)

	Tolsona Mud Volcanoes, Alaska Science Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The mud volcano is about 8 meters high (25 feet), 180 meters wide and 270 meters long.
		The seething cauldrons atop the Tolsona mud volcanoes (there are four of them in the area) hide a mystery, since no one really knows where the erupting methane gas comes from.
		Another possibility is that the methane bubbling up through the Tolsona mud volcanoes comes from deep within the earth where it was trapped or evolved during the formation of the solid earth itself.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF2/249.html (404 words)

	MUD VOLCANO FLOODS JAVA
		The steaming mud pool is growing at an estimated 50,000 cubic metres a day, accompanied by hydrogen sulphide gas, and now reportedly covers more than 25 square kilometres.
		Mud and gas accumulates when sea sediments are trapped in subduction zones, where one tectonic plate slides under another, and can erupt out of volcanic cones or simply from a crack in the ground.
		Mud volcanoes have burst on every continent, but are abundant in the South Caspian region (offshore and onshore Azerbaijan) and offshore Indonesia in the East Java Basin.
	www.surfingtheapocalypse.net /cgi-bin/forum.cgi?read=149688 (557 words)

	Volcano gets choke chains to slow mud : Article : Nature
		The mud eruption began on 29 May last year in the middle of a rice paddy in the village of Porong, 30 kilometres south of Surabaya, the provincial capital.
		The team will start off slowly, dropping five chains into the volcano's mouth on the first day — possibly as early as this week — and ten on the second, before hitting a high of up to 50 per day until all of them are used.
		Likewise, with the volcano, they believe that the volume coming out is directly proportional to the size of the neck of the conduit bringing the mud to the surface.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v445/n7127/full/445470a.html (907 words)

	Organisms thriving in vents and seeps on the Arctic sea floor - Vogt
		Mud volcanoes and related cold-seep features form over great sediment accumulations in which bacteria digest buried organic matter, producing methane as a waste product.
		The mud volcano has a patchy white cover of sulfur bacteria mats (which few creatures eat), and is home to a diverse community of creatures whose food web is based is methane-consuming bacteria.
		The eelpout was several hundred times more abundant on the mud volcano than elsewhere on the bottom of the surrounding Greenland-Norwegian Sea, and is apparently attracted to the mud volcano by its abundant food supplies.
	www.arctic.noaa.gov /essay_vogt.html (1275 words)

	AP Wire \| 09/28/2006 \| Indonesia's mud volcano wreaking havoc
		Experts say the mud volcano is one of the largest ever recorded on land.
		The mud is believed to come from a reservoir 3 1/2 miles below the surface that has been pressurized by shifts in the crust or by the accumulation of hydrocarbon gases.
		The mud, which is not toxic, first appeared several days after a blowout deep in Lapindo's well shaft May 29.
	www.fortwayne.com /mld/journalgazette/15631770.htm (778 words)

	'Mud volcano' pushes 3,000 families out - World Environment - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In the meantime, the mud will be dumped in the sea and more than 3,000 families would be resettled on the orders of the president because the land “was no longer fit for human habitation,” he said.
		The environment minister, who had earlier threatened to block efforts to dispose of the mud in the sea on grounds it might kill the fish, said the mud was not toxic and that he now supported the plan.
		The mud is believed to come from a reservoir more than 3 1/2 miles underground that has been pressurized by tectonic activity or by the accumulation of hydrocarbon gases.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/15029931 (692 words)

	Java [Indonesia] mud volcano seems unstoppable
		These ideas won't immediately console the 11,000 people who have lost their homes since 28 May, when hot mud and gas first gushed from a hole near a drilling well, in what is probably a mud volcano [see 'Mud volcano floods Java' (subscription required)].
		Should the mud prove not to be toxic, and the reported hydrogen sulphide gas dissipates, the area might become a health spa, with people bathing in mud craters.
		It is still not clear whether the mud flow can be called a conventional mud volcano, by which geologists mean the uprush of trapped mud and gas from a spot where one tectonic plate is sliding beneath another.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-chat/1714563/posts (1328 words)

	A Different Kind Of Volcano, Alaska Science Forum
		Indeed, lying within sight of dormant Mount Wrangell volcano in the eastern Copper River basin, there are a number of features which, for lack of a better term, are called mud volcanoes.
		To complicate matters, there is a sharp contrast between the composition of the gases from the mud volcanoes to the east of Glennallen (closer to Mounts Drum and Wrangell) and those 25 miles to the west just off the Glenn Highway.
		Inert carbon dioxide is the primary constituent of the gases from the Drum group of mud volcanoes (as those to the east are known) while flammable methane makes up about half of the gases from the Tolsona group to the west.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF7/738.html (500 words)

	Indonesia's solution to a relentless mud volcano - giant concrete balls \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited
		Scientists in Indonesia are to start dropping huge concrete balls chained together into the mouth of a mud volcano today in a desperate attempt to staunch a relentless flow that has wiped out villages, factories and vast tracts of farmland.
		However, British experts who have closely monitored the mud volcano, known locally as Lusi, are sceptical that the effort will halt the outpouring of noxious gas, mud and boiling water that has been spewing at a rate of a million barrels every day for nine months.
		Professor Richard Davies, a mud volcano expert at Durham University who is visiting the site, has said that the eruption was almost certainly triggered by exploratory drilling for gas, rather than an earthquake several days earlier.
	www.guardian.co.uk /indonesia/Story/0,,2019539,00.html (521 words)

	Indonesia tries concrete balls to plug mud volcano - The Boston Globe
		Mud volcanoes are fairly common along volatile tectonic belts and in areas rich in oil and natural gas like Indonesia.
		A plan to cap the volcano with concrete was abandoned almost immediately as ill-conceived.
		But with scientists predicting that the mud could flow for decades or even centuries, those who have been made homeless say it is worth a shot.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2007/03/10/indonesia_tries_concrete_balls_to_plug_mud_volcano (764 words)

	Indonesian mud volcano 'caused by gas drilling' - earth - 24 January 2007 - New Scientist
		A mud volcano that is erupting in Indonesia was most probably caused by drilling for gas, according to the first published scientific study.
		The volcano is disgorging between 7000 and 150,000 cubic metres (245,000 and 5.25 million cubic feet, respectively) of mud every day and the flow "will continue for many months and possibly years to come", the report warns.
		It concludes that the quake was not to blame, mainly because two days elapsed before mud volcano erupted, and no other mud volcanoes occurred in the region after the quake.
	www.newscientist.com /article/dn11025-indonesian-mud-volcano-caused-by-gas-drilling.html (611 words)

	Java mud volcano active for years
		The first scientific report into the causes and impact of Lusi, the Indonesian mud volcano, reveals that the 2006 eruption will continue to erupt and spew out between 7,000 and 150,000 cubic metres of mud a day for months or even years to come.
		The mud volcano, known locally as 'Lusi', has been erupting for 240 days and has continued to spew between 7,000 and 150,000 cubic metres of mud out every day, destroying infrastructure, razing four villages and 25 factories.
		Mud volcano expert, Professor Richard Davies of Durham University’s Centre for Research into Earth Energy Systems (CeREES), commented: "It is standard industry procedure that this kind of drilling requires the use of steel casing to support the borehole, to protect against the pressure of fluids such as water, oil or gas.
	www.scenta.co.uk /Nature/1456605/java-mud-volcano-active-for-years.htm (721 words)

	Erupting mud volcano
		University of Aberdeen research supports the suggestion that the eruption of the Indonesian mud volcano Lusi, which has been erupting for more than 200 days, was caused by drilling for hydrocarbons.
		The team of mud volcano and pressure experts, who analysed subsurface and satellite images of the area for their study, propose that a local region around the central volcano vent will collapse to form a crater.
		Mud volcano expert, Professor Richard Davies of Durham University's Centre for Research into Earth Energy Systems (CeREES) said: "It is standard industry procedure that this kind of drilling requires the use of steel casing to support the borehole, to protect against the pressure of fluids such as water, oil or gas.
	www.physorg.com /news89653591.html (820 words)

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