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Topic: Mudflow

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	Scott Polar Research Institute » Mudflow hazard and glaciation decrease in Central Caucasus
		The mudflows came from the Western Kayaarty glacier through the Kayaarty-Su and Gerkhozhan-Su river valleys, through a protective dam (destroyed by a mudflow a year before) in the lower Gerkhozhan-Su, and blocked the course of the Baksan River in the main valley.
		The most important mudflow protection measures are the establishment of mudflow monitoring posts in at least two key places, an early warning system, the reinstatement of the protective flume in the lower Gerhozhan-Su, a ban on construction in and resettlement from the danger zone in Tyrnyauz.
		Ledniki i seli Prielbrus'ia (Evolutsia oledeneniya i selevoi aktivnosti): [Glaciers and mudflows in the Elbrus region (evolution of glaciation and mudflow activity)].
	www.spri.cam.ac.uk /research/projects/caucasus (1905 words)

	The Problem of Mudflow Events and Mudflow Protection in Almaty Region
		The mudflows of these types are formed by melted glacier water which overfills the glacial moraine lakes and breaks through mem.Almost all the glaciers have their own moraine lakes, m Zailiiskiy Ala-Tau insummer there are more than 130 moraine lakes.
		The biggest glacial mudflows in the basin of the river Malaya Almatynka were in 1951, 1956 and in 1973.
		The seismic mudflows of the years 1841 and 1887 were formed as a consequence of big landslides and breakthrough of temporary blocked moraine lakes which were made earlier during earthquakes and heavy showers in the mountains of the Zailiiskiy Ala-Tau.
	www.aspkz.freenet.kz /project17.html (2967 words)

	Mount St. Helens in 1980, by the USGS
		Mudflow deposits accreting to the banks of the lower Cowlitz River and representing the peak flow are generally similar in texture to those found lateral to the channel of the Toutle River.
		A thin (0.1-0.5-m) layer of fine-grained water-deposited sediment occurs at the surface of this lower mudflow berm and is evidence of overriding stream-flow.
		These clasts and the platy structure of the thin basal layer of mudflow units suggest that vertical shear was concentrated at the base of the flow and that "plug" flow occurred at least locally.
	www.creationism.org /sthelens/USGS1250/USGS1250m466-478.htm (5043 words)

	CVO Website - Crandell, 1971, Postglacial Lahars From Mount Rainier Volcano - Osceola Mudflow
		The Osceola Mudflow is by far the largest mudflow of postglacial age from Mount Rainier and is one of the largest known volcanic mudflows in the world.
		The mudflow probably extended as far south in the Puyallup River valley as the confluence of the Puyallup and Carbon Rivers, as far west as the town of Puyallup, and northward in the Green River valley to the outskirts of Kent and covered a submerged area of at least 27 square miles.
		Crandell and Waldron (1956, p.360) suggested that the mudflow was initiated by a volcanic explosion that expelled masses of hydrothermally altered rock from the northeast flank of the volcano, but I (Crandell, 1963a) later suggested that the mudflow originated at the summit of the cone.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/Rainier/Publications/PP677/osceola_mudflow.html (2734 words)

	Mudflow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A mudflow or mudslide is the most rapid (up to 80 km/h) and fluid type of downhill mass wasting.
		The flow velocity mainly depends on the water percentage and the material; further on the mountain altitude, the mudflow length and its mass.
		Mudflows are common even in the hills around Los Angeles where they have destroyed many homes built on hillsides without sufficient support (?).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mudslide (649 words)

	CVO Website - Crandell, 1971, Postglacial Lahars From Mount Rainier Volcano - Electron Mudflow
		The mudflow is an unsorted mixture of subangular to subrounded rock fragments in a purplish-gray matrix of sand, silt, and clay.
		The most distinctive rock in the mudflow in the lowland is a scoriaceous, fl, hypersthene andesite, which occurs as boulders as large as 5 feet in diameter.
		The gradient of the mudflow is about 68 feet per mile just downstream form the mountain front at Electron; however, at a point 2 miles south of Orting the valley widens, and the gradient decreases to about 34 feet per mile.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/Rainier/Publications/PP677/electron_mudflow.html (1172 words)

	Mudflow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For instance, after the thaw in spring the soil can easily be detached from the subsurface.
		Most mudflows begin at steep slopes where the protection by forest may be disturbed, or at the source of a torrent.
		Mudflows at steep slopes may be generated when hillside colluvium and other material becomes rapidly saturated with water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mudflow (649 words)

	Hazard Slides Captions
		The flow consisted of colluvium deposits on bed rock and was precipitated by an irrigation ditch that leaked water and saturated soils.
		The Slumgullian mudflow in the San Juan Mountains dammed Lake Fork, and formed Lake San Cristobal (lower left) at Lake City, Colorado.
		Results of mudflow of early 1970's in a saddle of the Owlshead Mountains, South Death Valley, California.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /seg/hazard/slideset/6/6_captions.shtml (669 words)

	HistoryLink Essay:Osceola Mudflow from Mount Rainier inundates the White River Valley approximately 5,600 years ago.
		The ensuing mudflow, which spreads as far as modern-day Kent, is called the Osceola Mudflow.
		This is the largest mudflow of postglacial age in the history of Mount Rainier.
		The mudflow shot through canyons and valleys, and over small hills, until the debris reached as far as modern-day Kent.
	www.historylink.org /essays/printer_friendly/index.cfm?file_id=5095 (373 words)

	November 12, 1998-Vol30n12: Sheridan in Nicaragua to study mudflow UB volcanic expert aims to find out what ...
		A UB scientist who is an expert in volcanic mudflows left for Nicaragua on Saturday to evaluate the possible causes of the devastating mudflow that occurred with the catastrophic collapse of Casita volcano and killed thousands of people in several villages.
		Using a mathematical model, the research also projected the potential devastation that would occur in a key industrial town near Colima volcano in Mexico if extremely fast-moving volcanic mudflows are unleashed when the volcano reaches the climactic stage of its eruption cycle, which is expected during the next decade.
		In Sheridan's estimation, mudflows are the volcanic phenomena posing the greatest danger to populations.
	www.buffalo.edu /reporter/vol30/vol30n12/f1.html (506 words)

	The Jakarta Post - The Journal of Indonesia Today (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.umd.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Thousands of victims of the mudflow disaster in Porong district in Sidoarjo, East Java, rallied Monday to demand gas drilling company PT Lapindo Brantas increase its compensation for their losses.
		There was no immediate response to the protesters' demand from Lapindo, which operates the gas well at the center of the mudflow, the Sidoarjo regency administration or the national team in charge of dealing with the disaster.
		Many of the protesters who gathered outside the Sidoarjo regent's office have lost their homes and fields in the past week because of the mudflow, which is also blamed for a gas pipeline explosion in the area last Wednesday that killed 11 people.
	www.thejakartapost.com.cob-web.org:8888 /detailheadlines.asp?fileid=20061128.A07&irec=6 (523 words)

	Mudflow risk grows with valley population
		Puyallup, WA - 6/19/04 - Puyallup Valley cities and Pierce County continue to plan for a disastrous Mount Rainier mudflow, but relentless population growth could hamper their response if they ever have to put their plans into action.
		The valley floor lies squarely in the historic pathway of lahars - what one expert described as rapidly moving flows up to 30 feet high and packing the destructive force of flowing concrete.
		This Puyallup Valley city is most at risk because it is entirely contained inside the lahar pathway and would be the first city hit by a mudflow from the glaciers on the west side of Mount Rainier.
	www.citizenreviewonline.org /june2004/mudflow.htm (1502 words)

	News: Indonesia: Flash floods and landslides - Jun 2006 , Indonesia: Mudflow victims vent their anger
		Local representatives agreed with their demand, even though sparing their villages of Keboguyang, Permisan, Glagaharum, Plumbon and Sentul would mean others in the area would have to be sacrificed to accommodate the unstoppable mudflow.
		They said a greater ecological disaster was inevitable because the mudflow was getting worse ahead of the rainy season, due to begin in November.
		Hotman Siahaan, representing the Board of Surabaya Academy, said in a meeting with the House leadership that the situation was at a critical point.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6TD4TV?OpenDocument (571 words)

	VOA News - Mining Accident Sows Death and Devastation in Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The explosion was caused by a mudflow that has devastated the area, leaving more than 10,000 people homeless.
		The explosion occurred where the pipeline ran beneath dikes that were built to contain the mudflow.
		Environmentalists and some of the 10,000 people left homeless by the mudflow are furious at Indonesia's social welfare minister, Aburizal Bakrie, whose family controls the Bakrie Group.
	www.voanews.com /english/2006-11-25-voa8.cfm (473 words)

	Paper submitted to "GSA Bulletin" Revision Date: 11/16/82 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		(expansive soil), and 4) the mineralogy of the mudflow and the
		The young mudflow, alias the "gray layer," is crucial for
		thick mudflow in the northeast corner of trench S-B excavated by
	www.soiltectonics.com /mudflow.htm (2327 words)

	The Seattle Times: Local News: False alarm: Radio broadcasts mistaken mudflow warning
		TACOMA – An emergency radio station mistakenly warned that a massive, volcanic-caused mudflow was headed from the flanks of Mount Rainier and that listeners in the valley below should rush to higher ground.
		The emergency lahar warning was broadcast Wednesday for nearly an hour on the 1580 AM frequency in the suburban Pierce County town of Puyallup.
		Geologists have warned that a huge mudflow could break loose from Rainier's west flank with little warning and that a wall of mud and debris could swallow everything in its path and bury the Puyallup Valley floor where 60,000 people live.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/localnews/2003018665_webfalse25.html (436 words)

	FT.com / World - Mudflow raises questions over Indonesian business
		Officials at a nearby hospital say they have treated more than 900 people, mostly for respiratory ailments linked to the mud, which environmentalists say is laced with harmful chemicals.
		Police have begun an investigation and the company has brought in outside experts to try to stop the mudflow, though it says that could take up to three months.
		Critics argue the Bakrie Group’s connections have meant officials and regulators from the outset went along with efforts by the company to play down the mudflow disaster in Sidoarjo, even as it began to overwhelm local villages.
	www.ft.com /cms/s/7e357446-0bb8-11db-b97f-0000779e2340.html (927 words)

	Effect of bottom curvature on mudflow dynamics: Theory and experiments
		A one-dimensional mathematical model of mudflow dynamics is formulated assuming mud to behave rheologically as a Herschel-Bulkley fluid.
		The effects of bottom curvature either on the equilibrium solution or mudflow dynamics are analyzed.
		Experiments are also performed releasing a given volume of kaoline and water mixture from a reservoir into both a constant slope and an upward concave channel.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2005WR004475.shtml (341 words)

	CorpWatch : AUSTRALIA: Santos gets caught in toxic Indonesian mudflow
		A TOXIC mudflow in Indonesia, emanating from a gas project minority-owned by Australian-based Santos, is threatening to become an environmental, public health and public relations disaster.
		Indonesian police are indicating they will recommend criminal charges against the gas-drilling operators of the well, in which Santos holds an 18 per cent share.
		So far the mudflow has displaced 5000 villagers, hospitalised nearly 1000 people, caused two deaths and cut the major highway and railway from the regional capital of Surabaya.
	www.corpwatch.org /article.php?id=13862 (652 words)

	Planet Ark : Greenpeace Slings Mud Over Indonesia Mudflow Disaster
		Around 50,000 cubic metres (1.75 million cubic feet) of mud pour out of the well every day and a group of international scientists said this week the mudflow might be a natural phenomenon that could be impossible to stop.
		We are an environmental group but right now the focus should be to evacuate people who live in the immediate vicinity of the mudflow," she said.
		Jakarta officials want to remove the water from the mud, treat it and then allow it to flow into the sea through a 20-km (12 mile) pipeline, a plan that could take months to be approved.
	www.planetark.org /dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/38294/story.htm (872 words)

	Time bomb in Sidoarjo « Hot Mud Flow in East Java, Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Rovicky Dwi Putrohari, an independent geologist, wrote that in Porong-1 well location, 7 kilometers to the east of Banjar Panji-1, were geological indications which “showed mudflows happening in prehistoric eras.” That was his analysis.
		Rovicky noted something worrying: the mudflow in Porong-1 would not stop for decades or even hundreds of years.
		The Environment Department said that to contain the mudflow for the next three months, they were preparing 150 hectares of new dykes.
	hotmudflow.wordpress.com /2006/09/05/time-bomb-in-sidoarjo (2019 words)

	mudflow - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "mudflow" is defined.
		MUDFLOW : Lake and Water Word Glossary [home, info]
		Mudflow : Science In Your Watershed: Hydrologic Definitions [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=mudflow (144 words)

	[No title]
		Anger has been mounting in the area with the hot mud gushing at a rate of 50,000 cubic metres (1.75 million cubic feet) a day from the well despite several government contingency plans to plug the leak.
		Several experts have said the mudflow could have been triggered by a crack about 6,000 feet (1,800 metres) deep inside the well.
		Indonesian villagers block a major road with sand to press the operator of an exploration oil well that has been spewing mud from the ground to pay more compensation in Sidoarjo, east Java province November 27, 2006.
	www.alertnet.org /thenews/newsdesk/JAK269725.htm (545 words)

	Mudflow slipping beyond control
		The dumping of untreated mud and water into the aquatic environment is truly a regrettable outcome arising from a very desperate situation.
		We also fear that given the nature and extent of this disaster, the underground water tables in and around the area of the mudflow, face the risk of toxic contamination.
		“The Lapindo mudflow disaster stands out as an iconic example of a corporate crime, demonstrating how irresponsible activities by big business continue to wreak havoc on the environment and people’s lives.
	www.greenpeace.org /seasia/en/press/releases/mudflow-slipping-beyond-contro (799 words)

	KOMO-TV - Seattle, Washington - News Archive - Orting Practices Fleeing A Mudflow
		ORTING - Sirens blared in the Orting Valley Tuesday as residents practiced getting out of the way of a lahar, a mudflow that could occur should Mt. Rainier come back to life.
		So school children practice evacuating to get out of the way of a volcanic mudflow that could sweep down and smother the valley.
		The kids are walking to safety because emergency officials warn the roads will be gridlocked.
	www.komotv.com /news/printstory.asp?id=43224 (492 words)

	ANTARA News :: TNI sets up Sidoarjo mudflow handling taskforce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The hot mudflow caused by the activities of PT Lapindo Brantas since May 29 had engulfed farmland and sugarcane estates in three villages, namely Siring, Jatirejo and Renokenongo, many houses, rural roads, and disrupted the normal activities of five schools and turnpike traffic.
		According to taskforce chief Col Wahid Hidayat, the military has contributed a great deal to evacuation operations, building healthcare centres and public kitchens, and the building of dikes.
		During an inspection of the mudflow in Sidoarjo yesterday, Military Chief Air Marshal Djoko Suyanto told military personnel to overcome the hot mudflow using all the heavy equipment at their disposal.(*)
	www.antara.co.id /en/seenws/?id=15484 (255 words)

	Casita Mudflow, Nicaragua, October 30, 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Report on the October 30, 1998 avalanche and breakout flow of Casita Volcano, Nicaragua, triggered by Hurricane Mitch
		On October 30, 1998 a disastrous event (called a "mudflow" in the newspapers) occurred on the south flank of Casita Volcano.
		According to official reports, the incident killed between 1560 and 1680 people, displaced hundreds more, destroyed several towns and settlements, and disrupted the Pan American Highway at numerous bridges.
	www.ineter.gob.ni /geofisica/vol/casita/Casita-Mudflow.htm (2035 words)

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