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Topic: Mudras in Indian Music

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	Mudras - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Mudras
		In Buddhist art, the symbolic hand gestures of Buddhas and bodhisattvas are known as mudras, and often refer to specific moments in the life of the historical Buddha.
		For example, the right hand raised, palm outwards, fingers together, meaning ‘do not fear’, is supposed to have been used by the Buddha to stop a raging elephant.
		The ‘earth-witness’ mudra of a finger touching the ground refers to an anecdote of the Buddha, when assailed by the forces of evil, asking the earth to be witness to his spiritual growth.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Mudras (174 words)

	Culture - Indian Dance Forms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Indian dance is a blend of nritta - the rhythmic elements, nritya - the combination of rhythm with expression and natya - the dramatic element.
		The fascination for Indian dance all over the world is indicative of the deep-felt need to use the human body to express and celebrate the great universal truths.
		In India, dance and music pervade all aspects of life and bring colour, joy and gaiety to a number of festivals and ceremonies.
	members.tripod.com /sympweb/IndianDance.htm (690 words)

	Arts of India - Indian Cultural music and dance Indian Cultural music and dance Indian Voyages (P) Ltd, Kochi - Cochin ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Aspects of musical from such as tonal intervals, harmonies and rhythmical patterns are the unique products of a wealth of musical traditions and influences; they are also very different from that familiar in the west.
		Music, according to Hindu mythology, originated with the first sound ever to be heard in the universe, the Naadbrahma or Om, which is the purest sound to be heard.
		The musical practitioners must still attend to their normal duties of hunting, agriculture or whatever their chosen profession is. Music in the villages is learned almost by osmosis.
	www.indianvoyages.com /info/arts.php (4870 words)

	crystallotus.com - How Are Mudras Done - welcome to shana’s amazing world of acupressure angkorvat atma aum ...
		With his or her hands, the Indian dancer expresses the life of the universe.
		In the beginning, there may be some problems in doing some of the mudras with both hands, because, you may first have to arrange and hold the fingers of one hand with the other.
		Mudras can even be done while in traffic, watching television, or when waiting..
	www.crystallotus.com /Mudras/02.htm (557 words)

	Mudra Vigyan - Healing Through Mudras
		Mudras reveal the truth about nature and contribute to the multi-faceted development of the human personality, thereby awakening human tendencies which are otherwise dormant.
		Mudras are the means to normalise the five elements in the human body, which is self - sufficient, self-contained and completely perfect in it self.
		Music in fact is a magic and it would nor be wrong to observe that its notes and rhythms cast a hypnotising spell on the one who listens to it.
	www.mudrasforhealing.com /article.htm (2319 words)

	Indian Dance
		Dance, music and theatre are an enduring part of the Indian cultural milieu.
		Indian dance is a blend of nritta (the rhythmic elements), nritya (the combination of rhythm with expression) and natya (the dramatic element).
		Also, since indian dance is physical and visual, it illuminates India's culture in a direct manner, playing on the sensibilities of the onlooker.
	www.dollsofindia.com /read/indian_dance.htm (2331 words)

	Sixty Four Arts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		music, painting etc.); some are sub-branches of one and the same art and should have been mentioned as such (e.g.
		Music happens to be the best, foremost and one of the most ancient of all the sixty-four branches of fine arts.
		Generally music has got four principal and most important items, which are the tuning, the composition, the timing and the appeal-observes Yagodhara in the Kama sutra Tika: "svaragam padagam caiva tatha layagam eva ca cetovadhanagam caiva geyamneyam caturvidham".
	www.indiangyan.com /books/otherbooks/finearts/sixty_four_arts.shtml (1442 words)

	Mudras used in Hindu worship
		The word Mudra is derived from the Sanskrit words Mud+Dhra, or bliss+dissolving - meaning that which dissolves duality and brings together the deity and the devotee.
		Mudras are gestures performed with the hands and are used to convey various feelings, or expressions or meanings.
		The use of the Mudras is quite common in the Hindu Poojas, Tantric worships, Yoga and also in Classical Indian dances.
	www.astrojyoti.com /mudras.htm (317 words)

	Visit to India Tours: Travel India Tours,India Travel,India Tours,India Tour Travel Packages, New Delhi Travel
		The tradition of Indian music should be understood in the context of Indian life and thought.
		Pakhawaj is essentially a north Indian version of the mridangam and is the most common north Indian representative of the class of barrel shaped drums known as mridang.
		The Indian folk dance is simple without being naive, for behind its simplicity lie both profundity of conception and a directness of expression which are of great artistic value.
	www.visittoindiatours.com /bestofindia01.htm (1971 words)

	Mudras, Mudra Yoga or the Science of Gestures of the Hands and Fingers
		Mudras never generate an excess of energy, they simply seek an optimal balancing of prana, much like a thermostat.
		Due to the heat it generates, it may not be possible to practice this mudra with as much ease and flexibility as the other mudras.
		This mudra is ideal for ailments of the ear, and also helps those of the nose and the throat.
	www.lifepositive.com /Spirit/traditional-paths/rituals/mudra.asp (1131 words)

	Kathak Classical Indian Dance in Iowa with Wendy Stegall
		Using mime and music, they told stories and even though their art was culturally specific, we find in these mudras and poses the invoking of universally understood human emotions.
		Indian and Persian music and culture have blended together in this exquisite and expressive dance-art, which is said to be the origin of Flamenco and the first dances of the Spanish Gypsies who migrated from India.
		Wendy’s primary and much-loved teacher is Sandhya Desai--senior teacher at the well-known Kadamb Center for Dance and Music in Ahmedebad, and director of Nritya Kala Kendra in the Chicago area.
	www.kathakwendy.com (544 words)

	INDIA - The land for all Seasons
		Music composition is based on lyrics such as Thumri, Dadra, Ghazal and Kavitas.
		All forms of Indian classical dances owe allegiance to Natya Shastra, regarded as the fifth Veda.
		It also contains deliberations on the different kind of postures, the mudras or hand formations and their meanings, the kind of emotions and their categorisation, not to mention the kind of attire, the stage, the ornaments and even the audience.
	www.pittsburghindian.com /india/dance.html (1133 words)

	Indian Heritage - Music - South Indian musical terms - C
		Indian Heritage - Music - South Indian musical terms - C
		: (chatur-four, anga-parts) it is descriptive of the four parts of music - khayal, tarana, sargam and tirvata.
		: is a musical form which had all the 4 dhatus or sections - udgraha, melapaba, dhruva and abhoga.
	www.saigan.com /heritage/music/termsc.htm (301 words)

	Amazon.com: Healing Mudras: Yoga for Your Hands: Books: Sabrina Mesko (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mudras, in Buddhism and Hinduism, are symbolic gestures involving hands, fingers, and arms that are used in ceremonies and dance or seen in artwork.
		All 52 mudras are demonstrated with photos of the author, along with instructions for breathing, eye movements, and mantras, which spoken aloud impart greater mental and physical energy and a healing quality.
		Each individual mudra is given a 2-page layout which includes an overview of benefits, meditation points for the mudra (ie, chakras, colors, and mantras), and a large photo captioned with clear, concise directions for performing the mudra.
	www.amazon.com /Healing-Mudras-Yoga-Your-Hands/dp/0345437586 (2283 words)

	Bharata Natyam - Classical Dance of the Ancient Tamils
		A perfect South Indian bronze is one of the highest achievements in the plastic arts, as it combines in a remarkable manner deep spiritual vision, technical skill and an age-old tradition.
		The dancer must sing producing music from the throat, bring out the meaning of the song by appropriate gestures of the hand, her eyes must speak out the bhava or expression and feet must keep perfect time.
		From the standard works on music and dance used as references by Adiyarkunallar in his commentary on Cilapathikaram, Shanthikkoothu may be taken to mean the classical dance or Bharatanatya and Vinodakkoothu the folk dances.
	www.tamilnation.org /culture/dance/index.htm (4312 words)

	Dance
		All forms of Indian classical dances during the Mughal dynasties owed allegiance to Natya Sastra as the fifth Veda.
		Indian dance is a blend of nritta, rhythmic elements, as the combination of rhythm with expression and natya.
		The fascination for Mughal Indian dance is indicative of the innate necessity to use the human body as means of expressing and celebrating the great universal truths.
	sun.menloschool.org /~crich/mughal/dance.html (429 words)

	Bharatanatyam Dance, Tamilnadu Dance, Dances of Tamilnadu India, Indian Dances, Classical Dance of Tamilnadu
		Bharatanatyam, whose antiquity is well established, is the most popular of Indian dances, which said to be originated in Thanjavoor (Tanjore) of Tamil Nadu.
		It is derived from the ragas of North Indian Ustads or composer teachers and has existed in its present form.
		The chief musical instruments in Bharata Natyam are the 'Mridangam' and a pair of cymbals.
	www.indiantravelportal.com /tamil-nadu/dances/bharatnatyam.html (1918 words)

	Indian Heritage - Music - South Indian musical terms - D
		: is used to describe a voice or music touched with anguish.
		: the technical term signifying the music of a composition as distinguished from the term 'maatu', which signifies the sahitya of the composition.
		Mudras are names introduced into the sahitya of a musical composition to signify facts like its composer, raga, tala, type, etc.,
	www.saigan.com /heritage/music/termsd.htm (353 words)

	Odissi (Orissi) Classical Dance of Orissa (Odissa)
		The term mudra means "stamp" and is a hand position which signifies things.
		The musical accompaniment of Odissi dance is essentially the same as the music of Odissa itself.
		The general view is that traditional Orissi singers and musicians have been so influenced by Hindustani concepts that they are unable to present the music in its "original" form.
	www.chandrakantha.com /articles/indian_music/nritya/odissi.html (901 words)

	Dance
		Indian Classical Dance is one of the most comprehensive and oldest dance forms in the world.
		The movement of the torso is graceful and fluid, shifting from side to side or turning on the axis of the spine, while the movement of the hands and arms is subtle and elaborate, every gesture having a function.
		Triveni is a non-profit organization dedicated to the education and performance of Indian Classical Dance, social awareness and the celebration of cultural diversity.
	people.bu.edu /prothero/dance.html (1237 words)

	Music
		In this regard, it may be pointed that the classical music sympathetically accepts any systematic rendering, as it will conform to some raga lakshana or the other.
		But the difficult in the case of Kuchipudi music one may have to face is the inability to identify the Raga of the Daruvus sung by the Kuchipudi exponents with the known
		It can be noted that the music adopted for dance purposes at that time gave more importance to solo performance and depiction of Lasya by the dancer.
	www.kuchipudi.com /htmlfiles/music2.htm (694 words)

	Art Forms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The movements in Mohiniyattam reflect the gentle swaying of the coconut palms in the breeze and the undulating rhythms of the waves that swell and sink along India's Western coastline.
		In Indian mythology, Mohini is the name given to Lord Vishnu when he took the form of the most enchanting goddess and danced in order to rid the universe of darkness.
		The music induces dancers into a state of frenzy until they become lost in the spirit of their character.
	home.comcast.net /~radhac/ArtForms.html (1181 words)

	India Reading 4
		In the context of Indian culture, the arts of dance, music and drama are highly interrelated.
		Natya, or drama, can include both vocal and instrumental music, spoken dialog in poetry and prose forms, gesture or pantomime (mudras), abstract dance, storytelling dance, or various combinations of all these elements.
		The earliest surviving treatise on Indian theatre is the Natyasastra, written by Bharata in the 2
	www.class.uidaho.edu /asiantheatre/reading_4.htm (257 words)

	kathak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Kathak style is not totally rigid, however; it allows the artist to use a variety of free movements, thus leaving the interpretation of a story to the dancer's power of imagination and creativity.
		This north Indian dance form is inextricably bound with classical Hindustani music, and the table or pakhawaj accompanies the rhythmic nimbleness of the feet.
		The repertoire of Kathak is deeply connected to the classical music tradition of northern India.
	www.indiangyan.com /india_culture/indiandances/kathak.htm (1013 words)

	People Like Me Viewer's Guide: Dance Style Locator : Indian Dance
		Most young Indians living in urban areas are up to date with Western pop culture, MTV and rap as well, and may be very fond of Indian cinema which features singing and dancing.
		An encyclopedia of dance, music and theatre was written two thousand years ago, called the Natya Shastra, so we know that formal performing arts were already established by then and the rules governing the training and performance of dancers was already well established.
		In their pieces, you will saw demonstrations of many of the mudras, and two young students learning them and what they mean from their master teacher.
	www.worldartswest.org /plm/guide/locator/indian.shtml (1219 words)

	Amazon.com: Mudras: Yoga in Your Hands: Books: Gertrud Hirschi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mudras also playfully called the "finger power points" are yoga positions for your hands and fingers.
		Includes 50 mudras with detailed explanation for each mudra on how to pose it (plus a drawing) and what it is for, as well as affirmation that goes with it.
		The mudras are well detailed and desribed but overall the book gave me the impression it was written for middle class women looking for something to do or be interested in.
	www.amazon.com /Mudras-Yoga-Hands-Gertrud-Hirschi/dp/1578631394 (1568 words)

	dancevillage.org - Indian Classical Dances
		Indian cultural dance is basically divided into three major categories.They are represented in the form of...
		The dancer artistically tells stories and events from the epics through mudras (movements of the hand and feet) and facial expressions.This dance is poetry in motion.Bharathanatyam gives importance to Padartha Abhinaya.The music of Bharathanatyam is based on Carnatic Classical Music.
		Odissi is a graceful style of classical dance that is inspired thematically by the literature, art and spiritual movements of the Vaishnava (worshippers of Vishnu).It was performed in the temples of Orissa as a religious rite and offering by the Devadasis known as Maharis.
	www.dancevillage.org /dances.html (611 words)

	Dance and Music of Orissa
		Odissi dance is a peculiar form of Indian classical dance.The rhythm, Bhangis and Mudras used in Odissi dance have a distinctive style of their own.
		The standard of music in Orissa during the earliest period cannot be traced.
		He gave a new shape, taste and color to Indian classical music through his ever glittering and incomparable composition of GitagovindaThe ingredients of the classical music like Raga-Tala-Geeta and Chhanda of Jayadev was introduced in the services of temple of Lord Jagannath and was accepted as temple music of Orissa.
	www.purionline.com /puri/dance_music.htm (905 words)

	Indian Dances
		Indian classical dance is the embodiment of a whole range of expressions, which include
		Though highly defined and codified, they are perceived primarily as a form of worship, as homage to the almighty.
		It also contains deliberations on the different kind of postures, the mudras or hand formations and their meanings, the kind of emotions and their categorization, the kind of attire, the stage, the ornaments and even the audience.
	www.webonautics.com /ethnicindia/dances/classical_dances.html (307 words)

	Articles - BharataNatyam: A Kala and its Biological Implications by Ruchita Vasant Somane
		The mayura (known as prithvi mudra is used for equilibrium, removing vitamin deficiency), bhramara hasta (relief in allergic symptoms), shivalinga mudra, hamsasya, are some of the mudras used.
		Music is the auditory field and dance the visual.
		The concept of Music therapy in treating several physical and psychological ailments is well established.
	www.narthaki.com /info/articles/article81.html (1823 words)

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