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Topic: Mugabe

	How To Kill a Country: Samantha Power
		Mugabe decided on what he called "fast-track land reform" only in February of 2000, after he got shocking results in a constitutional referendum: though he controlled the media, the schools, the police, and the army, voters rejected a constitution he put forth to increase his power even further.
		Mugabe blamed the whites and their farm workers (who, although they together made up only 15 percent of the electorate, were enough to tip the scales) for the growth of the MDC—and for his humiliating rebuff.
		Mugabe thought he might placate the war veterans by offering up the white farms, but in the end, although the vets were the ones who expelled the white farmers, it is the country's elites who got the farms.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /news/opeds/2003/power_kill_country_am_1203.htm (6230 words)

	Robert Mugabe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mugabe sought to incorporate ZAPU into his Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) led government and ZAPU's military wing into the army; and ZAPU's leader, Joshua Nkomo, was given a series of cabinet positions in Mugabe's government.
		Mugabe was criticized for his intervention in the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo at a time when the Zimbabwean economy was struggling.
		Mugabe was helped by an unprecedented turnout of 90% in his rural stronghold of Mashonaland (55% of the population voted overall), although there are credible claims that the turnout may have been rigged.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Mugabe (3082 words)

	MSN Encarta - Robert Mugabe
		Mugabe played a crucial role in the fl population’s quest for majority rule, which was achieved in 1980.
		Mugabe was born at the Jesuit mission of Kutama in northwest Mashonaland, in the north of the British colony of Southern Rhodesia.
		Mugabe, whose political support came overwhelmingly from his homeland of Mashonaland in the north, attempted to build Zimbabwe on a basis of reconciliation with whites and with his ZAPU rivals, whose support came from Matabeleland in the south.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567620/Robert_Mugabe.html (940 words)

	CNN.com - Protesters call for Mugabe arrest - Feb. 19, 2003
		Mugabe, who arrived in Paris on Wednesday, is banned from travelling to the EU but France was given an exemption after arguing that the two day meeting on February 20-21 will be a good platform to engage him on human rights concerns and the country's political crisis.
		Mugabe's ties with Washington and London deteriorated after he began allowing white farms to be seized and given to landless fls -- sparking an economic crisis blamed for putting half the country's 14 million people at risk of starvation.
		Mugabe says he is only trying to fix a historical injustice that put 70 percent of the best agricultural land in the hands of whites who make up less than one percent of the population.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/europe/02/19/france.mugabe (797 words)

	The New Yorker: Fact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		When Mugabe said of Zimbabwe last year, "This is my territory and that which is mine I cling [to] unto death," his subjects might well have wondered whether he was speaking of their death: the life expectancy of Zimbabweans has fallen by some fifteen years during his tenure, and now hovers around forty.
		Mugabe, who was reared in Jesuit mission schools and has half a dozen college and university degrees to his name—three of them earned by correspondence during ten years spent in Rhodesian jails—has always been described as a hard man to know, bitter and secretive by nature.
		Mugabe is not one for admitting to error, but a week before the election he held a rally in Bulawayo, where he confessed to having made the great blunder of his political life, when, on assuming power in 1980, he gave his famous speech, seeking reconciliation with whites.
	www.newyorker.com /fact/content/?020603fa_FACT1 (6900 words)

	Mugabe's Famine - Mises Institute
		Mugabe began efforts at land reform, through which white farmers were to be required to transfer their land to fl Zimbabweans.
		Mugabe "intends to settle her relatives on the farm." The fl farm workers who lived on the property were abruptly dismissed.
		Mugabe's land reforms have amounted to nothing more than a power grab by his government, which is starving a country that once was one of Africa's shining stars.
	www.mises.org /fullstory.asp?control=1048 (1367 words)

	AllRefer.com - Robert Gabriel Mugabe (Southern African History, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Reelected in 1990 and 1996, Mugabe was forced to abandon his commitment to a one-party Marxist state by 1991, but he nonetheless consolidated power, virtually eliminating opposition, and his regime became increasingly autocratic.
		Mugabe was an aggressive supporter of sanctions against South Africa before the lifting of apartheid.
		By 2000 support for Mugabe had dropped dramatically in urban areas; a constitutional change to increase presidential power lost at the polls, and an opposition party later won nearly half the elected seats in parliament.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Mugabe-R.html (300 words)

	The American Spectator
		Mugabe blamed the white farmers and fl sell-outs for his defeat and immediately undertook fast-track land reform, which literally meant confiscating the best farms and giving them to his cronies, few of whom had any interest in farming.
		Mugabe justified the land grab by saying that white settlers had stolen the land from fls, so they were simply taking back what was rightfully theirs.
		Mugabe too was given a free hand with his slaughter of the Ndebele people, and his attacks on political opponents continue.
	www.spectator.org /dsp_article.asp?art_id=8020 (1194 words)

	Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe - The scheming survivor. By David Plotz
		Mugabe, who liberated his nation from colonial oppression 20 years ago, is the father of his country.
		Mugabe, who had been the leader of the continent, was not even the biggest kid in the neighborhood.
		Mugabe is simply one of a number of Marxists who are still "doing their thing" to victims in countries all over the world--despite the reported death of communism.
	www.slate.com /id/81386 (1755 words)

	Who is Robert Mugabe?
		Mugabe was born in Rhodesia, the predecessor in name to the country since rechristened as Zimbabwe, the son of a carpenter.
		It was while studying that Mugabe adopted a Marxist-socialist idealogy, diluted to some extent over the years, but sufficiently entrenched to enable Mugabe to form a number of alliances with communist leaders during the 1980's, primarily from the previous-Eastern European countries and Angola.
		Mugabe's Zanu-PF party was credited as having brought peace to the country and Mugabe was elected President by a landslide in 1980.
	va.essortment.com /robertmugabe_rtpn.htm (500 words)

	BBC News \| AFRICA \| Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe strongman
		When Robert Mugabe came to power in 1980 the talk was of peace and co-operation after decades of white colonial rule and a bitter civil war.
		Mr Mugabe has made much of his devout Christianity, but his marriage to a former private secretary in 1996 - 41 years his junior and with whom he already fathered two children - raised more than a few eyebrows.
		And with defeat for President Mugabe in the constitutional referendum, his long stated aim of handing over large tracts of fertile land from whites to fls looks no nearer to being resolved.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/643737.stm (655 words)

	Aljazeera.Net - Mugabe defies EU travel ban (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mugabe has been in power since 1980 when the country gained independence from Britain and has acquired a questionable human-rights record.
		The sanctions consist of an arms embargo, a travel ban on Mugabe and about 100 members of his government and people close to him, and a freeze on funds of people suspected of having committed human-rights violations in the country.
		In February 2003, Mugabe went on a controversial visit to France to attend a Franco-African summit, which was marred by protests.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/CAF81A19-FB1A-4F48-98FA-708713494085.htm (563 words)

	Aljazeera.Net - Mugabe blasts Rice, Blair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mugabe on Friday also blasted British Prime Minister Tony Blair, calling him a "bliar" for "telling lies to the rest of Europe" about repression in Zimbabwe.
		Mugabe set the tone for the campaign for the parliamentary elections in which his Zanu-PF is widely expected to consolidate its hold on power.
		In his speech to thousands of party members, Mugabe also spoke about food shortages as his government admitted for the first time in a year that there are people in need of food aid in the country.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/EBF89847-6EAE-4416-AF5B-987C94A8A213.htm (442 words)

	Zimbabwe's president denies he's dead - Africa - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mugabe was “as fit as a teenager,” he added.
		As one of Africa’s longest-serving leaders, Mugabe’s health has been the subject of constant local and foreign media speculation over the past decade or so, but he has dismissed talk that it is failing.
		Mugabe, in power since independence from Britain in 1980, has hinted he might retire when his current six-year presidential term expires in 2008.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/8128467?GT1=6657 (340 words)

	Eidelblog: Mugabe's assault on the poor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mugabe has defended the destruction, insisting that these urban shanty towns are illegal and overrun with "criminals." If he's looking for criminals, he should first look at himself.
		ZWNews.com explains that part of Mugabe's plan is "destroying informal 'flea markets' in order to tighten its control of the economy." Therefore, he must destroy any commerce not sanctioned by his government, and any merchants who won't give in to his tyranny.
		The extent of Mugabe's tyranny is such that other Zimbabweans are afraid to protest against him, lest they incur the wrath of his police.
	eidelblog.blogspot.com /2005/06/mugabes-assault-on-poor.html (1898 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Zimbabwe leader Mugabe to U.S. ambassador: "Go to hell"
		Dell said last week that Mugabe's government was responsible for plunging Zimbabwe into a crisis that had left it with soaring poverty and chronic food shortages.
		Mugabe, 81 and in power for 25 years, embarked on a controversial drive of seizing and redistributing white-owned farms to landless fls in 2000, and earlier this year tens of thousands of people were made homeless after the government ordered the demolition of shacks and "illegal houses."
		Mugabe says he has been targeted by foreign opponents led by Zimbabwe's former colonial ruler Britain for his nationalistic policies and says most of Africa is on his side in what he describes as a struggle against imperialism.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002612442_mugabe09.html (411 words)

	In Zimbabwe, an Irregular But Less Violent Election (washingtonpost.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mugabe, 81, in power since Zimbabwe became independent in 1980, has, over the past five years, cracked down on political dissent, closed independent newspapers and presided over an economic collapse.
		Dozens of interviews throughout the rural areas surrounding Harare suggested a weakening of Mugabe's traditional base there but also the enduring popularity of the land redistribution campaign he launched in 2000, when he sanctioned invasions of white-owned commercial farms that were later given to fls.
		Mugabe supporters said they remained loyal because of the land program, which was criticized internationally as violent and chaotic.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A15037-2005Mar31.html (829 words)

	Scotsman.com News - International - Revealed: secret talks to oust Mugabe
		BRITISH government diplomats have held secret talks in Zimbabwe aimed at persuading Robert Mugabe to hand over power and return his devastated nation to the Commonwealth, it was claimed last night.
		The main point of contact between the Blair and Mugabe governments is the veteran nationalist and Mugabe stalwart, Dr Nathan Shamuyarira, 76.
		Mugabe would most likely be succeeded by his recently appointed vice-president, Mrs Joyce Mujuru, whose husband is the massively wealthy and powerful former commander of the ZNA, Solomon Mujuru.
	news.scotsman.com /international.cfm?id=704612005 (1103 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Surviving Mugabe's communist reign
		Mugabe later appointed Mnangagwa as the new speaker of the parliament.
		Mugabe is a genius of wickedness, trained by Jesuit missionaries and a college graduate with a degree in economics.
		Mugabe's mass murders of the white Rhodesian farmers are not front-page news in England.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=19102 (3912 words)

	IWMF Features - Robert Mugabe's War to Crush Press Freedom in Zimbabwe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		During most of President Robert Mugabe’s 22-year rule in Zimbabwe, freedom of the press was imperfect, but better than in most African nations.
		Mugabe has also taken his battle with the press to the legal arena.
		Mugabe’s action builds on the foundation of the Law and Order Maintenance Act, which passed in 1960 under white minority rule to suppress fl political activism and which makes it illegal for journalists to criticize the president and the government.
	www.iwmf.org /features/4240 (1784 words)

	WILLisms.com: Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe.
		Indeed, the election could not be truly free and fair, because President Robert Mugabe’s government withheld food aid from supporters of opposition parties and prevented opposition candidates from accessing the media.
		Mugabe's Zimbabwe is classified as "repressed," with a score of 4.36 (1 being best, 5 being worst).
		Over the past year, Mugabe instituted measures that further destroyed the country's economy and trampled the rule of law, even sanctioning attacks on opposition supporters, in his single-minded determination to remain in office.
	www.willisms.com /archives/2005/04/mugabes_zimbabw.html (1675 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Mugabe, unopposed?
		A boycott would let Mr Mugabe off the hook from which he has been dangling ever since his government's egregious economic mismanagement, costly foreign adventures, and blatant corruption finally turned a once loyal electorate against him.
		A call by the MDC for international sanctions would meanwhile enable Mr Mugabe to claim that his opponents are, as he has said all along, the stooges of Britain and the enemies of Zimbabwe.
		Appalling though the provocation is, Mr Tsvangirai and the MDC must not join Mr Mugabe in abandoning the democratic path.
	www.guardian.co.uk /zimbabwe/article/0,2763,219863,00.html (415 words)

	Michael Radu on Mugabe & Zimbabwe on National Review Online
		Considering that Mugabe is the main reason for the disaster, there is a tragic irony in his implicit admission of the calamity he has brought to his country.
		The small white minority, owners of some 30 percent of the agricultural land and the employers of tens of thousands of relatively well-off fl laborers, were demonized as "colonialists" despite having been born in the country.
		(Mugabe, however, points to the fact that Smith is still alive as proof that he is a kind, non-vengeful person.) Others, even less fortunate, were murdered by thugs from Mugabe's ZANU-PF party, often in front of their families, sometimes in the most barbaric manner.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/comment-radu052702.asp (1348 words)

	Frontline Fellowship - Zimbabwean Ruins
		However, the longer the Mugabe regime was in power, and the more corrupt his cronies became, donors grew tired of handing over money just to see it squandered and embezzled.
		Mugabe's disregard for the laws of economics have also been matched by his contempt for private property.
		Mugabe's thugs have set up road blocks to check that passengers on passing busses each have their ZANU party membership cards.
	www.frontline.org.za /articles/zimbabwean_ruins.htm (1071 words)

	Genocide Victims Want Mugabe Punished - Global Policy Forum - International Justice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Victims and survivors of the 1980s Matabeleland genocide have renewed their call for the arrest and prosecution of President Robert Mugabe and his security and defence ministers for crimes against humanity.
		The genocide victims who have been struggling to get compensation from the government, say once Mugabe leaves office or loses the March presidential election, he should be arrested and handed over to the United Nations War Crimes Tribunal in the Hague, Netherlands.
		The late Nkomo himself, who was declared a national hero by Zanu PF, survived an assassination attempt by Mugabe's security agents and had to flee to Britain where Zimbabweans living in London paid for his accomodation after he had been told to vacate a flat owned by the late Tiny Rowland.
	www.globalpolicy.org /intljustice/general/2002/0106z.htm (652 words)

	SABCnews.com - africa/southern_africa
		Robert Mugabe, the Zimbabwean president, has vowed that he would never retreat in the face of what he called US and British government attempts to oust him.
		Mugabe said his government's western opponents, led by Britain, had deployed hundreds of people working under non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to destabilise Zimbabwe, and to try to oust him.
		Mugabe has previously drawn comparisons between the US and British-led ouster of Saddam Hussein, the former Iraqi leader, and their stance against his own government, mainly over his land reforms and his controversial re-election.
	www.sabcnews.com /africa/southern_africa/0,2172,86768,00.html (380 words)

	Mugabe's Way or the Highway - The despot's last stand. By Anne Applebaum
		This is partly because President Robert Mugabe, who has been ruling the country since it gained independence in 1980, is, for the first time, under serious threat of being unseated.
		According to one British newspaper report, one such group stopped a woman and made her chant, "Forward with Osama bin Laden, Forward with Robert Gabriel Mugabe, down with whites"—a sharp reminder that not all future terrorist movements will necessarily arise in the Middle East.
		President Mugabe has exported no terrorism outside his borders but here is a case of a government using terrorism against its own people to stifle free elections.
	www.slate.com /?id=2060751 (1744 words)

	Robert Gabriel Mugabe — Infoplease.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Reelected in 1990 and 1996, Mugabe was forced to abandon his commitment to a one-party Marxist state by 1991, but he nonetheless consolidated power, virtually eliminating opposition, and his regime became increasingly autocratic.
		Mugabe was an aggressive supporter of sanctions against South Africa and aided the African National Congress before the lifting of apartheid.
		By 2000 support for Mugabe had dropped dramatically in urban areas; a constitutional change to increase presidential power lost at the polls, and an opposition party later won nearly half the elected seats in parliament.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0834332.html (274 words)

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