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Topic: Mughals

In the News (Thu 23 May 13)

EXECUTIVE POWER

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ANALYSIS

Pakistan

Family compact

	The Mughals
		Akbar, the third Mughal Emperor, was considered to be the greatest of the Mughals.
		The decline of the empire began with the sixth emperor, Aurangzeb, whose repressive zeal is said to have weakened the foundations of the empire.
		Babur, the founding Mughal, was a Central Asian by birth, and was a descendent of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan.
	www.umdnj.edu /~humayun/mughals.html (462 words)

	ShaikhSiddiqui Mughal
		The Mughal Empire, (Mughal alternative spelling Mogul) was an empire that at its greatest territorial extent ruled parts of Afghanistan and most of the South Asia between 1526 and 1857.
		In the early 16th century, descendants of the Mongols, Turks, Persians, and Afghans — the Mughals — invaded the South Asia under the leadership of Mohammad Zahir-ud-Din Babar.
		He recruited and rewarded Hindu chiefs with the highest ranks in government; encouraged intermarriages between Mughal and Rajput aristocracy; allowed new temples to be built; personally participated in celebrating Hindu festivals such as Deepavali, or Diwali, the festival of lights; and abolished the jizya (poll tax) imposed on non-Muslims.
	www.shaikhsiddiqui.com /mughal.html (2851 words)

	The Art of the Mughals after 1600 \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art
		By the 1800s, the Mughals were nominally still emperors of India, but under the protection of the British.
		The reduction of artists in the Mughal painting workshops by Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb meant that a number of artists had to find new work, and many regional courts benefited greatly from the influx of former imperial employees.
		The late Mughal era was also a fruitful period for the provincial and regional patronage of architecture.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/mugh_2/hd_mugh_2.htm (853 words)

	Manas: History and Politics, Mughals
		It is Aurangzeb who triumphed, and though the Mughal Empire saw yet further expansion in the early years of his long reign (1658-1707), by the later part of the seventeenth century the empire was beginning to disintegrate.
		The Mughal Empire survived until 1857, but its rulers were, after 1803, pensioners of the East India Company.
		Qureshi, I. The Administration of the Mughal Empire.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /southasia/History/Mughals/mughals.html (616 words)

	USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
		Death of the Mughal emperor Akbar; accession of Jahangir.
		Death of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, accession of Shah Jahan.
		Death of Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and the lady of Taj Mahal, Agra.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/history/chronology/century17.html (329 words)

	Mughal Empire information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In October 1627, Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, son of Jahangir, "succeeded to the throne", where he "inherited a vast and rich empire" in India; and "at mid-century this was perhaps the greatest empire in the world".
		Mughal rule under Jahangir (1605–27) and Shah Jahan (1628–58) was noted for political stability, brisk economic activity, beautiful paintings, and monumental buildings.
		Between 1636 and 1646, Shah Jahan sent Mughal armies to conquer the Deccan and the lands to the northwest of the empire, beyond the Khyber Pass.
	www.search.com /reference/Mogul_Empire (3698 words)

	Mughal Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mughal Empire (Urdu: مغل باد شاہ, Mughal Baadshah, alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of the Indian Subcontinent, founded by the Mongol leader Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat.
		The Mughal ruling class were the jovial and clement Chagatai Muslim Turks, although many of the subjects of the Empire were Hindu.
		Mughal rule under Jahangir (1605-27) and Shah Jahan (1628-58) was noted for political stability, brisk economic activity, beautiful paintings, and monumental buildings.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mughal (2466 words)

	Mughal Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mughal Empire (Urdu: مغل باد شاہ;, Mughal Baadshah, alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by the Turco-Persian leader Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat.
		The Mughal Empire was Islamic, although many of the subjects of the Empire, up to and including very high-ranking members of the court, were Hindu.
		The Mughals had to make peace with Maratha rebels, and Persian and Afghan armies invaded Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne in 1739.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Mughals (2369 words)

	India The Mughals - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mughal rule under Jahangir (1605-27) and Shah Jahan (1628-58) was noted for political stability, brisk economic activity, beautiful paintings, and monumental buildings.
		Between 1636 and 1646, Shah Jahan sent Mughal armies to conquer the Deccan and the northwest beyond the Khyber Pass.
		Awe-inspiring but lacking in the charisma needed to attract outstanding lieutenants, he was driven to extend Mughal rule over most of South Asia and to reestablish Islamic orthodoxy by adopting a reactionary attitude toward those Muslims whom he had suspected of compromising their faith.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/india/india_history_the_mughals.html (1722 words)

	Art/Museums: Jeweled Arts of India in the Age of the Mughals at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mughal emperors certainly knew how to live, and were responsible for raising Islamic culture to perhaps the greatest heights it ever achieved; their devotion to poetry, literature, philosophy and the arts and sciences as well as their success in battle and territorial gains was legendary.
		The "kundan" style dominates the show, and is the essence of "Mughal" jewelry design: Akbar's minister and historian Abu `l-Fazl said of "kundan" that "the gold of the inlayer was made so pure and ductile that the fable of the gold of Parviz which he could mould with his hands becomes credible," the catalogue noted.
		Aurangzeb's reign marked the beginning of the end of the Mughal dynasty in India; the peace and prosperity of his forefathers was overshadowed by austerity and the fanatical influence of religious Muslims.
	www.thecityreview.com /mughal.html (3561 words)

	White Mughals - William Dalrymple
		He is particularly good on the mixing of cultures, already common in Mughal times, where Islam and Hinduism co-existed.
		British influence in India eventually became very widespread, but one forgets that there were actually relatively few British citizens on the sub-continent -- and many in the farther reaches (as even Hyderabad was) were to able act, in many respects (especially regarding their personal lives), fairly independently of the central authorities.
		It can all be a bit much -- White Mughals is a dense, well-researched book of history rather than a breezy account of sensational goings on -- but with truth often stranger than fiction there's enough here to generally keep one interested.
	www.complete-review.com /reviews/india/dalrymp1.htm (1451 words)

	Mughals - (Great Mughals) Timurids-Mongolian dynasty of Turkish origin.
		The first Mughals, Babur, was a descendant of Timur Lenk on his father's side, and of Ghengis Khan on his mother's side.
		After 1707 the Mughals became increasingly insignificant; in 1739 Delhi was occupied by Nadir Shah of Persia and in 1803 by the British.
		The last Mughals was deposed by the British in 1857; in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title Empress of India.
	www.islamicarchitecture.org /dynasties/mughals.html (968 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Mughals
		Moguls (or Mughals) A Muslim dynasty of mixed Mongol and Turkish descent, which invaded India in 1526, expanded over most of the subcontinent except the extreme south, and ruled in strength until the early 18th century.
		A major seaport from the 16th century, it was conquered by the Mughals in 1573 and was twice sacked by the Marathas in the 17th century.
		Antiques and collecting: Making a great show of all that glitters; With extravagant displays of wealth, the Mughals ensured their power was clear to the contemporary public.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Mughals&StartAt=1 (847 words)

	Mughal. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Akbar, the son of Humayun and the greatest of the Mughal emperors, reestablished Mughal power in India.
		Mughal expansion continued under Akbar’s son Jahangir and under his grandson Shah Jahan, who built many architectural marvels at Delhi and at Agra (including the Taj Mahal).
		Many features of the Mughal administrative system were adopted by Great Britain in ruling India, but the most lasting achievements of the Mughals were in art and architecture (see Mughal art and architecture).
	www.bartleby.com /65/mu/Mughal.html (304 words)

	Brainboost - capital of mughals (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Once the capital of Mughals, Old Delhi is adorned with cenotaphs, mausoleums, mosques and forts all narrating the saga of Muslim history.
		During Akbars reign Agra was the capital of Mughals.
		He had planned this city as his capital but shortage of water compelled him to abandon the city and within 20 years the capital of Mughals was shifted to Lahore.
	www.brainboost.com /search.asp?Q=capital+of+mughals&lfmq=1 (128 words)

	Home Page Afghanology.com
		Mughals, though, put an end to Pakhtoon rule in Northern India but couldn't uproot Pakhtoons from Southern India where they regrouped under the able leadership of Sher Shah Suri and overthrew Hamayun, son of Babar.
		The Pakhtoons urge for political sovereignty from Mughals was so strong that they didn't let Mughals establish their writ over Pakhtoon heartland by destroying Mughal armies whenever they ventured deep into Pakhtoon areas.
		As Mughals, the rivals of Pakhtoons, were claiming racial supremacy through descend from "Yafs" son of "Noah", the compilers of Makhzan strove to prove Pakhtoons Israelites for ethnic superiority over Mughals and so came up with Makhzan-i-Afghani.
	www.afghanology.com /BaniIsraeli.html (1744 words)

	David Galemba (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mughal faujdar of course confirmed the agreement so as to give the appearance of being in control, but the grant system was in place before the Mughals began to confer grants of their own.
		Moreover, the Mughal governor simply imitated the Sultanate’s hybrid model of political authority, in which the ruler sat on a raised platform with the highest ranking officials positioned closet to him and the lowest ranking officials positioned furthest from him (Eaton 160).
		Mughals’ greater patronage of Muslim pioneers accounts for the deliberate aspect of the spread of Islam to rural areas.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~ssen/Bengal7.htm (2118 words)

	Indian History, Mughals, Akbar to Aurangzeb, Mughal Legacy: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh
		The militarist character of the Mughals was not entirely unexpected since had they not been seeped in the tradition of warfare, they would have never attempted to conquer Northern India and extend their control over the rest of the Indian subcontinent in the first place.
		In this respect, the Mughals were very much in the tradition of the nomadic warrior clans that periodically swooped down from the grasslands and deserts of Central Asia and either plundered and raided the settled agricultural civilizations or succeeded in conquering them.
		Mughal courtly culture also remained somewhat apart from the folk traditions of the Indian masses through the promotion of Persian as the language of culture, and Urdu as the language of administration.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/mughal.html (4610 words)

	Search Results for "Mughals" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It passed to the Mughals in 1668, to Hyderabad in 1723, to the Marathas in 1795, and to...
		After Babur's death, however, he asserted his independence of the Mughals, and in 1537, when Humayun, son of Babur, was elsewhere engaged,...
		In 1657 his troops were soundly beaten by the Mughal army, but the Mughals then withdrew, and Sivaji returned to raiding and several times...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Mughals (264 words)

	Afghanistan - Mughal-Safavid Rivalry, ca. 1500-1747 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although the seat of the great Mughal Empire he founded was in India, Babur's memoirs stressed his love for Kabul--both as a commercial strategic center as well as a beautiful highland city with an "extremely delightful" climate.
		The Mughals originally had come from Central Asia, but once they had taken India, the area that is now Afghanistan was relegated to a mere outpost of the empire.
		The Mughals sought not only to block the historical western invasion routes into India but also to control the fiercely independent tribes who accepted only nominal control from Delhi in their mountain strongholds between the Kabul-Qandahar axis and the Indus River--especially in the Pashtun area of the Suleiman mountain range.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-10.html (591 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Mughals (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The empire persisted as a declining regional power in the eighteenth century and was abolished by the British in the aftermath of the Indian Mutiny of 1857.
		Mughal rulers enhanced personal ties to this warrior elite (never more than three thousand men) by using household and discipleship imagery in their communication.
		Recent scholarship stresses that, as the Mughal Empire expanded, the all-important personal ties between the emperor and his commanders were much harder to maintain; the result was factionalization along ethnic, religious, and regional lines.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_035600_mughals.htm (991 words)

	The Mughals - 200 Years of Indian History \| Samizdata.net
		The Mughals and their Contemporaries is Division I of Four similar Divisions and The Mughal Empire is just one volume (here in pb), of the 9 of which Division I consists.
		The Mughal line (is "Mughal" the form which is now currently correct, rather than "Moghul"?) - Babur (1526-1530), Humayun (1530-1556), Akbar (1556-1606), Jahangir (1606-1627), Shah Jahan (1627-1658), Aurungzeb (1658-1707) - was from first to last aggressively expansionist, with large numbers of men permanently under arms, on which most of its income was spent.
		The Islamic basis of Mughal rule may have promoted equality of opportunity amonst believers, but ultimately was unable to develop politically into a social system capable of confronting the rivals from the west.
	www.samizdata.net /blog/archives/006691.html (2031 words)

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