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	Muhammad Abduh - Biocrawler
		Muhammad Abduh (Muhammad 'Abduh) (Nile Delta, 1849 - Alexandria, July 11 1905,) was an Egyptian jurist, religious scholar and liberal reformer known as the founder of Islamic Modernism.
		Abduh's treatise is an apologetic for main Islamic doctrines, and is addressed to Western-educated men, both Muslims and non-Muslims.
		Abduh's theory of salafism would be modified by Hassan al Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Muhammad_Abduh (412 words)

	Muhammad Abduh
		Abduh's aims were to reform Muslim societies from the dominance of a conservative understanding of the religion.
		Abduh's teaching was very much based on the conservative schools of Ibn Taymiya and Ibn Qaiyim al-Jawziya and the ethics of al-Ghazzali.
		Abduh was very active introducing reforms during his 6 years as mufti of Egypt.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/abduh_m.htm (695 words)

	Muhammad Abduh - Encyclopedia.com
		Abduh advocated the reform of Islam by bringing it back to its pristine state, and casting off what he viewed as its contemporary decadence and division.
		Muhammad Abduh: "This is the era of 'auto tune'"
		(18.) Muhammad Abduh, The Theology of Unity, trans...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-MuhammdAb.html (897 words)

	Muhammad Abduh
		Abduh's aims were to reform Muslim societies from the dominance of a conservative understanding of the religion.
		Abduh's teaching was very much based on the conservative schools of Ibn Taymiya and Ibn Qaiyim al-Jawziya and the ethics of al-Ghazzali.
		Abduh was very active introducing reforms during his 6 years as mufti of Egypt.
	i-cias.com /e.o/abduh_m.htm (695 words)

	CQ Press : Current Events In Context : Terrorism
		Of peasant stock from Lower Egypt, Abduh (1849-1905) studied at the village Qur'an school, the Ahmadi mosque in Tanta, and the great mosque-university of al-Azhar in Cairo.
		Abduh and Afghani believed that Muslims everywhere must cooperate to reverse internal decline and counter European imperialism.
		Kerr, Malcolm H. Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida.
	www.cqpress.com /context/articles/epr_muhammadabduh.html (562 words)

	Muhammad Abduh, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon
		Muhammad Abduh,1849-1905, was an Egyptian religious reformer who sought to modernize Islam and bring it into line with rational principles.
		Abduh had been exiled from Egypt in 1882 (his forced departure followed Afghani's in 1879) for participating in the Urabi uprising against the British.
		About the turn of the twentieth century, Abduh and Jamal al-Din al-Afghani founded the Salafiyyah movement (from the phrase, salaf as-salihiin, 'the pious predecessors' -- see), a reform movement which spread rapidly throughout the Islamic world.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/muhammad_abduh.htm (552 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Muhammad Abduh (or Muhammad 'Abduh) (Arabic: ÙØÙØ¯ Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯Ù) (Nile Delta, 1849 - Alexandria, July 11 1905,) was an Egyptian jurist, religious scholar and liberal reformer known as the founder of Islamic Modernism.
		Abduh taught that morality and law must be adapted to modern conditions in the interest of the common good.
		Abduh's theory of Salafism would be modified by Hassan al Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Muhammad_Abduh (428 words)

	Concerning Muhammad 'Abduh
		He was regarded as a leading purist sunni as opposed to those sufis who used to control the lower uneducated class.
		Muhammad `Abduh gave a fatwa which caused furor among the purist Sunnis, permitting the donning of fedoras and top hats by Muslims.
		Muhammad `Abduh in the very beginning of Tafsir al-Manar (1:18) calls the Sufi Shaykh Muhyi al-Din ibn `Arabi: "al-Shaykh al-Akbar" (the greatest Shaykh).
	www.abc.se /~m9783/fiqhi/fiqha_e52.html (109 words)

	Muhammad Abduh Summary
		The Egyptian theologian and nationalist Muhammad Abduh ibn Hasan Khayr Allah (1849-1905) was a founder of modernist reform in Islamic religion, of the Arabic literary renaissance of the last hundred years, and of Egyptian nationalism.
		Muhammad Abduh, born to peasant stock, was brought up in the village of Mahallat Nasr in the Nile Delta.
		Muhammad Abduh (Muhammad 'Abduh) (Arabic: محمد عبده) (Nile Delta, 1849 - Alexandria, July 11 1905,) was an Egyptian jurist, religious scholar and liberal reformer known as the founder of Islamic Modernism.
	www.bookrags.com /Muhammad_Abduh (2191 words)

	Abduh (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The name of Muhammad Abduh is synonymous with "Islamic Modernism," the variety of Islam that has paradoxically been identified both as "Islamic liberalism"and as the origin of today's illiberal "fundamentalism." Abduh was himself a paradoxical figure.
		It traces his progress from the village in which he was born to membership of a small group of republican Freemasons in Cairo, from which he emerged as one the chief ideologues of the Urabi Revolt, a brief prominence that landed him in jail when the revolt failed.
		Abduh, however, was beyond doubt the most prominent figure in the transition from pre-modern Islam to today's Islam, as it exists in all its varieties, liberal and illiberal.
	www.aucegypt.edu /faculty/sedgwick/abduh/index.html (483 words)

	Muhammadiyah
		The Sufis are further criticised for promoting attitudes of otherworldliness that have no proper basis in the Qur'an and sunnah, and do not match the needs of modern day society; and cults associated with the tombs of Sufi saints have also been a focus of criticism.
		The Muhammadiyah (followers of Muhammad) was founded in Jogjakarta, Java, on 18 November 1912 by Ahmad Dahlan (age 44), a devout Muslim educated for several years in Mecca, where he had been much affected by the writings of the Egyptian reformist Muhammad 'Abduh.
		'Abduh advocated the purification of Islamic thought and practice, the defence of Islam against its critics, and the promotion of these aims through a modernised system of Islamic education.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/indon/muham.html (614 words)

	Muhd Abduh
		Muhammad Abduh membangkitkan semangat baru dalam Islam dan beliau dianggap sebagai Mujadid, khususnya di Mesir dan di seluruh dunia amnya.
		Muhammad Abduh juga melaksanakan hukum Islam dan memperkenalkan perubahan dan pembaharuan yang sesuai dengan masyarakat pada waktu itu.
		Muhammad Abduh juga menuhis "Risalah al-Tauhid pada tahun 1879 Masihi.
	members.tripod.com /man999/Muhd_Abduh.htm (654 words)

	physics - Muhammad Abduh
		Muhammad Abduh (Muhammad 'Abduh) (1849 - 1905) was an Egyptian student of Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani (1839-97), a philosopher and religious reformer who advocated Pan-Islamism to resist European colonialism.
		He rejected the closing of the gates of ijtihad, and taught that morality and law must be adapted to modern conditions in the interest of the common good.
		Abduh's theory of salafism would be modified by Hasan al-Bana, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Muhammad_Abduh (313 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Special \| Constructing Muhammad Ali (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Muhammad Ali (1805-2005) is a special series published fortnightly by Al-Ahram Weekly in anticipation of the international symposium commemorating the bicentennial of Muhammad Ali Pasha's acendancy to power, to be held in Egypt on 10 November.
		Muhammad Ali became "the founder of modern Egypt" more than half a century after his death during the official celebration of the centennial of his appointment as viceroy, in June 1905.
		Abduh was provoked to pen his criticism of the Pasha by the numerous speeches and articles in praise of Muhammad Ali on the occasion of the centenary celebration of 1905.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2005/768/sc1.htm (2684 words)

	››› buch.de - bücher - versandkostenfrei - Afghani and 'Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and ...
		Afghani and 'Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam
		This is a reprint of the late professor's work on Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1838-1879) and his well-known Egyptian discipline Muhammad 'Abduh (1849-1905), the Mufti of Egypt.
		He also examines Afghani's and 'Abduh's political activities in Egypt before and during 'Urabi's revolt of 1870 and in the process throws new light on Egypt's politics during this turbulent decade.
	www.buch.de /buch/06166/879_afghani_and_abduh_an_essay_on_religious_unbelief_and_political_activism_in_modern_islam.html (239 words)

	Muhammad Abduh
		Muhammad `Abduh was greatly influenced by Jamal ud-Din al-Afghani, the founder of the modern pan-Islamic movement which sought to unite the Muslim world under the banner of the faith.
		He considered that Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida’s viewpoints corresponded with “la scolastique chretienne” [Le Commentaire Coranique du Manar 82] in the sense that the relation of reason and revelation was complementary, not antipodal.
		He interpreted the word salihat, as it occurs in 103:3, as works to be found among the nations in the possession of a prophetic shari’a as well as among the nations to whom no prophet was sent, and since the principles of the salihat are universal, they are indicated by the Qur’an as bi`l-ma `ruf.
	www.cis-ca.org /voices/a/abduh-mn.htm (2490 words)

	Palestine - Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture
		Abduh combined fundamentalism (that is, preaching a return to the fundamentals of Islamic religion as interpreted before the penetration of foreign influences) with liberal and democratic interpretation of the principles of religion.
		Muhammad Abduh developed an Islamic interpretation which would serve as a source of inspiration for a vision of a parliamentary regime and a democratic society.
		Muhammad Abduh chose as the prisms through which he interpreted the principles of Islam, people like Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Herbert Spencer, as well as European thinkers from various trends.
	www.pij.org /details.php?id=740 (5369 words)

	Debate Topics: Historical
		Abduh believed that the Qur'an is a book from which Muslims ought to derive their ideas about this world and the world to come.
		Muhammad 'Abduh was born in 1849, in the Egyptian delta, to an ordinary family.
		Muhammad 'Abduh was a good example of how one could apply a practical interpretation of the Qur'an in the world of his day.
	debate.org.uk /topics/history/interprt.htm (6360 words)

	Annaqed (English Section) - Under The Microscope - Reform vs. Islamism In The Arab World Today by Menahem Milson (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Abduh's concern with internal reform became particularly marked after his appointment in 1899 to the highest clerical post in Egypt, that of state mufti.
		Equally unfortunately, 'Abduh's moderate enlightened approach has proved to be of less appeal to most of his followers and the Muslim masses than the defiant political activism of his erstwhile mentor and collaborator Afghani.
		He formed an alliance with a minor local ruler, Muhammad ibn Saud, founder of the House of Saud; thus was born the union between the desert kingdom and the religious movement that sought to restore Islam to its original power.
	www.annaqed.com /english/under/reform_vs_islamism_in_the_arab_world_today.html (7745 words)

	[No title]
		An Egyptian Muslim reformer, Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), who worked on sociopolitical reform within Muslim societies, was amazed by the freedom and democracy in his exile living in Paris.
		Muhammad Abduh was an early champion of legal and educational reforms to improve the status of Muslim women.
		Abduh offered a modernist interpretation of the Koran which concluded that the Koran (al-Nisa/4, 3 and al-Nisa/4, 129) was in fact in favor or monogamy, since within the teachings of the Koran to have more than one wife was contingent upon equal treatment and impartiality, both of which are a practical impossibility.
	www.law.emory.edu /IHR/worddocs/lily_jp5.doc (723 words)

	Informed Comment: 12/01/2002 - 01/01/2003
		The Meccan elite found the idea of Muhammad in charge of a rival city-state to be unacceptable, and it was clear there would be hostilities between the two.
		Muhammad's forces fought three wars and several bedouin-style "raids" with the Meccan pagans, who wanted to wipe them out and kill their prophet.
		As it was, Muhammad announced a general amnesty and showed impressive generosity to his defeated foes, some of whom later emerged as leaders of Islam.
	www.juancole.com /2002_12_01_juanricole_archive.html (6688 words)

	Concerning Muhammad 'Abduh
		He was regarded as a leading purist sunni as opposed to those sufis who used to control the lower uneducated class.
		Muhammad `Abduh gave a fatwa which caused furor among the purist Sunnis, permitting the donning of fedoras and top hats by Muslims.
		Muhammad `Abduh in the very beginning of Tafsir al-Manar (1:18) calls the Sufi Shaykh Muhyi al-Din ibn `Arabi: "al-Shaykh al-Akbar" (the greatest Shaykh).
	www.livingislam.org /fiqhi/fiqha_e52.html (109 words)

	L'Imâm Muhammad `Abduh - islamophile.org - L'islam en français (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Muhammad `Abduh retrouva ainsi son grand-oncle paternel, le Sheikh soufi Darwîsh Khidr, dont la forte influence allait modifier le cours de la vie de son neveu.
		Muhammad `Abduh s’entoura de personnalités aussi distinguées que Sa`d Zaghlûl [1], Ibrâhîm Al-Hilbâwî et Sheikh Muhammad Khalîl pour l’aider dans la tâche qui lui fut confiée.
		Muhammad `Abduh devait donc occuper son temps par l’écriture et l’enseignement.
	www.islamophile.org /spip/article992.html (2637 words)

	'Abduh, Muhammad (1849-1905)
		But 'Abduh's 'modernism' went hand in hand with returning to an idealized past, and his 'rationalism' was tempered by a belief in divine transcendence which limits the scope of intellectual inquiry.
		'Abduh believed that Islam was the one true religion based on reason and revelation, but that in the course of time it had become distorted by various extrinsic factors.
		In discussing the moral law, 'Abduh again begins with an appeal to common sense, arguing that we have no difficulty in recognizing our voluntary actions as good or bad in themselves or by reference to their particular or general consequences.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ip/rep/H049 (1015 words)

	IRFWP News Pages: Muhammad Abduh
		Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905) was an Egyptian advocate of Islamic modernism.
		He was banished from Egypt by the British for fighting against the colonial authority.
		Muhammad Abduh argued for a sensitive exercise of individual judgment in matters of law, as opposed to the strict adherence to the sharia and he argued for more reliance on the Ijma, or community consensus, in determining legislative policy.
	www.irfwp.org /content/archives/000088.shtml (109 words)

	Wacana Islam Liberal Di Timur Tengah - Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL)
		Karena sikapnya yang dua wajah itu, Abduh diterima baik oleh kalangan tradisional maupun modernis, dengan sama kuatnya.
		Tidak heran kalau murid-murid Abduh kemudian terpecah menjadi dua kelompok besar yang oleh Hassan Hanafi, pemikir Mesir kontemporer, dianalogikan seperti murid-muridnya Hegel dalam tradisi filsafat Barat.
		Baik yang "kanan" maupun "kiri" sama-sama mengklaim sebagai penerus Abduh yang paling benar.
	islamlib.com /id/index.php?page=article&id=27 (2070 words)

	Muhammad Ibn Abdul-Wahhab An Intellectual Biography (Interview)
		Sheikh Muhammad believed in the sanctity of human life and taught that the preservation of human life is the most important obligation of the Muslim.
		Sheikh Muhammad's teachings are geared toward educating believers in proper beliefs through direct study of the Qur’aan and hadeeth and encouraging them to live up to the dictates of their faith in both private and public life.
		In the case of Sheikh Muhammad, the evidence portrays a scholar whose goal in life was to educate Muslims about their faith and to create a just society for both men and women, not to engage the entire non-Wahhabi world in an endless jihad.
	saaid.net /monawein/en/4.htm (3494 words)

	Where can we find Salat (Contact Prayers) in the Quran?!-Introduction to Salat (Contact prayers)-How to perform ...
		Since the emergence of the modern reformism movement of Jamaluddin al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Ridha at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries, many studies have been made on the decline and fall of the Muslims.
		The rapid rise of the Arab nation from its dark period of paganism prior to Muhammad to become the most powerful and civilized nation in the world then, within a short period of time, is due to the new, inspiring, powerful and dynamic Islamic ideology of monotheism brought by Muhammad.
		In the modern age (`modern' here is taken to mean the birth of the scientific method beginning with the rise of Muhammad), we have seen the destruction of the early Muslim empire and civilization and the destruction of several Eastern medieval states and European empires.
	www.submission.org /HADITH2.HTM (19553 words)

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