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Topic: Muhammad I of Umayyad

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	c. The Umayyad Caliphate. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		MU’AWIYA I, THE FOUNDER OF THE UMAYYAD DYNASTY.
		Death of Husayn, the son of Ali, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad and third leader (imam) of the Shi’ite Muslims.
		In 685–87 the Umayyads also faced the revolt organized in Kufa by al-Mukhtar on behalf of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, a son of Ali by a concubine.
	www.bartleby.com /67/289.html (720 words)

	Muhammad and the Spread of Islam by Sanderson Beck
		Muhammad was warned, and 'Ali slept in his bed while the prophet and Abu Bakr hid in a cave for three days, a spider's web preventing their being found.
		Muhammad was told by a revelation that it was serious but that keeping people from believing and driving them out of their homes was even more serious, thus justifying it.
		Muhammad gave in to pressure and swore he would not see Mariya anymore; but a revelation defended his right and warned his wives he could divorce and replace them all if they were not submissive.
	www.san.beck.org /AB13-MuhammadandIslam.html (0 words)

	Wide Angle . Red Lines and Deadlines . Interactive Map: Sunni and Shi'a: The worlds of Islam \| PBS
		Muhammad established no church or institutional structure for Islam; indeed, the faith's basic notion that all believers were equal before God seemed to rule out the notion of a priesthood.
		Muawiyah, the Umayyad governor of Syria, challenged Ali's authority as Caliph, and the empire fragmented, with both men claiming to be Caliph.
		The Shia, meanwhile, rejected the authority of the new Caliph, claiming that Muawiyah and the Umayyads were usurpers.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/wideangle/shows/iran/map.html (1535 words)

	Muhammad and the Spread of Islam by Sanderson Beck
		Muhammad began traveling for merchants, and he wished to marry his cousin; but his uncle Abu Talib informed him that she was promised to a poet of better means.
		Muhammad became distressed when he did not have any more revelations for a while; but then he was told that the Lord would give to him and reminded him that as an orphan he was given refuge; when he went astray, he was guided; when he was poor, he was made rich.
		Muhammad asked him to draw off the enemy and gave him permission to lie, "for war is deception."4 Nu'aym told the Qurayza that their allies would abandon them to the Muslims after the battle, suggesting they ask for hostages.
	san.beck.org /AB13-MuhammadandIslam.html (17317 words)

	[No title]
		The Koran (Qur'an), 114 chapters of Muhammad's divinely inspired revelations, is the Islamic scripture, which resembles Judaism and Christianity -- two religions that largely influence Muhammad.
		Muhammad and his small band of followers migrate to the town of Yathrib in the north, which is open to his new faith.
		Abd al-Rahman of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Spain to escape the Abbasids and is responsible for the "Golden Caliphate" in Spain, the greatest Islamic civilization yet known.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/ispage.htm (0 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East
		The shift in power to Damascus, the Umayyad capital city, was to have profound effects on the development of Islamic history.
		With the advent of the Umayyads, how ever, secular concerns and the problems inherent in the administration of what, by then, was a large empire began to dominate the attention of the caliphs, often at the expense of religious concerns - a development that disturbed many devout Muslims.
		The criticisms that religious men in Medina and elsewhere had voiced of Umayyad policy - particularly the pursuit of worldly goals - were not lost on 'Umar who, reversing the policy of his predecessors, discontinued the levy of a poll tax on converts.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Sec4.htm (0 words)

	Muhammad, Messenger of God
		Muhammad's poverty in his youth and the social tensions in Mecca with bitter divisions resulting from the unequal distribution of wealth among the clans became significant aspects of the message of Islam.
		The revelations recited by Muhammad were often specifically directed against the most powerful clans, particularly in the direct commands to redistribute wealth.
		Muhammad re-entered Mecca as a pilgrim in 628; in 630 (year 8 on the Muslim calendar), Muhammad re-entered Mecca as its conqueror.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/ISLAM/MUHAM.HTM (0 words)

	Muhammad and Early Islamic Period, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon
		The oath was followed in the same year by the Hijra ("migration"): Muhammad and his followers, failing to gain acceptance in Mecca, were invited to move north to the city of Yathrib where they established the first Muslim community.
		The same year (622), the Constitution (or Charter) of Medina was put in place establishing equal justice and freedom of religion for Jews and Muslims alike and declaring Muhammad the final arbiter of all disputes.
		Some accounts claim that Muhammad had been asked to arbitrate between two feuding tribes in Medina, the Aws and the Khazraj, that he was successful, and that a significant number of the members of both tribes converted to Islam.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/muhammad_and_early_islamic_perio.php (0 words)

	Islamic History (Chronology)
		Death of Muhammad I the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of Munzir.
		Death of the Umayyad Caliph Abdul Rahman III in Spain; accession of Hakam.
		Muhammad Ali appointed Pasha of Egypt by the Turks.
	www.barkati.net /english/chronology.htm (8011 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Umayyad
		The Courtyard of the Omayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads.
		The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the Quraish.
		The Umayyads were overthrown in the east by the Abbasid dynasty after their defeat in the Battle of the Zab in 750, following which most of the clan was massacred by the Abbasids.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Umayyad (384 words)

	Schacht. Law and Justice
		Muhammad began his public activity in Mecca as a religious reformer, and in Medina he became the ruler and lawgiver of a new society on a religious basis, a society which was meant, and at once began, to replace and supersede Arabian tribal society.
		But when Muhammad was called upon to decide disputes in his own community, he continued to act as an arbitrator, and the Qur'an, in a roughly contemporaneous passage, prescribed the appointment of an arbitrator each from the families of husband and wife in the case of marital disputes.
		The Umayyads did not interfere with the working of retaliation as it had been regulated by the Qur'an, but they tried to prevent the recurrence of Arab tribal feuds and assumed the accountancy for payments of blood-money, which were effected in connexion with the payment of subventions.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/schacht.html (9323 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sindh (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sindh was the first place where Islam spread in the South Asia by arrival of Umayyad general Muhammad bin Qasim.
		The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads.
		The Sindh were in ancient times predominantly Buddhist and were in the process of coming under the influence of Hinduism when Umayyad Muslim Arab army led by Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh, and the present Pakistan from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea, in 713.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sindh (1568 words)

	Watt. Muhammad
		Muhammad, according to some apparently authentic accounts, was of average height or a little above the average.
		One of the common allegations against Muhammad is tha he was an impostor, who to satisfy his ambition and his lust propagated religious teachings which he himself knew to be false.
		When Muhammad died, the state he had founded was a ' going concern ', able to withstand the shock of his removal and, once it had recovered from this shock, to expand at prodigious speed.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/watt.html (3575 words)

	Abbasid
		The Umayyads were descended from Umayya, and were a clan separate from Muhammad's in the Quraish tribe.
		Muhammad ibn 'Ali, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign for the return of power to the family of the prophet Muhammad, the Hashimites, in Persia during the reign of Umar II, Muhammad ibn Ali.
		In large part this was the result of the schismatic forces that had undermined the Umayyad regime, which relied on the assertion of the superiority of Arab culture as part of its claim to legitimacy, and the Abbasids' welcoming of support from non-Arab Muslims.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2Fen%2FAbbasid (1475 words)

	The Umayyad Caliphate
		Upon Muhammad's death, a hastily collected group of prominent Muslim leaders elected Muhammed's father in law, Abu Bakr, to be the secular head of Islam.
		Throughout the Umayyad and the early Abassid period, the Kharjite movement was the center of almost all the opposition to these two caliphate dynasties.
		But the Umayyads seem to be fairly uninterested in religious questions or the religious obligations of their position—it is rather as secular and secularizing rulers that their interest and greatness lies.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/Umayyad.html (2260 words)

	The Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A year prior, the Fertile Crescent and Persia yield to the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, whose reigns last until 1258 CE and 820 CE, respectively.
		The region is open to the rule of the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates until 800 CE.
		In or about the year 570 the child who would be named Muhammad and who would become the Prophet of one of the world's great religions, Islam, was born into a family belonging to a clan of Quraysh, the ruling tribe of Mecca, a city in the Hijaz region of northwestern Arabia.
	islamic-world.net /islamic-state/middleast.htm (787 words)

	Early Medieval Period, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon
		In 756, Abd al-Rahman revived the defeated Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba ushering in a period of great cultural, artistic, scientific, and intellectual advancements marked by unprecedented tolerance among Christians, Jews, and Muslims.
		Abbasids, aided by those arch enemies of the Umayyads, the Persian Shiites who were still smarting from the humiliating slayings of their imams, Ali and Husayn, by the early Umayyad caliphs.
		The earliest histories of the Prophet Muhammad and the founding of Islam we have (from the pens of al-Waqidi, Ibn Hisham, and al-Tabari) all come from the Abbasid period.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/early_medieval_periods.php (0 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East - The Umayyads
		With the advent of the Umayyads, however, the problems inherent in the administration of what, by then, was a large empire began to dominate the attention of the caliphs, often at the expense of religious concerns - a development that disturbed many devout Muslims.
		The Umayyads, however, did manage to achieve a high degree of stability, particularly after 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan succeeded to the caliphate in 685.
		Although the Umayyads favored their own region of Syria, their rule was full of accomplishments.
	islamicweb.com /history/hist_Umayyad.htm (1385 words)

	Islamic History and Middle Eastern History
		The Umayyad house was one part of the the Quraysh tribe.
		The Umayyad Caliphs were based in Damascus as Muawiyah transferred the rule to Damascus after the death of the fourth Caliph of Islam, Ali bin Abi Talib.
		The last Umayyad caliph of Syria, Marwan II (744-750), attempted to bring some calm but by this time the Abbasid revolutionary movement had gained momentum in the eastern provinces of the empire.
	www.hilalplaza.com /islamic-middle-east-history (0 words)

	Carolingian era Islamic coins of Iberia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Umayyads of Spain were descended from an Umayyad scion who escaped the Abbasid revolution and set up a competing state in Spain.
		Note the two slots on this example: many coins of the Umayyads of Spain had a strip of silver inserted into these slots to raise their weight (perhaps to make up for metal lost by clipping).
		Muhammad I was a son of Ad al-Rahman II but took power in a sort of coup, as his father had not chosen a successor before his death.
	home.eckerd.edu /~oberhot/islamic.htm (463 words)

	USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
		The Umayyads of Spain capture the islands of Izira, Majorica, and Sardinia.
		Death of Muhammad I the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of Munzir.
		Death of Munzir the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of Abbullah.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/history/chronology/century9.html (280 words)

	Deen Intensive Foundation : Our Teachers : Shaykh Muhammad Al-Ya'Qoubi
		As a little boy, Shaykh Muhammad crawled in the Grand Umayyad Mosque and the Darwishiyya Mosque, where his father was an instructor for 40 years, and sat in the laps of some of the greatest scholars.
		Under his father's tutelage, Shaykh Muhammad followed a solid traditional curriculum since the age of four, studying the major classical works on the various disciplines of the Shari'ah as well as the instrumental disciplines.
		Shaykh Muhammad taught his first class at the age of eleven in Qura'an and Tajweed, delivered his first public speeches at the age of twelve, and gave his first Friday khutba at the age of fourteen and a half.
	www.deen-intensive.com /diYaqoubi.html (0 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Caliphate and the First Islamic Dynasty (Umayyad Dynasty)
		The Umayyad Dynasty, begun by Mu'awiya, was in place for nearly 100 years, with Mu'awiya ruling for the first 20 years.
		The Umayyads established the practice of hereditary succession for the caliph, the leader of the Muslim world.
		After nearly 100 years, however, some descendants of Muhammad's uncle, Abbas, succeeded in overthrowing the first Islamic dynasty and establishing their own dynasty, the Abbasid, which lasted in various forms until the Mongol invasion in 1258.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/caliphate/umayyad.html (185 words)

	The Muslims Internet Directory: Islamic And arabic Male names (Collection 1)
		Abu Bakr â” Name of one of the greatest Companionsof Nabi Muhammad, May Allah's peace and blessings be upon him.
		Almighty believing that there is none but Allah and Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah upon him) as His Messenger.
		One of the greatest companions of Nabi Muhammad (Sallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam).
	www.2muslims.com /directory/Detailed/219300.shtml (0 words)

	The Islam Project
		Historically, the origin of Islam is the revelation received by Prophet Muhammad, who was born on the Arabian Peninsula in about 570 CE, in the city of Makkah, a caravan stop inland from the Red Sea on a trade route between Yemen and the Mediterranean.
		The revelations were transmitted by Muhammad to his followers in Arabic, and they were memorized and written down during his lifetime.
		Muhammad lived for ten more years, during which the Muslim community grew from a few hundred to many thousands, developed a stable community with a system of beliefs, practices and leadership, and secured a bloodless victory over Makkah.
	www.theislamproject.org /muhammad/muhammad_04_GeographyArabianPeninsula.htm (4457 words)

	Umayyad - Definition up Erdmond.Com
		(''umawiyy'') was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Makkan tribe, the Quraish.
		This established the Umayyad dynasty, the capital was moved to Damascus The Umayyads were overthrown in the east by the Abbasid dynasty.
		Marwan_II ibn Muhammad, 744-750 Umayyad Emirs of Cordoba
	www.erdmond.com /Umayyad.html (233 words)

	In Search of Muhammad
		-The idea that Muhammad's political power passed to the Caliph was invented at a later period (the early Abbasid- post 750 AD), when the idea of Muhammad as a 'fully-fledged founder-prophet' was used to undermine the positions of the Caliphs (1986:26).
		[64] Bennett's object is to see the Muhammad of history, however using his criteria (that Muhammad was passionate for the poor, disliked ostentation and wealth, had a simple concept of justice, all of which stands the test of time).
		-Al-Kindi in 830 AD criticized the Muslim view of Muhammad, saying that he was only a soldier of fortune, who had no miracle to his name, that the Qur'an was 'a rag-tag of discrepancies and garbled tales, a confused heap, with neither system nor order...with one passage contradicted by another'.
	www.debate.org.uk /topics/books/bennett-muhammad.html (3333 words)

	The Art of the Umayyad Period (661-750 A.D.) \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Umayyad period is often considered the formative period in
		As with the arts, the Umayyad period was also critical in the development of Islamic architecture.
		In the case of religious buildings, the Umayyads often constructed their monuments on sites of historical or symbolic significance.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/umay/hd_umay.htm (719 words)

	Internet Islamic History Sourcebook
		Firman of Appointment of Muhammad Ali as Pasha of Egypt, issued by the Ottoman Sultan, 1840 [At MS State]
		Muhammad Ali's Tax Inspectors 1809 [At MS State] from Chronicles of al-Jabarti - cAbd al-Rahman al-Jabarti cajaib al-athar f-il-tarajim w-al-akhbar, Cairo 1297/1879 IV, 93-94,141-142, 154, 183, 208-209).
		The Umayyad Caliphate in the Second Half of the 9th and the Second Half of the 10th Centuries [At UPenn]
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/islam/islamsbook.html (5127 words)

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