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	Muhammad II of Khwarezm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ala ad-Din Muhammad II (علاءالدين محمد ʿAlā al-Dīn Muḥammad) was the ruler of the Khwarezmid Empire from 1200 to 1220.
		The shah executed the Mongol diplomats and sent back their entourage with their heads shaved in defiance of the emerging great power, and Genghis retaliated with a force of 200,000 men that crossed the Jaxartes in 1220 and sacked the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara.
		Ala ad-Din Muhammad fled and sought refuge throughout Khorasan, but died of pleurisy on an island in the Caspian Sea some weeks later.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Khwarezm (334 words)

	TURKMENISTAN: All Interesting Facts and Information
		Khwarezm was a province of the Ghaznavid Empire from 992 to 1041.
		In 1141, the Seljuk sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Kara Khitay (Kara-Khitan Khanate) and Anu¿ Tigin's grandson Ala ad-Din Aziz was forced to submit as a vassal of the Kara Khitay.
		In Great Captains Unveiled of 1927, B.H. Liddell Hart gave details of the Mongol campaign against Khwarezm which underscored his own philosophy of "the indirect approach," and highlighted many of the tactics used by Genghis which were to be subsequently included in the German blitzkrieg form of war, inspired in part by Liddell Hart's writings.
	countryturkmenistan.tripod.com /index.blog?entry_id=1180965 (529 words)

	Ethics of India 30 BC To 1300 by Sanderson Beck
		However, Pulakeshin II was defeated and probably killed in 642 when the Pallavas in retaliation for an attack on their capital captured the Chalukya capital at Badami.
		Krishna II died in 914 and was succeeded by his grandson Indra III, who marched his army north and captured northern India's imperial city Kanauj.
		Muhammad Ghuri organized 120,000 men from Ghazni to face 300,000 led by Prithviraja, who was captured and eventually executed as the Muslims demolished the temples of Ajmer in 1192 and built mosques.
	www.san.beck.org /AB2-India.html (21954 words)

	The later '
		With the death of Muhammad Tapar, the Great Seljuq state was in effect partitioned between Muhammad's brother Sanjar, headquartered at Marw in Khorasan, and his son Mahmud II (1118-31), centred on Hamadan in Persian Iraq.
		The conflict came to a head under Tekish's son, the Khwarezm-Shah 'Ala' ad-Din Muhammad (1200-20), who demanded that the caliph renounce the temporal power built up by the later 'Abbasids after the decline of the Iraq Seljuqs.
		In 1217 Muhammad seized most of western Iran, but, just as he was about to fall on an-Nasir's capital, his army was decimated by a blizzard in the Zagros Mountains.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/abasid2.html (412 words)

	J011
		Civil war and the deaths of Yazid I in 683 and Mu'awiyah II in 684 ended the Sufyanid branch of the dynasty, when Marwan I was proclaimed caliph.
		The fiscal reforms of 'Umar II (717-720), intended to placate the non-Arab Muslims, led to a financial crisis.
		The last Umayyad, Marwan II (744-750), was defeated at the Battle of the Great Zab River in 750.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /historia/coins/j1/j011.htm (420 words)

	Muhammad Khan Junejo : Sirchin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		He was appointed Minister in the West Pakistan cabinet in July 1963 and held the portfolios of Health, Basic Democracies and Local Government, Works, Communications and Railways.
		muhammad khan junejo to be the prime minister of pakistan, who rubber-stamped zia's being chief of army staff till 1990.
		Muhammad Khan Junejo, was undoubtedly a PML man, as witnessed by the subsequent forming of the PML-Junejo group...
	sirchin.com /?topic:muhammad-khan-junejo (390 words)

	Islam during the Crusades by Sanderson Beck
		Muhammad repudiated it and was defeated, fleeing to Isfahan.
		Rumi confirmed Muhammad's view that women hold dominion over the wise and men of heart; but violent fools, lacking tenderness, gentleness, and friendship, try to hold the upper hand over women, because they are swayed by their animal nature.
		The story of how Muhammad converted a glutton who drank the milk of seven goats and then made a mess after being locked in a room shows the humility of the prophet in cleaning up the mess himself.
	www.san.beck.org /AB19-IslamCulture1095-1300.html (22585 words)

	Khwarezmia - China-related Topics KE-KH - China-Related Topics
		In the 11th century the Khwarezmid Empire conquered all of Persia under the Shah Allah al-Din Muhammad II of KhwarezmMuhammad II.
		The region of Khwarezm became part of the Jagatai Khanate, and its capital of Urgench was rebuilt and again became one of the largest and most important trading centers in Central Asia.
		In 1924, northern Khwarezmia became the Uzbek SSR, in 1925 the western part became the Turkmen SSR and in 1936 the eastern Khwarezm became the Tadzhik SSR.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Khwarezmia (658 words)

	Muhammad II - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Muhammad II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		He took the city of Constantinople from the Byzantines in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul, fortified the Dardanelles, conquered Greece and most of the Balkans, and at sea became the terror of southern Europe.
		Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Tarkhan ibn Uzalagh al-Farabi
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Muhammad+II (114 words)

	India, Indian States, India States, Indian hotels, Indian News and Indian Tourism, India Travel
		In 1141, the Seljuk Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Kara Khitay (Kara-Khitan Khanate) and AnÅ«sh Tigin\'s grandson Ala ad-Din Aziz was forced to submit as a vassal to the Kara Khitay.
		In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad, who by 1205 had conquered all of Great Seljuk and declared himself Shah (Persian for King); also known as Kwarezmshah.
		In Great Captains Unveiled of 1927, B.H. Liddell Hart gave details of the Mongol campaign against Khwarezm, underscoring his own philosophy of "the indirect approach," and highlighting many of the tactics used by Genghis which were to be subsequently included in the German Blitzkrieg tactics, inspired in part by Liddell Hart\'s writings.
	www.pondicherryin.org /wiki-Khwarezmian_Empire (1192 words)

	1200-1400, the Highlights
		Frederick II's death leads to an Interregnum in Germany and a struggle for the crown.
		Edward II succeeds to the Crown of England.
		Edward II of England is deposed by Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer.
	www.personal.utulsa.edu /~marc-carlson/history/1300.html (4964 words)

	The History of the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza(A.S.) \|\| Imam Reza (A.S.) Network
		A couplet in Persian by Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abdullah on the wall also carries the date 612 A.H. During Khwarazm-Shahs peried, Razavi Shrine was paid much attention and some repairment and decoration were made in it.
		With the emergence of the Safavid dynasty in 1501 A.D. and their declaration of the Shi'ite school as the state religion, Mashhad reached the peak of its development and soon became one of the greatest sites of pilgrimage.
		Shah Abbas II commanded to repair and tile Sahn Atiq and Shah Sulaiman also ordered the repair of the Holy Shrine Dome which had been splitted because of the earthquake; this can be read in an erected inscription.
	www.imamreza.net /eng/imamreza.php?id=1074 (1993 words)

	War Over Silk Routes And Petro-Bourses - Would History Repeat Itself
		Muhammad II won approval in the Islamic world by freeing himself from a humiliating tributary status to an infidel power, the Karakitai.
		There is some confusion among historians on the degree of responsibility borne by Muhammad II and his governor, but except one all the traders were killed.
		At the same time Muhammad II had dispatched an embassy to Genghis Khan on a spying mission without any intention of entering into commercial relations.Therefore he suspected the caravan sent by the Mongols had the same purpose.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article9943.htm (3679 words)

	genghis_khan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		According to stories, Khan diverted a river of Ala ad-Din Muhammad II of Khwarezm's birthplace, erasing it from the map.
		The Mongols' conquest of the capital was nothing short of brutal: the bodies of citizens and soldiers filled the trenches surrounding the city, allowing the Mongols to enter raping, pillaging and plundering homes and temples.
		The Mongol Empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history, as befitted its size.
	www.totallyfreebabystuff101.com /wiki/?title=Genghis_Khan (6504 words)

	Genghis Khan - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Template:Main Image:Khwarezmid empire.png After the defeat of the Kara-Khitais, the extensive Mongol Empire had a border with the Muslim state of Khwarezmia, governed by Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad.
		Once he had conquered the city, Genghis killed many of the inhabitants and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes, as retribution for the insult.
		Image:Minaret in Samarkand.jpg According to stories, Khan diverted a river of Ala ad-Din Muhammad II of Khwarezm's birthplace, erasing it from the map.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Genghis_Khan (7762 words)

	Mongolia Guide and Mongolia Travel Guide - Conquest over the Khwarezm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Shah's army was split by diverse internal disquisitions, and by the Shah's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities - this fragmentation was decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats.
		The Shah's fearful attitude towards the Mongol army also did not help his army, and Genghis Khan and his generals succeeded in destroying Khwarezm.
		A minaret in Samarkand.According to stories, Khan diverted a river of Ala ad-Din Muhammad II of Khwarezm's birthplace, erasing it from the map.
	genghis.guide-mongolia.com /era-of-genghis/conquest-over-the-khwarezm/conquest-over-the-khwarezm.html (582 words)

	Techography - The Kingdom of Heaven: A fall to Ruin
		But the Caliphate would fall to ruin as well, not to regain control until almost 1280 AD With the death of Muhammad Tapar, the Great Seljuq state was in effect partitioned between Muhammad's brother Sanjar, headquartered at Marw in Khorasan, and his son Mahmud II (1118-31), centred on Hamadan in Persian Iraq.
		But, whereas Muhammad 'Ali's Egypt drew closer to France, it was Great Britain that continued to strengthen its position in the Persian Gulf and Iraq.
		In 1939, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, King Ghazi was killed in a mysterious car accident, and his son Faysal II ascended the throne.
	www.techography.com /article.php?story=20061016171555246 (9851 words)

	Notes on The Khanate of Khiva
		1218/1219: "Shah Mohammed of Khwarezm, which was an empire encompassing Afghanistan, present-day Persia, and Turkestan, that is the area between the Aral Sea and the Caspian, secretly ordered the murder of a caravan of Mongol merchants sent by Chingis Khan to the city of Otrar.
		1219: Mongols defeat 400,00 man Khwarezm army but fail to capture the Khwarezm Shah.
		Khiva was captured in 29 may and the khan, Sayid Muhammad Rahim II, surrender."
	www.spongobongo.com /em/em9619.htm (636 words)

	Avar Khanate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although the Avars pledged their support to Muhammad II of Khwarezm in his struggle against the Mongols, there is no documentation for the Mongol invasion of the Avar lands.
		As historical clues are so scarce, it is probably fruitless to speculate whether the Avars were the agents of the Mongol influence in the Caucasus and whether they were entrusted with the task of levying tribute for the khan, as modern historian Murad Magomedov suggests.
		Among the potentates who paid tribute to Umma-Khan were the rulers of Derbent, Shaki, Quba, Baku, Shirvan, Akhaltsikhe, and even Erekle II of Georgia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Avarian_Khanate (410 words)

	THE MIDDLE EAST HANDBOOK - PEOPLE GROUPS
		Converted to Islam under the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century, they then established a vast Islamic empire from the Atlantic coasts of Spain and North Africa to India and the Chinese border.
		Their chiefs were some of the greatest tribal leaders of Iran, playing a leading role in the deposition of Muhammad Ali Shah and the restitution of the constitution in 1909, many Bakhtiaris holding prominent public office since then.
		Shi'as believe 'Ali (Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law) to have been Muhammad's first true successor (Caliph, Imam) as ruler of all Muslims and reject the first three Sunni Caliphs.
	www.angelfire.com /az/rescon/MEHBKPPL.html (11090 words)

	Muslims Rulers Of The Islamic Empire - Ummah.com
		Al-Ashraf II 1250-1254 (nominally, actually the Mamluk Aibek ruled)
		Rafi Ul-Darjat Shah Jahan II, ruler 1719, d.
		Bahadur Shah II aka Bahadur Shah Zafar, b.
	www.ummah.net /forum/showthread.php?p=516954 (294 words)

	MHMC.htm
		Al-Khwarizmi himself was of Persian stock, his ancestors coming from Khwarezm, in distant Transoxania.
		The Banu Musa, al-Mahani, and a host of others in the intellectual circle of ninth century Baghdad, were also Persians.
		For example, two of the Banu Musa, Muhammad and Ahmad, were put in charge with eighteen others of a canal project at al-Ja‘fariyya.
	facstaff.uindy.edu /~oaks/MHMC.htm (5031 words)

	Church of the East Timeline
		315 Letter from Constantine to Shapur II urging him to protect Christians in his realm and Papa restored as bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and begins to use the title "Catholicos"
		632 Death of Muhammad and Arab conquest of Mesopotamia
		642 Arab conquest of Egypt and defeat of Persian Shah Yazdegird III at the Battle of Nahavand and Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Yeshuyab II) establishes Halwan as a metropolitanate
	www.oxuscom.com /timeline.htm (3707 words)

	Mongols & Mongolians - Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China -- Research Into Origins Of Huns, ...
		A treaty was signed with Muhammad II of Khwarazm.
		The Mongol troops led by Jochi was first defeated by troops of Shah Mohammed of Khwarezm.
		Jala ad-Din (Jalal al-Din), the son of Sultan Muhammad and governor of Afghanistan territory, would stay to defend Bukhara and Samarkand in Fergana Valley, but was defeated by the Mongols.
	www.republicanchina.org /Mongols.html (13793 words)

	eBay — coin picture, us coin for sale and Persian Indian Asian items on eBay.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
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	coins.listings.ebay.com /Coins-Ancient_Persian-Indian-Asian_W0QQfsooZ2QQfsopZ2QQsacatZ4737QQsocmdZListingItemList (632 words)

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	vintage-beach.bid-on-auctions.ca /4737/4/Persian__Indian__Asian.html?page=3 (193 words)

	COMMUNIST CHINA'S POLICY OF OPPRESSION IN EAST TURKESTAN - Harun Yahya
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		Our materials may be copied, printed and distributed, by referring to this site.
	www.harunyahya.com /e_turkestan03.php (5398 words)

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	vintage-beach.bid-on-auctions.ca /4733/3/Coins:_Ancient.html?page=75 (240 words)

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