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Topic: Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart

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	Almohad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ibn Tumart was the son of a lamplighter in a mosque and had been noted for his piety from his youth; he was small, ugly, and misshapen and lived the life of a devotee-beggar.
		Muhammad in fact represented a revolt against the anthropomorphism of commonplace Muslim orthodoxy, but he was a rigid predestinarian and a strict observer of the law.
		In 1212 Muhammad III, "En-Nasir" (1199-1214), the successor of al Mansur, was utterly defeated by the allied five Christian princes of Spain, Navarre and Portugal, at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Almohad (934 words)

	Almohad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ibn Tumart was the son of a lamplighter in a mosque and hadbeen noted for his piety from his youth; he was small, ugly, and misshapen and lived the life of a devotee-beggar.
		Muhammad in fact represented a revolt against the anthropomorphism of commonplace Muslim orthodoxy, but he was a rigid predestinarian and a strict observerof the law.
		In 1212 Muhammad III,"En-Nasir" (1199-1214), the successor of al Mansur, was utterly defeated by the allied five Christian princes of Spain, Navarre and Portugal, at the Battle of LasNavas de Tolosa in the SierraMorena.
	www.therfcc.org /almohad-6617.html (886 words)

	Almohad -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It originated with Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart, a member of the Masmuda, a (A member of a Caucasoid Muslim people of northern Africa) Berber tribe of the (A mountain range in northern Africa between the Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert; extends from southwestern Morocco to northern Tunisia) Atlas mountains.
		Ibn Tumart in fact represented a revolt against what he perceived as (The representation of objects (especially a god) as having human form or traits) anthropomorphism in the Muslim orthodoxy, but he was a rigid predestinarian and a strict observer of the law.
		Ibn Tumart, who had been driven from several other towns for exhibitions of reforming zeal, now took refuge among his own people, the Masmuda, in the (A collection of maps in book form) Atlas.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/al/almohad.htm (788 words)

	SMI - Centre for Middle Eastern Studies
		AZI -- Al-Ta'liq al-mughni 'alá al-Daraqutni, by Muhammad Shams al-Haqq al-'Azimabadi.
		QUS -- Sharh asma' Allah al-husná, by 'Abd al-Karim ibn Hawazin al-Qushayri.
		CEL -- Kashf al-zunun 'an asami al-kutub wal-funun, by Mustafá ibn 'Abd Allah, Kâtib Çelebi.
	www.smi.uib.no /library/suban.html (7913 words)

	Rise of Islam in Algeria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Yahya ibn Ibrahim al Jaddali, a leader of the Lamtuna tribe of the Sanhaja confederation, decided to raise the level of Islamic knowledge and practice among his people.
		Upon Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart's death in 1130, his successor Abd al Mumin took the title of caliph and placed members of his own family in power, converting the system into a traditional monarchy.
		In 1229 the Almohad court renounced the teachings of Muhammad ibn Tumart, opting instead for greater tolerance and a return to the Maliki school of law.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rise_of_Islam_in_Algeria (2906 words)

	NITLE Arab World Project
		Ibn Tumart's central doctrine was that of the unity of God as distinct from the multiplicity of the things making up the world.
		Muhammad 'Ali's primary intention was to put some structure and organization into the diffuse amalgamation of theologically and financially autonomous religious organizations.
		Muhammad al-Bakri had died just prior to the promulgation of the decree and he was succeeded by his thirty-year-old son Muhammad Tawfiq al-Bakri (d.
	arabworld.nitle.org /texts.php?module_id=3&reading_id=39&print=1 (5950 words)

	MAHOMMEDAN RELIGION - LoveToKnow Article on MAHOMMEDAN RELIGION
		But in earlier times some (as Ibn Qutaiba) had adopted the latter alternative, saying that the truth can be derived much earlier from the ijm than from the tradition, because it is not open to the same chances of corruption in its transmission as the latter.
		In the West, Ibn Hazm (q.v.) fiercely opposed the system, but GhazglI established its orthodoxy in the East, and it spread from Persia to Syria and Egypt under the Ayyubites and Mamelukes and thence to the Almohades in Africa under Ibn Tumart (1130).
		Sulaiinanites (Suleimanites).Zaidites, followers of Suleim~sn ibn Jarir, who held that the appointment to the imgmate was a matter of consultation and that the imgmates of Ahu Bekr and Omar were legal although All had a better claim.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MAHOMMEDAN_RELIGION.htm (10323 words)

	Africa to 1500 by Sanderson Beck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ibn Tumart was said to have met al-Ghazali in Baghdad, and he became an effective religious preacher.
		Ibn Khaldun credited group feeling or solidarity ('asabiya) with developing such good qualities as generosity, forgiveness of error, tolerance of the weak, hospitality to guests, support of dependents, maintaining the indigent, patience in adverse situations, faithfully fulfilling obligations, liberal spending to preserve honor, respecting religious law and teachers, and avoiding fraud, cunning, and deceit.
		Ibn Khaldun described the stages he observed in the history of Muslim civilization from the rise of the Bedouin tribes to the powerful 'Abbasid empire, which became luxurious and was replaced by rising tribal groups.
	www.san.beck.org /1-12-Africato1500.html (15707 words)

	ayatollah - In the Shiite branch of Islam, a high-ranking religious authority regarded by his followers as the most ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Its founder, Abdallah ibn Yasin, was a religious scholar who used religious reform as his means to gain followers in the mid-11th cent.
		Husayn ibn Ali -Grandson of Muhammad and son of the fourth caliph, Ali.
		Muhammad's early disciples often memorized his divine revelations, and even after the Quran was assembled in written form, it was common for pious Muslims to memorize it in its entirety.
	www.gc.peachnet.edu /socsci/ehancock/BULLI/Islam-terms.htm (3590 words)

	Summary and Evaluation of Middle East & Africa to 1875 by Sanderson Beck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 and was an orphan at six.
		Ibn Hazm (994-1064) was vizier at Valencia and Cordoba.
		Abdallah ibn Saud's son Turki drove the Egyptians out of Arabia in 1824 and governed until he was assassinated in 1834.
	www.san.beck.org /1-15-Summary.html (14077 words)

	Hawza Illmiyya of London
		Ibn Tumart's policies were the dissemination of a modified Asharite theology combined with Zahirite law, showing influences of al-Ghazzali and Ibn Hazm (d.1063) (MacDonald, 1903, p.246; Lapidus, 2002, p.
		The one hundred year rule of the Almohad Dynasty was the continuation of Ibn Tumart's legacy, and therefore for generations his original policies would have been spread throughout the region and into the very social mindset of Berber culture.
		527) in the case of Ibn Tumart introducing the “orthodox scholasticism of al-Ghazali” to the Islamic West, this orthodox scholasticism was a theology of Ibn Tumart's that was deeply rooted in Asharism.
	www.hawza.org.uk /index.php?option=content&task=view&id=90 (8955 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		1061 - 1106 Yusuf Ibn Tashfin, sovereign in Marrakech.
		Almoravid and Almohad Dynasties in Al-Andalus 1031 - 1091 The andquot;Reyes de Taifas.andquot;W 1046 - 1081 Ahmad Ibn Sulaiman al-Muktadir, Caliph in Saragossa.
		Almohad Caliphate The Almohads began as a religious movement of Berber tribes led by Abdallah ibn Tumart, who proclaimed himself Messiah and led a rebellion which overthrew the Almoravids.
	almohad.iqexpand.com (1259 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Berbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Muslims who entered Iberia in 711 were mainly Berbers, and were led by a Berber, Tariq ibn Ziyad, though under the suzerainty of the Arab Caliph of Damascus Abd al-Malik and his North African Viceroy, Musa ibn Nusayr.
		A second mixed army of Arabs and Berbers came in 712 under Ibn Nusayr himself, and are claimed to have formed approximately 66% of the Islamic population in Iberia, and supposedly that is the reason why they helped the Umayyad caliph Abd ar-Rahman I in Al-Andalus, because his mother was a Berber woman.
		Tariq ibn Ziyad, one of the leaders of the Moorish conquest of Iberia in 711.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Berbers (3458 words)

	Chronological Timeline
		503-4 The Lakhmid al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man of al-Hira.
		529-69 The Ghassanid al-Harith IV ibn Jabala, Byzantine patricius and phylarch of the Arabs, defeats Mundhir III in 554.
		The traditionalist Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855) is persecuted as the representative of the opposition of the ahl al-hadith to rationalist theology.
	www.princeton.edu /~batke/itl/chron.html (6732 words)

	Algeria
		Abd Allah ibn Yasin also became known as one of the marabouts, or holy persons (from al murabitun, "those who have made a religious retreat." Almoravids is the Spanish transliteration of al murabitun.
		The most popular Muslim leader in Algeria after the war was Khalid ibn Hashim, grandson of Abd al Qadir and a member of the Young Algerians, although he differed with some members of the group over acceptance of the Jonnart Law.
		Algeria's Islamic reform movement took inspiration from Egyptian reformers Muhammad Abduh and Muhammad Rashid Rida and stressed the Arab and Islamic roots of the country.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/algeria/all.html (18111 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is unclear whether Ibn Khaldûn actually was describing an Almoravid conquest of Ghana or if he was speaking in general terms because he did not mention in his text that Ghana was or did become a kingdom ruled by a Muslim ruler.
		Ibn Yâsîn’s and his companions’ as well as, obviously, the local Muslim scholars’ critique was centred around the question of the abolishment of non-Quranic taxes and levies and the (re-) introduction of an Islamic tax basis.
		In particular, Ibn Yâsîn’s way of distributing the war booty as well as his interpretation of the purification of property was considered by some as “unorthodox”.
	www.valt.helsinki.fi /kmi/Julkais/WPt/2000/WP100HW.HTM (12862 words)

	MAHDI (Arab. " he who is guided aright ") - Online Information article about MAHDI (Arab. " he who is ...
		It was under the name of al-mandi that Mokhtar proclaimed 'Ali's son Mahommed as the opponent of the caliph Abdalmalik, and, according to See also:
		ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart), was that of the See also:
		Con-currently with the claim of Mahommed Ahmed to be the mandi the same title was claimed by, or for, the See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /LUP_MAL/MAHDI_Arab_he_who_is_guided_ari.html (503 words)

	Abd Al Mumin: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He was the favorite of the Almohad religious reformer Ibn Tumart and became (1130) his successor.
		His father Abdallah, the son of Abd-al-Muttalib, is supposed to have been a...guardianship first of his grandfather, Abd-al-Muttalib, then of his uncle, Abu Talib...bishop, Abu-1-Harith, and the prince, Abd-al-Masih, who had come to Medina for negotiations...
		He was the favorite of the Almohad religious reformer Ibn...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/abd-al-mumin.jsp?l=A&p=1 (791 words)

	Almohads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The founder of the dynasty was Ibn Tumart and he took the title of Caliph.
		Rejected in Marrakech and other cities, Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tumart turned for support to his Masmuda tribe in the Atlas Mountains.
		Because of their emphasis on the unity of God, his followers were known as Al Muwahhidun, or Almohads.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/europe/almohads.html (228 words)

	Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		in full Abu Yusuf Ya'qub Ibn 'abd Al-mu'min Al-mansur third ruler of the Mu'minid dynasty of Spain and North Africa, who during his reign (1184–99) brought the power of his dynasty to its zenith.
		Berber confederation that created an Islamic empire in North Africa and Spain (1130–1269), founded on the religious teachings of Ibn Tumart (died 1130).
		On June 29, 1881, the Islamic mystic Muhammad Ahmad assumed the title al-Mahdi, meaning “the right-guided one.” He then set out with a military force to rid the Sudan region in Central Africa of Egyptian and British domination and to turn his country into an Islamic state.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9050627 (593 words)

	Joseph Kenny OP: THE SPREAD OF ISLAM..., Ch. 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Abdallāh ibn-al-Ḥabḥāb returned to the caliph Hishām in March-April 741. Hishām then appointed Kulthūm ibn-
		When he arrived he ordered the people of Ifrīqiya to prepare to fight the Berbers. He gathered some troops from Tripoli and set out with a large number...
		Abdarrahmān sent an army against him and he was killed with many of his companions. Many prisoners were taken. In the market of Tripoli he had them beheaded or crucified.
	www.diafrica.org /nigeriaop/kenny/NWAfr/A04.htm (2288 words)

	A timeline of the Arabs, the Turks and the Persians
		: Ziyad ibn Abihi is appointed governor of Iraq (Basra) and the former Sassanid provinces
		: Ahmad ibn Hanbal: strict obedience to the Koran and the Hadith
		: Arafat dies and is replaced by Muhammad Abbas as chairman of the PLO
	www.scaruffi.com /politics/arabic.html (8463 words)

	Amazon.com: A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period: Books: Jamil M. Abun-Nasr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		CAPs: Algerian Muslims, First World War, Abu Bakr, Ibn Khaldun, Middle Atlas (more)
		Algerian Muslims, First World War, Abu Bakr, Ibn Khaldun, Middle Atlas, Ibn Tumart, High Atlas, Abu Zakariyya, Ottoman Turks, Abu Yusuf, Mawlay Isma'il, Second World War, Jabal Nafusa, French Algeria, Ahmad Bey, Sayyid Idris, National Assembly, Banu Sulaym, Chamber of Deputies, Yusuf Qaramanli, Abu Hassun, Mawlay Sulayman, Mawlay Muhammad, Grand Kabylia, Banu Tujin
		The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay (Princeton studies on the Near East) by Laroui Abdallah in Back Matter
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521337674?v=glance (1097 words)

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