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Topic: Muir Glacier

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Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve

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	Stickeen: John Muir's Adventure with a Dog and a Glacier - John Muir Exhibit
		Muir spent years telling the story, and close to thirty years before he was able to put it in writing.
		Muir saw Stickeen as "the herald of a new gospel" adding "in all my wild walks, seldom have I had a more definite or useful message to bring back." Muir wanted to present that message in the best way possible.
		Muir was able to restore some of his thoughts when he published the story in book form in 1909.
	www.sierraclub.org /john_muir_exhibit/writings/stickeen/index.html (1149 words)

	Glacier Bay National Park Information Page
		Glacier Bay is blanketed with a mosaic of plant life, from a few pioneer species in recently exposed areas to intricately balanced climax communities in coastal and alpine regions.
		The Glacier Bay watershed is a vast tract of land and water delimited to the east and north by the Chilkat and Takinsha Ranges, to the northwest by the high crest of the Fairweather Range, and to the west by the peaks and ridges forming the eastern margin of the Brady Glacier.
		The chaotic rock-and-rubble aftermath of a glacial romp is deficient in nitrogen.
	www.glacier.bay.national-park.com /info.htm (10562 words)

	SOTC: Glaciers
		Because they are so sensitive to temperature fluctuations, glaciers provide clues about the effects of global warming (Oerlemans, J. The 1991 discovery of the 5,000 year-old "ice man" preserved in a glacier in the European Alps fascinated the world, yet the discovery meant that this glacier had reached a 5,000-year minimum.
		Glaciers differ from snow cover and sea ice extent in that scientists cannot use short-term changes in the areal extent of small glaciers as an index of current climatic conditions.
		Glaciers involved in mass balance studies are sparsely distributed over all mountain and subpolar regions, with about 70 percent of the observations coming from the mountains of Europe, North America, and the former Soviet Union.
	nsidc.org /sotc/glacier_balance.html (623 words)

	Glacier Bay - NASA Science
		Major changes in glaciers may be obvious from initial inspection of satellite images; however, detailed study of digital image data can reveal the presence of small changes that are useful indicators of regional trends in glacier mass balance.
		The Glacier Bay area is a fine example of rapid deglaciation, even though it is not clear how much recession is the result of climate amelioration and how much is the result of the tidewater glacier cycle which is independent of short-term, regional climate.
		In general, the terminus positions of tidewater glaciers, such as those found in Glacier Bay and College Fjord, are thought to be the result of a complex interaction of fjord depth, ice thickness and calving rate, with climate and mass balance playing a secondary role (Meier and Post, 1987).
	glacier-bay.gsfc.nasa.gov /hall.science.txt.html (1448 words)

	TerraNature \| Global warming - glacier reduction in Alaska
		Muir Glacier has retreated 20 km (12 miles) between 1941 and 2004 (lower), and 45 km (28 miles) since 1899.
		But, as the glaciers melt and their load on the plate lessens, there is a greater likelihood of an earthquake happening to relieve the large strain underneath.
		Even though shrinking glaciers make it easier for earthquakes to occur, the forcing together of tectonic plates is the main reason behind major earthquakes.
	www.terranature.org /glacierReduction_Alaska.htm (770 words)

	Muir Inlet-East Arm of Glacier Bay - AK
		Muir Inlet is one of the most attractive parts of Glacier Bay.
		This is a round-trip distance of 74 miles from Bartlett Cove or between 35 and 40 miles round-trip from a kayak transport drop-off near the mouth of Muir Inlet.
		Muir Glacier is sometimes partly tidal, and so you can often paddle most of the way and walk partway for a visit.
	www.paddling.net /places/showReport.html?502 (1263 words)

	Glacier Bay
		A glacier (119K Quicktime movie) is a dynamic system consisting of snow, ice and often rock debris, that transports material from higher elevations, where snow accumulates, to lower elevations, where snow and ice melt.
		Many of the glacier terminus positions mapped by Field and his colleagues are shown on the map of Glacier Bay (120K) prepared by the National Park Service.
		The once enormous Muir Glacier, located in what is now Muir Inlet (1.2MB Quicktime movie) in the East Arm of Glacier Bay, was named for John Muir, the famous naturalist and explorer who visited Glacier Bay in the late 19th century.
	www.isset.org /site_of_the_month/glacier_bay/glacierbay.script.html (1351 words)

	muir - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Muir, Edwin (1887-1959), Scottish poet, translator, and critic.
		From 1921 to 1925 Muir lived in Europe and, with his wife, Willa Anderson Muir,...
		Muir, John (1838-1914), American explorer and naturalist, born in Dunbar, Scotland.
	au.encarta.msn.com /muir.html (78 words)

	Coming to My Senses in Glacier Bay -- Travels in Southeast Alaska
		Muir tells of hikes on crevassed snowfields, meetings with Alaska Indians and, most memorably, the sight and sounds of calving glaciers.
		However, when I arrived at Glacier Bay Lodge on Bartlett Cove, the take-off point for bay explorations, damp clouds shrouded the region and the forecast was anything but encouraging.
		In glacial coves the Adventure cruised close to calving glaciers and slushed alongside floating icebergs, some that served as icy water chairs for harbor seals.
	www.highonadventure.com /Hoa02apr/GlacierBay/glacierbay.htm (717 words)

	Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve: Administrative History (Chapter I) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A keen observer of glaciated landforms, Muir instantly recognized that this watery basin rimmed by high mountain ranges and devoid of mature forest was the scene of a phenomenally rapid and sustained glacial recession.
		Glacier Bay was "the Hoonah breadbasket," or "the main place of the Hoonah people." [3] The Tlingits' relationship to the environment was rooted in a seasonal pattern of resource extraction for their subsistence needs, and interpreted through oral traditions describing their ancestors' long association with particular places and totem animals.
		Muir, for his part, was impressed by the Natives' generosity, hardiness, and prowess with a canoe, but superstitions appeared to be their bane.
	www.nps.gov /glba/adhi/adhi1.htm (7782 words)

	EO Printall
		A tidewater glacier, it's rate of growth or recession is determined by the calving of icerbergs at the terminus.
		The trick to measuring the extent of a glacier using a satellite image lies in distinguishing the glacier’s edge from the surrounding land.
		Since visible satellite sensors cannot penetrate the surface of the glacier, scientists may be led to believe, at least in the short term, that the glaciers are losing mass.
	eobglossary.gsfc.nasa.gov /Study/Glaciers/printall.php (2276 words)

	Glaciers Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Glaciers of today are much smaller as compared to those of the Pleistocene, but still play an important role in shaping the landscape.
		Muir had been tracing the routes of ancient glaciers in Yosemite National Park when he reached a cirque and proclaimed that he had found a "living glacier".
		Glacier ice is indicated in light blue and the moraine-dammed lake is displayed in dark blue.
	glaciers.pdx.edu /gdb/maps/california.php (1201 words)

	The My Hero Project - John Muir
		Muir wrote, "I know that our bodies were made to thrive only in pure air, and the scenes in which pure air is found." He advocated preservation of natural areas for reasons of mental health: "Come to the woods, for here is rest.
		John Muir's life and voice remain a continuing inspiration to people today all over the world who are striving to protect the last fragments of living wilderness.
		Muir's heroic life is recognized in the geography of many places, including the Muir Glacier in Alaska, Muir Memorial Park in Wisconsin, and in California by such places as Muir Woods National Monument, the John Muir Trail, the John Muir Wilderness, and the John Muir National Historic Site.
	myhero.com /hero.asp?hero=j_muir (1752 words)

	Comparisons of Alaskan Glaciers
		Note the dense growth of alder and the correlation between Muir Glacier’s 1941 thickness and the trimline on the left side of the 2004 photograph.
		Muir Glacier was more than 2,000 feet thick in 1941 (2004 USGS photograph by Bruce Molnia.)
		The two small cirque glaciers at the upper left have probably not been connected to Muir glacier.
	cybele.colorado.edu /ipyoe/glaciers2.htm (569 words)

	Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve: Administrative History (Chapter II)
		John Muir's role in the history of Glacier Bay was primarily that of explorer and publicist.
		Muir, Wright, and Reid had all remarked upon the phenomenal retreat of the glaciers; now the accumulation of scientific observation over a twenty-year span made it possible to study the process.
		Field repeatedly cautioned that the study of glacier behavior in the Glacier Bay area was "still in a preliminary stage." [38] Most of what was known had to do with the terminal parts of the glaciers.
	www.nps.gov /glba/adhi/adhi2.htm (4991 words)

	Tributes Commemorating the Life and Legacy of John Muir
		It was John Muir who founded the Sierra Club on May 28, 1892, one of the world’s greatest and oldest conservation organizations and was elected its first President Muir lobbied and campaigned from this position for many great wilderness programs.
		In tribute to his Alaskan wilderness journey, “Muir Glacier” reaching over 25 miles in width with 200 tributaries was named in his honor to commemorate his scientific contributions and studies of the Arctic.
		John Muir is depicted looking up to his beloved Yosemite Valley’s “Half Dome”, along with a giant Sequoia and a once almost extinct California Condor soaring to the sky.
	www.tigerhomes.org /animal/tributes-john-muir.cfm (491 words)

	Glacier Bay National Park travel guide - Wikitravel
		Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve [1] is a United States National Park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is located in the Panhandle of the state of Alaska.
		The McBride Glacier, Muir Glacier, and Riggs Glacier are all tidewater glaciers accessible to kayakers.
		This glacier calves ice in such large quantities that it is seldom possible for ships to approach closer than two miles from the glacier's face.
	wikitravel.org /en/Glacier_Bay_National_Park (2879 words)

	Glacier Bay Ecosystem - Scientific Research in the Glacier Bay Region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		By 1890, cruise ships were visiting Muir's namesake glacier, disembarking scientists to stay at his cabin, and beginning the systematic studies that have continued to the present.
		Concern for the endangered humpback whale in the late 70s in the former National Monument (now designated Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve) initiated a shift in NPS attention from terrestrial to marine problems, a trend which was accelerated by persistent resurgence of the issue of commercial fishing in the park.
		Holocene Glacier Fluctuations in Muir and Tarr Inlets.
	www.inforain.org /alaska/glabaycd/CATALOG/htm/currentr.htm (2756 words)

	Glacier Bay CD-ROM Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Glacier fluctuations and sediment yields interpreted from seismic-reflection profiles in Johns Hopkins Inlet, Glacier Bay, Alaska.
		Glacier Bay: a model for the deglaciation of the White Mountains in New Hampshire.
		Ham Jr., N. Sediment fabric, micromorphology, and genesis at the southeastern terminus of the Burroughs Glacier, Glacier Bay, Alaska.
	www.inforain.org /alaska/glabaycd/CATALOG/htm/biblio/glba_eco.htm (11465 words)

	John Muirs Visit to Wrangell and the Great Glacier
		Unknown to Muir, the fire itself was not visible from the town and it cast strange lights upon the passing clouds.
		Natives became aware of the event and grew concerned that the light was becoming brighter, in spite of the increasing rain.
		Muir later described it as one of the best campfires he had ever enjoyed.
	www.alaskavistas.com /John_Muir.html (647 words)

	Online Glacier Photograph Database - Special Collections
		On the left is a photograph of Muir Glacier taken on August 13, 1941, by glaciologist William O. Field; on the right, a photograph taken from the same vantage on August 31, 2004, by geologist Bruce F. Molnia of the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
		Ocean water has filled the valley, replacing the ice of Muir Glacier; the end of the glacier has retreated out of the field of view.
		The glacier’s absence reveals scars where glacier ice once scraped high up against the hillside.
	nsidc.org /data/glacier_photo/special_high_res.html (140 words)

	Glacier Bay -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It contains a spectacular display of 16 active glaciers that descend from the lofty ice-draped St. Elias Range to the east and the Fairweather Range to the west.
		Known as tidewater glaciers, these glaciers are the seaward extensions of ice streams originating in ice fields, ice caps, or ice sheets.
		Some tidewater glaciers are similar to surging glaciers in that they flow at high speeds—as much as 20 to 25 metres per day—but they do so continuously.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9036953 (952 words)

	Paddling through glacial history, Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		GLACIER BAYNational Park in the south east corner of Alaska is a wild, unpopulated and remote area whose shorelines were covered by ice just 200 years ago.
		As we travelled up the bay to Muir Inlet and Muir Glacier, paddling in the company of breaching humpback whales, common porpoise, rafts of seabirds, and the Steller sealion colonies of the Marble Islands, the vegetation became younger and smaller.
		After Muir Point, where John Muir built a cabin at the base of Mount Wright and from where he made extensive observations and explained his theory of the interglacial tree stumps, the wildlife and the vegetation became sparser.
	www.jmt.org /news/2004/36/36_alaska.html (919 words)

	Glossary- Terms D
		A tongue of glacier ice that flows away from the main trunk of the glacier.
		The ice at the right edge of the photograph was stranded by the rapid thinning of the glacier, Muir Inlet, St Elias mountains, Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska.
		The term includes all sediment that is transported by a glacier, whether it is deposited directly by a glacier or indirectly by running water that originates from a glacier.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2004/1216/d/d.html (774 words)

	Glacier Bay National Park Cruise Port Information on AlaskaCruises.com
		When John Muir discovered Glacier Bay in 1879, he surveyed the unblemished panorama and declared it "still in the morning of creation." Muir wasn't the first explorer to be in the area.
		In the northeastern corner of Glacier Bay, the snow-covered Takhinsha Mountains feed the active Muir Glacier, which regularly sheds walls of ice into the bay.
		The brilliant blue glow of a calving glacier and the thunderous roar of ice crashing into the water below are sights and sounds that you'll remember for the rest of your life.
	www.alaskacruises.com /alaska_ports.asp?pageID=254 (468 words)

	Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve Sea Kayaking - Sea Kayak Tours
		The marine wilderness of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve provides opportunities for adventure, a living laboratory for observing the ebb and flow of glaciers, and a chance to study life as it returns in the wake of retreating ice.
		Moraines, glacial outwash, and Endicott Gap (portal for land mammals repopulating the Muir Inlet area after the ice melted) are evident to the paddler.
		Muir Inlet is one of the most attractive parts of Glacier Bay.
	www.trails.com /activity.asp?area=12662 (1039 words)

	LOCAL EXPLORER OFFERS GLACIER BAY PRESENTATION
		The colorful history of Alaska’s Glacier Bay will be the topic of a presentation by Auburn Geographer and Explorer, Rawhide Papritz, on Friday, March 7 at 7:30 p.m.
		Included in his presentation will be information Papritz collected from his own trip to Glacier Bay with his geography students in a two-week sea-kayaking field trip adventure.
		The presentation, sponsored by the Northwest Chapter of the Royal Geographical Society, is free and open to the public.
	www.greenriver.edu /news/Rawhide.htm (107 words)

	Alaskacruise.com Glacier Bay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The destination of most steamers was Muir Glacier, the face of which was an ice cliff, towering above the decks of approaching steamers and calving up to 12 big bergs an hour.
		The ice has receeded dramatically since Muir's time, and there is no glacier as easily accessible as Muir Glacier, but still, the beauty and drama of the place is compelling.
		Glacier Bay Lodge is the only lodge within the park, and offers excellent facilities for visitors.
	www.alaskacruise.com /GlaBay.htm (297 words)

	Anchorage Museum - Art of the North
		The magnificent snow-topped mountains, tidal glaciers and heavily forested islands drew some of the best-known American artists of the day, including Thomas Hill, Albert Bierstadt, and William Keith.
		In 1887 the famous naturalist John Muir commissioned Hill to travel by boat to Alaska and paint the huge Muir Glacier.
		Muir generally preferred the paintings done by his friend William Keith but is supposed to have commissioned Hill "...because he could paint ice better than Keith." This is one of several large works done by Hill after the trip in his California studio, and it is among the most significant artworks in the Museum's collection.
	www.anchoragemuseum.org /aon_details.asp?page_id=10 (159 words)

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