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	Taqlid
		Mujtahid** is a jurist competent enough to deduce precise inferences regarding the commandments from the holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of the holy Prophet by the process of Ijtihad.
		And if one knows that the verdicts of the Mujtahids differ with regard to the problems which we face in every day life, it is necessary t hat the Mujtahid who is followed be A'lam (the most learned), who is more capable of understanding the divine laws than any of the contemporary Mujtahids.
		If a person acts according to the fatwa of a Mujtahid in certain matter, and after the death of that Mujtahid, he follows a living Mujtahid in that matter according to his obligation, he cannot act again according to the fatwa of the dead Mujtahid.
	www.al-islam.org /laws/taqlid.html (1322 words)

	The Jakarta Post - The Journal of Indonesia Today
		Mujtahid, a student at a public health university, rushed into the Pasar Minggu subdistrict health clinic in South Jakarta to inform the doctor on duty that groups of students were ready to start their regular Friday battle against the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
		Mujtahid was among 150 students from three different universities in Jakarta volunteering for the weekly campaign against dengue in neighborhoods in the Pasar Minggu and West Pejaten subdistricts of South Jakarta, every Friday, from 9:30 a.m.
		According to Mujtahid, most people focus on the environment in and around houses and tend to forget that other places, such as schools, old theaters or warehouses, also provide fertile breeding grounds for the mosquitoes that lay their eggs in clear standing water.
	www.thejakartapost.com /yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20050226.G02 (610 words)

	IslamiCity.com - IJTIHAD - Interpreting Islamic Principles
		A mujtahid or Muslim jurist uses revelations contained in the Qur'an and examples from the Sunnah as the main sources of guidance for lawmaking or rendering a decision.
		The mujtahid, whose basic purpose is to explain and articulate the rule of God (hukm shar'i) in a particular situation, takes on the very serious responsibility of explaining God's Will towards His creatures, as individuals and as communities.
		The mujtahid explains the hukm shar'i: "The communication from God, related to acts of subjects through a demand, option or through declaration." Here, a demand could be expressed in binding terms (as obligations or prohibitions) or in nonbinding terms that give a recommendation to do or not to do.
	www.islamicity.com /articles/articles.asp?ref=IC0507-2747&p=1 (1169 words)

	Question No. 1 - 73
		Switching, in taqlid, from one living mujtahid to another is permissible and becomes obligatory, on a more precautious basis, if the second mujtahid is more knowledgeable, in the mukallaf's view than the first one provided that his verdict on the matter differs from the verdict of the first mujtahid.
		But in case that the living mujtahid was not qualified, the transfer taqlid to him is void and the mukallaf is considered as having still been on the taqlid of the deceased mujtahid, enjoying the choice either to continue following him or to switch to a living mujtahid whose taqlid is permissible.
		It is not permissible to switch from the most learned mujtahid to another one simply based on speculation that the verdicts of the marja' whose taqlid is obligatory are not compatible with their circumstances or are difficult to be acted upon.
	www.khamenei.de /fatwas/practical01.htm (5024 words)

	Why Muslims Follow Madhhabs \| red-sulphur.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		To understand the Qur’an and sunna, the mujtahid must have complete knowledge of the Arabic language in the same capacity as the early Arabs themselves had before the language came to be used by non-native speakers.
		Just as the mujtahid Imam is not like us in his command of the Qur’an and hadith evidence and the principles needed to join between it and infer rulings from it, so too he is not like us in the way he judges the authenticity of hadiths.
		Because a mujtahid scholar is not bound to accept another scholar’s ijtihad regarding a particular hadith, the ijtihad of a hadith specialist of our own time that, for example, a hadith is weak (da‘if), is not necessarily an evidence against the ijtihad of a previous mujtahid that the hadith is acceptable.
	red-sulphur.org /node/588 (5623 words)

	Questions and Answers
		The ahlul khibra are the mujtahids and those next in line in religious sciences, and they know quite well that one person in a limited group of mujtahids is the a'lam.
		Second: That the ahlul khibra announce that two or more mujtahids are equal in knowledge and piety (in the sense of being careful in deriving the laws [from their sources]), then a lay person has the option of acting according to the views of any one of the mujtahids in all the issues.
		The deeds performed according to the view of the second mujtahid would be valid even if the worshipper later on finds out that it was not in accordance with the view of his own marja'.
	www.shiamasjid.com /books/Code/10.htm (1156 words)

	Why Muslims Follow Madhhabs
		We will close by discussing the mujtahid’s relation to the science of hadith authentication, and the conditions by which a scholar knows that a given hadith is sahih or "rigorously authenticated," so that he can accept and follow it.
		But a mujtahid aware of the whole hadith corpus would certainly know a third hadith related by Muslim that is even more specific, and says: "Do not single out Friday from among other days to fast on, unless it coincides with a fast one of you performs" (Muslim, 2.801).
		The latter hadith establishes for the mujtahid the general principle that the ruling for fasting on a day normally prohibited to fast on changes when it "coincides with a fast one of you performs"—and so there is no problem with fasting whether the Day of Arafa falls on a Friday, Saturday, or Sunday.
	www.central-mosque.com /fiqh/madhhabk1.htm (5415 words)

	Dengan Nama Allah Yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Penyayang
		Masalah 13: Diperbolehkan (bagi kita untuk) berpindah dari bertaqlid kepada seorang mujtahid yang masih hidup kepada seorang mujtahid lain yang masih hidup juga jika keduanya adalah sama (dari sisi kea’laman).
		Jika mujtahid yang lain tersebut adalah a’lam, maka diwajibkan untuk berpindah kepadanya.
		Masalah 19: Jika mujtahid yang a’lam mengeluarkan fatwa berkenaan dengan sebuah masalah, maka tidak diperbolehkan bagi orang yang bertaqlid kepadanya untuk beramal sesuai fatwa mujtahid lain dalam masalah tersebut.
	lankarani.com /and/res/01.html (1104 words)

	Definition of a mujtahid mutlaq
		A mujtahid is someone qualified to exercise ijtihad, which literally means striving and technically means juridical endeavor and competence to infer expert legal rulings from foundational proofs within or without a particular school of law.
		Firstly the mujtahid must be a Muslim and a person of sound mind and intellectual competence.
		It suffices that he has to be able to gather up all that is connected with the topic he is investigating and to know what the experts of hadith have said concerning sound or weak gradings as well as what they said concerning the narrators with regard to discreditation and commendation.
	www.livingislam.org /fiqhi/fiqha_e60.html (424 words)

	The Role of Ijtihad in Legislation
		The terms ijtihad and mujtahid, in the sense in which they are used by Shi'ah and Sunni fuqaha', have not been used in any of their ahadith.
		Mujtahid al-madhhab' or 'mujtahid al-fatwa' is someone who follows the founder of the school in all matters in which the founder has expressly given his views.
		It is not possible that whatever any mujtahid may judge should be correct and his judgement should be the real law; for it is possible that different mujtahids may hold divergent opinions simultaneously about a certain subject and the same mujtahid may hold different opinions at different times about the same issue.
	www.alseraj.net /maktaba/kotob/english/Miscellaneousbooks/Al-Tawhidmagazin/html/eng/books/al-tawhid/ijtihad-legislation.htm (7081 words)

	Steven Masood online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Such a Mujtahid who is attached to one of the well-known schools and follows its juristic approach, may formulate his own independent legal opinions which may be different from the legal opinions of the founder.
		Such a Mujtahid must have a perfect knowledge of all the branches of jurisprudence according to the four schools and of the rulings that followed.
		Between the ranks of Mujtahids and muqallids there are other levels of jurists who have combined Ijtihad with taqlid and while it is acknowledged that the absolute Mujtahid is something that cannot be attained now, other levels are probably attainable.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /s-masood/miscessays/ijtihad.htm (2921 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Muttabi'a: is the follower who acquaints himself with the Daleel (evidence) used by the Mujtahid to arrive at the Ahkam but he does not have to comprehend the reason for using the specific Daleel.
		In practice, it means choosing the Mujtahid whom he is convinced with as having the correct ruling for the issue.
		The obedience is to the Hukm Sharii and not to a Mujtahid.
	salam.muslimsonline.com /~ilm/post116.txt (1303 words)

	AhlulBayt Discussion Forum -> Anyone seen this website? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Attaining the position of mujtahid requires many years of study and acquiring knowledge, and this is not obtained except by one who tries his utmost.
		We believe that a fully qualified mujtahid is a representative of the Imam, in the case of the latter's absence.
		Such authority has been bestowed upon the qualified mujtahid by the Imam so that he may represent him in his absence; hence he is known as the representative of the Imam (na' ib al-imam).
	www.shiachat.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=11667&st=40 (3673 words)

	Salafi Publications \| On Ijtihad and Taqlid
		And the Mujtahid is the one who expends efforts for this purpose.
		It is essential that the Mujtahid strives in expending his efforts to arrive at knowledge of the truth, and to give rulings in accordance to what is apparent to him.
		2) The mujtahid when he encounters a new situation, for which an immediate solution is required, but it is not possible for him to research into this matter.
	www.spubs.com /sps/sp.cfm?subsecID=MNJ06&articleID=MNJ060001&articlePages=1 (751 words)

	Article 5: Taqlid: Blind Adherence
		There is no doubt that those mujtahids who ruled it obligatory for believers to follow the decisions of the "most learned" jurist wanted to centralize the leadership of the jurist in the community and uniformalize religious practice of the faithful.
		The concept of marja`-taqlid and its relationship to the Shi`a community initiated by some prominent jurists during the Qajar period was completed when the believers, regardless of where and under what kind of government they lived, were organized as an independent religious community acknowledging the centrality of Islamic religious practice in their life.
		In fact, the mujtahid who occupies the position of marja`iyya (authoritative reference) has become the conscience of the Shi`ite community, and for the Shi`a masses the marja` al-taqlid, although neither infallible and nor directly appointed in that position by the Twelfth Imam, is popularly regarded as the Imam's deputy (na'ib).
	www.people.virginia.edu /~aas/article/article5.htm (1842 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In matters of religious laws, apart from the ones clearly defined, or ones which are indisputable, a person must: Either be a Mujtahid (jurist) himself, capable of inferring and deducing from the religious sources and evidence; Or if he is not a Mujtahid himself, he should follow one, i.e.
		There are three ways of identifying a Mujtahid, and the A’lam: When a person is certain that a particular person is a Mujtahid, or the most learned one.
		If a Mujtahid, who is followed by a person dies, his category will be the same as when he was alive.
	www.alimamali.com /html/eng/books/risaleh/risalah.doc (20962 words)

	bangla2000 \| Bulletin \| What is a Madhhab? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The word madhhab is derived from an Arabic word meaning "to go" or "to take as a way", and refers to a mujtahid's choice in regard to a number of interpretive possibilities in deriving the rule of Allah from the primary texts of the Qur'an and hadith on a particular question.
		In a larger sense, a madhhab represents the entire school of thought of a particular mujtahid Imam, such as Abu Hanifa, Malik, Shafi'i, or Ahmad--together with many first-rank scholars that came after each of these in their respective schools, who checked their evidences and refined and upgraded their work.
		The mujtahid Imams were thus explainers, who operationalized the Qur'an and sunna in the specific shari'a rulings in our lives that are collectively known as fiqh or "jurisprudence".
	www.bangla2000.com /mboard/vbulletin.asp?ID=1203 (905 words)

	Mujtahid mutlaq
		A mujtahid is someone qualified to exercise ijtihad, which literally means striving and technically means juridical endeavor and competence to infer expert legal rulings from foundational proofs within or without a particular school of law.
		There is no mujtahid mutlaq today nor even a claimant to that title.
		Firstly the mujtahid must be a Muslim and a person of sound mind and intellectual competence.
	www.mail-archive.com /msa_ec@listbot.com/msg02951.html (562 words)

	exertion and following, Ejtehad and Taghlid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Here it means to follow the Mujtahid so a person must perform the action according to religious opinion pronunced bythe Mujtahid (Fatwa).
		If the dead Mujtahid and living Mujtahid are equal in religious abilities, it is permissible to follow the dead Mujtahid.
		For this he should be a learned person himself, and should posses the capacity to identify a Mujtahid or A'alam.
	lankarani.com /eng/tal/islamic-rules/02.htm (524 words)

	Hizb At-Tahrir - The Seventh Straying (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Similar lies are numerous in the books of Hizb at-Tahrir, among of which is their claim that whenever the person is able to conclude rules, he becomes a mujtahid.
		The mujtahid knows the sayings of the Companions, and the mujtahids after them, the ijma^ and other, including al-qiyas (the hidden and apparent, the correct and incorrect).
		It is conditional that the mujtahid be trustworthy, have strong intellectual ability, and have memorized the ayat and hadiths that pertain to deducing rules.
	aicp.org /IslamicInformation/English/HizbAtTahrirTheSeventhStraying.htm (541 words)

	First Class Taqleed
		Therefore, it will not be obligatory upon him to follow the judgement of his mujtahid unless he can trust it or the subject is one of those that should be indetified through juristic inference.
		A: It is obligatory to follow a mujtahid who all requirments needed for issuing verdict and functions as a marja' and, on a more precautious basis, is the most learned as well.
		A: Switching, in taqlid, from one living mujtahid to another is permissible and becomes obligatory, on a more precautious basis, if the second mujtahid is more knowledgeable, in the mukallaf's view than the first one provided that his verdict on the matter differs from the verdict of the first mujtahid.
	www.islamicresearch.org /first_class_taqleed.htm (2825 words)

	Discover Islam and Muslims - Hajj: The Islamic Pilgrimage - Section 16: The Dhu al-Hijjah Moon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Because, a mujtahid mutlaq in his fatwas should either take an affirmative or a negative stand, and if he doesn't, has no right to be a legal authority (for taqlid).
		Someone may say that it is not a condition for being mujtahid mutlaq that he should never abstain from giving a definitive fatwa or give up caution (ihtiyat) in some matter, for `caution is the path of salvation' (al-'ihtiyat sabil al-najat).
		In fact when the mujtahid sees the necessity of ihtiyat in a matter, he does not give a fatwa upon it--as is the practice of legal authorities regarding several issues.
	www.islamic-paths.org /Home/English/Discover/Book/Hajj_5_Schools/Section_16.htm (744 words)

	Bahá'í Reference Library - Memorials of the Faithful, Pages 1-5
		There was, in the city of Najaf, among the disciples of the widely known mujtahid, Shaykh Murtadá, a man without likeness or peer.
		The two visitors could not recover from their surprise, for it was widely known that this personage was unique among mujtahids and was the most favored disciple of the renowned Shaykh Murtadá.
		Of wide learning, at once a mujtahid, a philosopher, 5 a mystic, and gifted with intuitive sight, he was also an accomplished man of letters and an orator without a peer.
	reference.bahai.org /en/t/ab/MF/mf-1.html (1187 words)

	What does ijtihad mean? Who is called mujtahid?
		In other words, it is to strive to derive the rules to solve problems that have not been explained clearly and openly in the Qur'an or in the hadiths by likening them to matters that have been explained clearly and in detail.
		Then, it is a binding rule for mujtahids to perform ijtihad.
		These are the great people who can understand the rules of the Shariat and religious matters lying in the depths of the ayats and hadiths that do not have clearly understandable meanings by using their understanding of the text and the meaning that can be inferred from the text.
	www.hizmetbooks.org /Endless_Bliss_First_Fascicle/b1-27.html (335 words)

	On the validity of Ijtihad
		The mujtahid continues doing this until he determines which of X, Y or Z, or a combination of them, is the actual ground for the rule.
		Often, when a mujtahid is attempting to determine whether the 'illa is X, Y or Z, he will rely on some empirical theory, especially if the mujtahid believes that the 'illa should be "appropriate (munasib)" to the ruling.
		Likewise, we also know that mujtahid imams are not necessarily the best source of information on empirical matters, and accordingly, where our worship of Allah, subhanahu wa ta'ala, requires ascertaining that a certain empirical circumstance be confirmed, or negated, we must rely on experts in that empirical field for that piece of information.
	www.sunnah.org /fiqh/usul/on_the_validity_of_ijtihad.htm (4381 words)

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