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Topic: Mulberry harbour

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Arromanches

Battle of Normandy

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Pointe du Hoc

US First Army

Operation Tonga

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Bailey bridge

Liberation of Paris

	Mulberry
		A Mulberry was one of either of two artificial harbours designed and constructed by the British in World War II to facilitate the unloading of supply ships off the coast of Normandy, France, immediately following the invasion of Europe on June 6, 1944.
		One harbour, known as Mulberry "A," was constructed off Saint-Laurent at Omaha Beach in the American sector, and the other, Mulberry "B," was built off Arromanches at Gold Beach in the British sector.
		Mulberry was conceived after the failed amphibious raid on the French port of Dieppe in August 1942.
	www.skylighters.org /encyclopedia/mulberry.html (840 words)

	Mulberry harbour - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Mulberry harbour was a type of temporary harbour developed in World War II to offload cargo on a beach during the Allied invasion of Normandy.
		The Mulberry harbours were two prefabricated or artificial military harbours, which were taken across the English Channel from Britain with the invading army and assembled off the coast of Normandy as part of the D-Day invasion of France.
		Mulberry 'A' was so badly damaged by the Channel storms of late June 1944 that it was considered to be irreparable and its further assembly ceased.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mulberry_harbour (1441 words)

	UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY - Mulberry Harbour
		The "Far Mulberry" as we know it, was classified as an "A1 Caisson", eighty were manufactured, they were 60 ft high, 204 ft in length, 50 ft 3 in wide and had a displacement of 6044 tons.
		When in position the harbours were at all stages protected by a formidable array of guns at approximately 200 ft spacing all around the outer perimeter, barrage balloons were also flown from the caissons for added protection.
		When you next dive the "Far Mulberry" you will know a little more of this fascinating wreck and how it came to be there and when those inevitable questions start from the new divers who explore these old remains, at least you can give them a brief history of Caisson Type A1.
	www.bsoup.org /Articles/Mulberry.php (486 words)

	Mulberry Harbour
		In December 1943, construction commenced in the UK of components for pre-fabricated artificial harbours to be sited on the coast of Normandy for the supply of Allied forces to be landed in 'Operation Overlord', the invasion of Europe which started 6th June 1944.
		Two Mulberry Harbours were actually assembled on the French coast, one for the American beachhead and one for the British at Arromanches.
		Mulberry Harbour Way is about 100 metres east of where the 'Whale' Units were actually built.
	www.wivenhoe.gov.uk /History/mulberry_harbour.htm (384 words)

	Mulberry Harbour blocks on Burnham-On-Sea Beach
		The Allied troops needed harbours in order to land their hundreds of thousands of troops and millions of tons of supplies which would be needed if Operation Overlord, the code-name given to D-Day, was to succeed.
		The harbours, code-named ‘Mulberries’, would consist of 73 individual prefabricated concrete blocks which when assembled would make up the ports, breakwaters and pontoons where ships could tie-up and unload their precious cargoes.
		The component sections of the harbours would be built in ports throughout the UK and towed across the Channel for final assembly off the Normandy coast.
	www.burnham-on-sea.com /mulberry-harbour.shtml (433 words)

	D-Day and beyond
		The artificial harbours were secretly built in parts -- which German intelligence mistakenly took to be for blocking their seaports, and towed into position by U.S. merchant seamen in a flotilla of tugs, where they were sunk in place.
		The port was used as a practice ground for the Mulberry harbour used in D-Day Landing.
		Garlieston is the nearest Scottish port to the Isle of Man. The port was used as a practice ground for the Mulberry harbour used in D-Day Landing.
	www.ww2inthehighlands.co.uk /dday/mulberryharbour.htm (423 words)

	COMBINEDOPS MULBERRY HARBOURS
		Mulberry A was never used again and parts of it were scavenged to repair damage to Mulberry B. The Americans quickly reverted to the traditional methods of unloading from landing craft and DUKWs directly onto the beaches often coming in on one tide and leaving on the next.
		Each day around 9000 tons were landed via Mulberry B until the end of August by which time Cherbourg port became available for use at least in part and, towards the end of the year, after the capture of Walcheren, the port of Antwerp.
		Mulberry B was in use for 5 months during which time over 2 million men, half a million vehicles and 4 million tons of supplies passed through the harbour.
	www.combinedops.com /Mulberry%20Harbours.htm (4647 words)

	They say that there are six wonders of the modern world but the erection of the mulberry harbour at Arromanches on Gold ...
		For the landings in Normandy to succeed the Allies needed a harbour to supply the invading troops with arms,ammunition and rations.
		However, all the harbours close by at Cherbourg, Dieppe, St.Malo were heavily fortified and defended by the Germans therefore the Allies could not wait until these were liberated, so they decided that they themselves would have to build an artificial harbour.
		The construction of the Mulberries was probably the greatest engineering enterprise undertaken since the Persian armies crossed over the Bosphorous, on a pontoon bridge, in BC 480.
	www.esatclear.ie /~jlarkin/mulberry.htm (606 words)

	HyperWar: Mulberry B Report
		Each of the harbours also included a line of blockships, which formed part of their breakwaters in the shallower water, the rest of the breakwaters in deep water being composed of caissons.
		The harbours had been designed to insure against precisely this emergency; but unfortunately the sudden gale caught them before they were finished and before the whole of the breakwaters had been laid.
		Great damage was sustained by the American harbour, which lacked the useful shelter which the Calvados reef provided for the British; and to make matters worse many of the components--caissons and lengths of pier--were lost or damaged while on tow in the Channel during the three days' gale.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/ETO/Overlord/MulberryB (4603 words)

	Mulberry Harbour
		Because the harbours in France were very heavily defended and the beaches chosen for the landings unsuitable for stores, equipment and men to be brought ashore and evacuated quickly, these barriers were constructed to act as a floating sea defence and also to carry supplies.
		The harbours did attract the attention of the enemy forces and one tug, the Roode Zee was torpedoed and sank whilst towing.
		Although the Mulberry Harbour was built as a temporary defence, some pieces can still be seen off the coast of France (see pictures right) and also some parts which were never used can also be seen at Portsmouth and in the River Thames, London.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /rescuetugs/page3.html (302 words)

	Mulberry Harbour - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Mulberry Harbour - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Despite an attempted counter-attack by the German 21st Panzer Division, the beachheads achieved on the first day were swiftly made secure.
		- floating harbour: either of two preconstructed floating harbours that were towed across the English Channel to France as part of the Allied invasion in 1944
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Mulberry_Harbour.html (140 words)

	Mulberry Harbour
		The harbours or Mulberries as they were code-named, were built to assist with the D-day landings in France.
		As the beaches chosen were unsuitable for this task, plus the fact that all of the harbours in France were heaverly defended a way had to be found to move supplies and equipment quickly.
		Each Mulberry Harbour was constructed mainly of Phoenix, caissons these were in essence floating reinforced concrete blocks.
	www.gnometech.freeserve.co.uk /html/mulberry_harbour.html (309 words)

	Mulberry harbours and Pluto - the D Day Landings in World War 2
		The challenge presented to the Allies however was significant as the Germans had used their years in France to turn all of the Channel ports into fortresses, so much so that there was no question of capturing them in an attack either from sea or air.
		And yet the Allies needed harbours in order to land the hundreds of thousands of men and millions of tons of supplies that they would need if Operation Overlord, the code-name given to D-Day, was to succeed.
		The most spectacular feature of the Mulberry project was the construction of the huge, hollow blocks of concrete or caissons.
	www.historic-uk.com /HistoryUK/England-History/MulberryandPluto.htm (654 words)

	The Mullberry harbours
		Existing roads were widened and new ones laid across the fields to ensure that the huge flow of lorries, guns, tanks, munitions and men reached the front as quickly as possible.
		Mulberry B fared slightly better, but still required major repairs.
		o say, as some people have, that the Arromanches Mulberry was the key to the success of D-Day may be somewhat of an exaggeration, but it has certainly gone down in history as a brilliant technical feat.
	www.normandiememoire.com /NM60Anglais/2_histo4/histo4_p03_gb.htm (410 words)

	Mulberry harbour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Remains of Mulberry B at Arromanches A Mulberry Harbour was a type of temporary harbour developed in World War II to offload cargo on a beach during the Allied invasion of Normandy.
		Although this was met with derision at the time, the concept of Mulberry Harbours began to take shape when Hughes-Hallett moved to be Naval Chief of Staff to the Overlord planners.
		From a technical perspective, a Mulberry harbour was constructed out of 600,000 tons of concrete between 33 jetties, and had 10 miles of floating roadways to land men and vehicles on the beach.
	mulberry-harbour.iqnaut.net (381 words)

	Findon Village Antiquities - The Mulberries at Selsley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Dad was allowed to go and see her the night before they sailed, by a kind hearted Officer, the motor bike he used would not start and he only just made it back to the loading ramp in time to throw the machine onto the ramp and jump aboard as they sailed.
		Dad and his friend helped assemble the harbour in France, but instead of coming home they stayed with a REME field Company right to the End of the war, they came Home in 1945 and he married Mum and settled in Southampton, were he still lives, sadly Mum died last March.
		There is plenty of annecdotal evidence of her involvement in the Mulberry harbour, but so far no documents or photos have been found.
	www.findonvillage.com /0356_the_mysterious_mulberries.htm (2769 words)

	Mulberry - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Mulberry, common name for a family of mostly woody flowering dicot plants, widespread in the tropics, with some extensions into temperate areas, and...
		Mulberry Harbour, prefabricated harbour that provided docking for ships resupplying the Allied forces after the Normandy landings known as D-Day, on...
		Fruit (quotations): Fruit: When they ran over her, the mulberry tree…
	au.encarta.msn.com /Mulberry.html (127 words)

	BBC - WW2 People's War - Memories of Mulberry Harbour
		This is a somewhat curtailed account of my involvement with the creation and deployment of the world’s greatest floating harbour and its transfer from England’s south coast to the north coast of France at the small seaside town of Arromanches in June 1944.
		We had been told that day that the regiment was to provide anti-aircraft protection for the floating port to be known as the Mulberry Harbour, which was now being constructed.
		Our daily sea trips in the harbour were conducted whilst it was still being swept cleat of the mines dropped the previous night.
	www.bbc.co.uk /ww2peopleswar/stories/22/a3642022.shtml (1599 words)

	The National Archives \| Exhibitions & Learning online \| British Battles
		Each assault beach had an artificial breakwater known as a 'Gooseberry' and two of these were extended into a full harbour with piers, called a 'Mulberry'.
		They were made of sunken blockships and prefabricated sections that were built in Britain and moved across the Channel.
		A storm that began on 19 June caused extensive damage to some of the harbours and delayed the arrival of reinforcements and supplies.
	www.nationalarchives.gov.uk /battles/dday/popup/mulberry.htm (108 words)

	Langstone Harbour
		An idea of the shellfish in the harbour may be had by a bit of beachcombing.
		The harbour itself is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, a candidate Special Area of Conservation, a Special Protection Area for birds, and a Ramsar site.
		The Langstone Harbour Board has the task of controlling boating and fishing activities in the harbour and have more recently taken on the promotion of nature conservation work.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/alanthurbon/wildtext/langstoneh.htm (854 words)

	History Online - Email diary
		Arromanches was on Gold Beach, which was taken by the British, with the Canadians to the east on Sword Beach and the Americans to the west on Omaha Beach.
		The remains of the Mulberry Harbour can still be seen in the sea off Arromanches.
		The British Mulberry Harbour was well-secured and large parts of it remain today, while the American Mulberry Harbour was less firmly anchored and was largely destroyed in a storm in the weeks after D-Day.
	www.historyonline.co.uk /freesite_tour/e_diaries/normandy/day1.html (312 words)

	Page Title
		At the Roosevelt-Churchill conference in Quebec in August 1943, it was decided that an artificial harbour would have to be built and towed across from England to France.
		One for the British, to be constructed at the little coastal town of Arromanches and the other for the American forces, to be built off the coast of Omaha Beach.
		component was a construction which would form the harbour walls, massive reinforced hollow concrete blocks, called caissons, some, 150 of these were built in various sizes, the largest was 200 feet long and 60 feet tall.
	www.6june44.freeserve.co.uk /page50.html (514 words)

	New Romney Tour: Mulberry Harbour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		At low tide, this section of the Mulberry Harbour is visible off the coast.
		During World War II about 250 of these huge hollow reinforced concrete blocks, called "Phoenix caissons", were constructed and filled with compressed air.
		Here they combined to form a large harbour where supplies could be brought ashore for Allied troops.
	homepages.tesco.net /~davyo/nrtour/mulberry.htm (82 words)

	The Lost Railway Lines of Ayrshire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One of these, the Mulberry Harbour Project must range alongside Bletchley Park and the cracking of the German code machines in its importance.
		Without Mulberry and the secrecy that surrounded it, the Normandy invasion would have met with disaster.
		This book tells the story of the Mulberry Harbour Project that was developed in Wigtownshire during the middle years of the war.
	www.gcbooks.demon.co.uk /mulharb.htm (117 words)

	Normandy, Neptune, Arcadia, Dieppe, Quebec, Conference, Mulberry, Eisenhower, Tedder, Montgomery, Overlord, Channel
		Following approval of the outline plans for the Allied landings in France at the August 1943 Quebec Conference, detailed preparation was put in hand for putting ashore three divisions on the Normandy coast between the Rivers Vire and Orne.
		Between the 19th and 22nd, violent Channel gales wrecked the US 'Mulberry' harbour off 'Omaha' and seriously damaged the British one off 'Gold' beach.
		Only the British harbour was repaired and the need for Cherbourg became even more important.
	www.naval-history.net /WW2CampaignsNormandy.htm (2022 words)

	Diving:UK Dive Trips - St Albans Sub Aqua Club
		These are parts of the floating Mulberry Harbour used for the D-Day landings.
		Although there are quite a few mulberry units here and there the two most commonly dived are referred to as the inner and outer Mulberries.
		The Inner Mulberry is the smaller of the two a C2 unit, its shallow 4 - 6M and is visible at low water.
	www.sasac.co.uk /index.php?title=Diving:UK_Dive_Trips (500 words)

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