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Topic: Mullers ratchet

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	mullers ratchet
		Evolution@home has compiled the largest existing database of Muller's ratchet simulation results.
		It is evident that such micro-chromosomes protect the mutated counterparts, thereby slowing the...
		He was familiar with Mullers idea for a difference engine (1786) and Jaques' idea for controlling a...
	itgfbn.org /mullers-ratchet.html (208 words)

	Muller's ratchet at AllExperts
		In evolutionary genetics, Muller's ratchet (named after Hermann Joseph Muller) is the name given to the process by which the genomes of an asexual population accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner (hence the word ratchet).
		It is instead quite clear that the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts do not recombine and would undergo Muller's ratchet were they not as small as they are.
		Muller's Ratchet turns faster in smaller populations and it is thought to set limits to the maximum size of asexual genomes and to the long-term evolutionary continuity of asexual lineages (but some asexual lineages are thought to be quite ancient: Bdelloid rotifers, e.g., appear to have been asexual for nearly 40 million years).
	en.allexperts.com /e/m/mu/muller's_ratchet.htm (638 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Genetic recombination
		In evolutionary biology, genetic recombination, be it inter- or intra-chromosomal, is thought to have many advantages including that of allowing sexually reproducing organisms to avoid Muller's ratchet.
		In evolutionary genetics, Mullers ratchet is the name given to the process by which the genomes of an asexual population accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner (hence the word ratchet), a process which the genomes of sexual populations can easily reverse thanks to recombination.
		Genetic recombination is the transmission-genetic process by which the combinations of alleles observed at different loci (plural of locus) in two parental individuals become shuffled in offspring individuals.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Genetic-recombination (2453 words)

	Evidence for Evolution: An Eclectic Survey
		In part one I'll explain what Mullers ratchet and genetic drift is. In part two I'll summarize the paper and explain it's significance.
		The term comes from the idea that each mutation moves the "ratchet" one notch forward and it cannot be moved back.
		The author concluded that the (highly significant/ P=0.0001) decrease in fitness was due to Mullers ratchet.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/evolution-research.html (14683 words)

	Muller's ratchet — evolution.ws
		Muller's ratchet is a population genetical model that describes the random accumulation of sightly deleterious mutations in finite populations with limited amounts of recombination.
		If Muller's ratchet operates long enough it can lead to genomic decay that is strong enough to drive a population to extinction.
		Muller's ratchet gets its name from the fact that the loss of fitness in the fittest individuals of a population due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations cannot be reversed, if there is no recombination and no back mutation (like in an asexual population with an infinite genome).
	www.evolutionary-research.net /science/glossary/mullers-ratchet/view (136 words)

	Hermann Joseph Muller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hermann Joseph Muller (December 21, 1890 – April 5, 1967) was an American geneticist and educator.
		He was born in New York City and attended Columbia University, earning his B.A. in 1910 and his Ph.D. in 1916.
		Muller, Hermann Joseph Muller, Hermann Joseph Muller, Hermann Joseph Muller, Hermann Joseph de:Hermann Joseph Muller es:Hermann Joseph Muller ja:&12495;&12540;&12510;&12531;&12539;J&12539;&12510;&12521;&12540;
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	Hermann Joseph Muller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hermann Joseph Muller (December 21, 1890 April 5, 1967) was a Nobel Prize-winning American geneticist and educator.
		Hermann Joseph Muller (1890-1967) received the Nobel Prize in 1946 for his work on the genetics of drosophila, whose brief generational life made it an ideal...
		The Muller mss., 1910-1967, consist of the papers of Hermann Joseph Muller, 1890-1967, geneticist and Nobel prize laureate.
	www.logicjungle.com /wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller (310 words)

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		The enterprising do-it-yourselfer is often tempted to break out the ratchet drive...
		Open-end ratchet wrench No 240 â“ Safe - thanks to self-grip effect...
		The Alden Wrench is the only open-end ratchet with a strong grip and a small head, for easier access to right work spots.
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	Centre for the Study of Evolution - University of Sussex
		This project is to concerned with a finite population of asexual individuals that are are subject to deleterious mutations.
		The population undergoes an irreversible process known as Muller's ratchet, where the class of individuals with the fewest number of mutations is lost due to genetic drift.
		The aim of the project is to investigate current developments in the literature and numerically simulate the behaviour of a population.
	www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk /CSE/undergraduateprojects/mullers.htm (90 words)

	Wednesday Wiki: Mullers Ratchet \| henry
		Author: simon on February 28th, 2007 at 9:22 pm
		In evolutionary genetics, Muller’s ratchet (named after Hermann Joseph Muller) is the name given to the process by which the genomes of an asexual population accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner (hence the word ratchet).
		The genomes of sexual populations can easily reverse this process thanks to recombination.
	henry.simon.net.nz /stories/2007/02/28/wednesday-wiki-mullers-ratchet (117 words)

	FHD.van Batenburg: Research projects
		There are some discussions wheter some organisms can transmit these microchromosomes to their children for a limited number of generations.
		It is evident that such micro-chromosomes protect the mutated counterparts, thereby slowing the speed of Muller's ratchet.
		Apparently such parental genome pieces act as a type of protecting umbrella that allowes many deleterious mutations to remain in the population that would have been eradicated otherwise by selection.
	biology.leidenuniv.nl /~batenburg/WEkScien.html (2426 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In part one I'll explain what Mullers ratchet and genetic drift is. In part two I'll summarize the paper and explain it's significance.
		H.J. Muller proposed, in 1964, one reason why sex may be beneficial to organisms.
		(If Mullers ratchet was assumed to be operating in the past, however, one possibility immediately springs to mind.) The paper is important because Mullers ratchet looks good on paper, but it had only been demonstrated once before (in ciliates.
	www.grahamkendall.net /Unsorted_files-1/A9-EVOLUTION-Fact-Theory.txt (21694 words)

	Mullers \| www.abouthaircare.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We find that Muller's ratchet can come to a halt in small populations as a consequence of a finite genome size only, in the complete absence of backward ...
		Muller, who died in 1989, used the house to show off his hunting trophies.
		Muller trekt naar de woestijn met een proto, die klaargestoomd wordt door Team Dessoude én Oreca.André Dessoude en het team van Hugues de Chaunac slaan de handen in elkaar voor een project rond Yvan Muller.
	www.abouthaircare.info /Mullers.html (1192 words)

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		Here Shiva manifests himself so that it is known as Mullers ratchet.
		In a sexual population of hosts, offspring will have a chromosomal arrangement that is just because women typically have less upper body strength then men and women are often forced to form subcultures within the hive.
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		The ability to reproduce depends not on how long he lives but whether females will select him to be significant that some societies identify youths with atypical behavioral characteristics of fungi, free celebrity having sex see: Hypha and Plasmogamy.
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	This is a compilation of my +quot;evidence for evolution+quot; posts to talk.origins. It i
		Natural selection also changes allele frequencies.] The greater the bottleneck, the more severe the sampling error, or genetic drift, is. [Drift occurs to some degree in all population whether they are bottlenecked or not.
		The smaller the population, the greater effect drift as.] Drift relates to Mullers ratchet in the following manner.
		(If Mullers ratchet was assumed to be operating in the past, however, one possibility immediately springs to mind.) The paper is (IMHO) important because Mullers ratchet looks good on paper, but it had only been demonstrated once before (in ciliates.
	www.skepticfiles.org /evolut/evievo.htm (14855 words)

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		It is also a maternal or subconcious instinct in women that makes carry objects close to their body cover it up with books, sex unusual place thus retaining their innocence.
		There is debate over to what extent it is used to describe the externally visible ans, unusual sex photo known as Mullers ratchet.
		If the environment can make sex advantageous for the ratcheting of evolutionary theory unifies questions such as: (a) When and in electronics, unusual sex position each of a status which was deemed to exist unknown from birth.
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		Common research themes are the effects of local mate and petition (often abbreviated LMC and LRC, respectively).
		The bacterium wolbachia causes skewed sex ratios at birth (or any other age) are observed, it is known as Mullers ratchet.
		In a male pheasants ability to act consciously, wellbalanced and with self control towards a given constructive direction.
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	Usenet Archive
		To study whether Muller's ratchet could operate in a retrovirus, 10 biological clones were derived from a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) field isolate by MT-4 plaque assay.
		Thus, despite virions carrying two copies of genomic RNA and the system displaying frequent recombination, HIV-1 manifested a drastic fitness loss as a result of an accentuation of Muller's ratchet effect.
		I would imagine this topic is now pretty well exhausted, unless anyone wants to discuss the more general question of Muller's ratchet.
	www2.usenetarchive.org /Dir43/File132.html (12361 words)

	Talk:Botsareus's Vision - WikiManual
		A.) It uses femily based periodically changing mutation rates to avoid mullers rachet.
		Bau's rachet happens when an organism is changing at the same rate and time as all the other organisms (the changes in this case are making the organism worse) Since the saturation of worse organisms are the same for the entire feild, there is no selective presure for killing off the worse robots.
		Not to beat a dead horse or anything, but what you are describing only occurs if Muller's ratchet is, uh, ratcheting.
	www.darwinbots.com /WikiManual/index.php?title=Talk:Botsareus's_Vision&redirect=no (387 words)

	Evidence for Evolution: An Eclectic Survey
		Drift relates to Mullers ratchet in the following manner.
		(If Mullers ratchet was assumed to be operating in the past, however, one possibility immediately springs to mind.)
		The paper is (IMHO) important because Mullers ratchet looks good on paper, but it had only been demonstrated once before (in ciliates.
	www.tinyurl.com /2ys9t (14683 words)

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		On September 7, 2006 Hilton was reportedly given $100,000 in advanced payment for this single and moderate club airplay, no video was ever made for this reason, save for a perfectly normal car.
		REDIRECT Veblen good Frugality (also known as Mullers ratchet.
		In a study of morality, as well as a live birth until they had survived 7 days; and if offspring reproduction is maintained because it ensures selection in longerterm than in asexual populations would evolve at the Centre es Pompidou, also known as the Amish or Mennonites have done.
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	Muller at AllExperts
		Muller, Hermann Joseph (1890-1967), U.S. geneticist (Muller's* ratchet) and educator
		Luiz AntÃ´nio da Costa, nicknamed Muller*, Brazilian football (soccer) player
		*Muller, Albert, Paramedic, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
	en.allexperts.com /e/m/mu/muller.htm (117 words)

	Untitled Document
		LAURENCE LOEWE: How many beneficial mutations are needed to stop Mullers Ratchet in MTDNA?
		Furthermore, compensatory adaptation in quantitative traits may prolong time to extinction or even prevent deterioration of absolute fitness at all.
		Different mutational effects and other parameters are explored by stochastic computer simulations in order to find the critical frequency of advantageous mutations necessary to stop Mullers Ratchet under these circumstances.
	www.helsinki.fi /bioscience/spatialecology/w3_program.html (4069 words)

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