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Topic: Multics operating system

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	Operating system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As well as the kernel, an operating system is often distributed with system software that manages a graphical user interface (although Windows and Macintosh have integrated these programs into the operating system), as well as utility programs for tasks such as managing files and configuring the operating system.
		Multics, particularly, was an inspiration to a number of operating systems developed in the 1970s, notably Unix.
		Mainframe operating systems, such as IBM's z/OS, and embedded operating systems such as VxWorks, eCos, and Palm OS, are usually unrelated to Unix and Windows, except for Windows CE, Windows NT Embedded 4.0 and Windows XP Embedded which are descendants of Windows, and several BSDs, and Linux distributions tailored for embedded systems*.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operating_System (3069 words)

	Multics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Multics was an early operating system that implemented a single level store for data access, discarding the clear distinction between files (called segments in Multics) and process memory.
		Multics also supported extremely aggressive on-line reconfiguration; CPUs, memory banks, disk drives, etc. could all be added and removed while the system continued operating; being added into service, or removed from it, as required.
		Multics was also notable for its early emphasis on computer security by design, and Multics was possibly the very first operating system to be designed as a secure system from the ground up.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Multics (1831 words)

	The Multics Virtual Memory
		If all on-line information in the system may be addressed directly by any computation, it becomes imperative to be able to limit or control access to this information both for the self-protection of a computation from its own mishaps, and for the mutual protection of computations using the same system hardware facilities.
		In a system in which the maximum size of any segment was very small compared to the size of the entire core memory, the "swapping" of complete segments into and out of core would be feasible.
		The Multics supervisor could have been written so as not to use segment addressing of course; but organizing the supervisor into procedures and data segments permits one to use, in the supervisor, the same conventions that are used in user programs.
	www.cs.ucsb.edu /~ravenben/papers/prelims/multics-vm.html (7905 words)

	The Life and Times of the Multics OS
		When asking most consumers to give their opinions about operating systems, it's rare to find an average person who even knows what an OS is, let alone one who has something insightful to say, other than perhaps what he or she has read about Microsoft in the local paper.
		Multics -- better known as "Multiplexed Information and Computing Service" by those who used it -- is a mainframe timesharing OS that started as far back as 1965 and was put to rest after a long life in October 2000.
		By 1970, the basic elements of the UNIX operating system were in place, but because it could support only one user, Kernighan jokingly named it the Uniplexed Information and Computing System (UNICS) as a pun on Multics.
	www.geocities.com /steelalloy/multics.htm (754 words)

	Multics Glossary
		CP/CMS IBM operating system for the 360/67, begun at the...
		System M Multics system in Phoenix at CRF used by Honeywell...
		Systeme X Multics system in France used by Bull employees for...
	icebox.stratus.com /vos/multics/tvv/mgloss.html (4915 words)

	Operating System
		Multics to deliver promptly any sort of automatic exec but without arguments, simplified considerably in the new system, the chdir command correctly changed the current directory of the file system convention was required: each directory had to clean out its process table entry, and give up control.
		UNIX computer operating system code be executed, with the receiver, although the system was running all were made available, we began once again to enjoy the benefits of using a reasonable language to write a floating-point arithmetic package, the pointwise specification of the system was in operation, at the same time it is a sterile.
		Ilroy's persistence, pipes were finally installed in the old system chdir was an ordinary command it adjusted the current directory of the graphic characters for the purchase of a new copy of the system.
	www.indo.org /operating-system.php (716 words)

	The Instrumentation of Multics
		Multics is a project whose intent is to explore the implications of building a comprehensive computer utility.
		The specific goals of Multics are described in a series of papers written in 1965 [1]; briefly, the objective is to create a computer operating system centered around the ability to share information in a controlled way and permitting application to a wide variety of computational jobs.
		On the CTSS system, a predecessor of Multics for the IBM 7094, the lack of a calendar clock forced this type of measurement to be made using arrival of words from a magnetic tape as a kind of pseudo clock.
	web.mit.edu /Saltzer/www/publications/instrumentation.html (5157 words)

	Multics Glossary -F-
		A Multics process can terminate for a number of reasons, such as running off the end of its stack, taking a fault in the fault handling mechanisms, or getting an error writing an error message.
		Multics was the first operating system to introduce a true hierarchical storage system, in which a directory could contain other directories.
		(645 Multics used the GIOC for communications I/O.) The Datanet 6661 (and its predecessor, the Datanet 6678) were reimplementations of the 355 architecture using Level 6 minicomputer technology.
	multicians.planetmirror.com /mgf.html (1278 words)

	Multics Glossary -R-
		In operation, the device transported a particular bin to the reading station, selected a strip using notches at the top of the strip, picked the strip out of the bin and wrapped it around a drum, and treated it as a sort of magnetic drum storage.
		Multics documentation was transitioned from the Flexowriters to use of runoff when the system became self-hosting about 1968.
		Multics manuals were formatted with complex macros, included by the document source, that handled tables of contents and standard formatting, and supported the single sourcing of the commands manual and the info files for commands.
	multicians.planetmirror.com /mgr.html (2616 words)

	Multics - PL/I Language Conventions
		If the power operator has decimal operands, a conversion to and from binary and/or a subroutine call will be generated.
		OPERATIONS ON LONG STRINGS Most statements of the form: a = b c; a = translate (b,...); a = bool (b,c,); where a, b, and c are long nonvarying strings, cause code to be generated that performs the operation in a temporary and then moves the result into a.
		AGGREGATE OPERATIONS Most aggregate operations, other than simple assignment and the use of the string and unspec builtins and pseudovarlables, are relatively inefficient in the present Multics PL/I implementation and should be avoided.
	home.nycap.rr.com /pflass/PLI/an82.8.html (3025 words)

	the communiqué: The Last Multics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was an early mainframe timesharing operating system.
		Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on subsequent operating systems.
		Installed in 1982, DND-H served as the hub of the Canadian navy\'s operational command and control system and was used extensively in military operations including the Gulf War and in humanitarian support operations such as the recovery of SwissAir 111.
	www.teledyn.com /node/161 (235 words)

	Multics FAQ (monthly posting)
		The URL is http://www.mit.edu:8001/afs/net/user/srz/www/multics.html A5) Paul Green's Multics archive table of contents is at ftp://ftp.stratus.com/pub/vos/multics/multics.html It lists his Multics Virtual Memory paper, as well as examples of Multics PL/I programs.
		A6) There is a large set of Multics Web pages available at http://www.best.com/~thvv/multics.html including hypertext versions of the FAQ files, the 250K Multics Glossary, papers, stories, and pictures of Multicians and 6180s.
		The system was a symmetric multiprocessor with shared physical and virtual memory.
	www.mit.edu /~srz/multics-faq.html (588 words)

	roff
		The roff system itself is intimately connected to the Unix operating system, but its roots go back to the earlier operating systems CTSS and Multics.
		Both operating systems could only be run on very expensive computers at that time, so they were mostly used in research and for official and military tasks.
		It is the first roff system that is available on almost all operating systems [em] and it is free.
	www.delorie.com /gnu/docs/groff/roff.man.html (3523 words)

	Multics
		Multics operating system and the hardware it was running on.
		As Ingo was always interested in numerical models of thermal conduction and things like that, one day he wrote a small FORTRAN program which calculated the thermal flow in a steel plate, when suddenly our course advisor had a look at his screen.
		As time went by we got to know more and more people of the computer center and the people working there got to know us, since we were there when they left and sometimes we were there when they came back to work the next morning.
	www.vaxman.de /historic_computers/multics/multics.html (662 words)

	History of UNIX - Part I
		As early as 1957, Bell Labs found they needed an operating system for their inhouse computer center which was then running lots of short batch jobs.
		When the decision to pull out of the Multics project was made by ATandT, Vyssotsky explains there was an operating system that he called a "precursor of Multics" running on their GE 645 computer.
		During the same period that the search for an operating system to replace the promise of Multics had begun by Bell Labs computer programming researchers, the Bell System was faced with the problem of automating their telephone operations using minicomputers.
	www.dei.isep.ipp.pt /docs/unix-Part_I.html (4212 words)

	Multics Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Multics Operating System, developed at MIT beginning in the late 1960s, pioneered many advanced OS concepts.
		It was one of the first operating systems to be written in a high-level language, PL/I.
		The Multics archive (ac) command was perhaps the "mother of all" file packaging commands such as tar and zip.
	home.nycap.rr.com /pflass/Multics (348 words)

	[No title]
		At this point, the operating system was self- supporting; programs could be written and tested without resort to paper tape, and development continued on the PDP-7 itself." (Ibid., pg 2) The result, Ritchie explains, was that "Thompson's PDP-7 assembler outdid even DEC's in simplicity; it evaluated expressions and emitted the corresponding bits.
		I did not argue with them about whether or not they should develop their own operating systems -- knowing in my heart of hearts that once they got on UNIX they wouldn't be able to do any better with the experience and the schedules they had.
		You might mention that GECOS was the standard operating system for the GE-600 series of computers, and was developed by General Electric.
	www.dorje.com /netstuff/folklore/hist.unix (11288 words)

	Introduction To Unix
		UNIX is a mature family of operating systems with a proven track record for performance, reliability, and security in a server environment.
		UNIX is a scalable OS (operating system) that runs on various computer hardware platforms from PCs to large supercomputers.
		UNIX is the operating system of most large Internet servers, businesses and universities, and a major part of academic and industrial research in operating systems is based on UNIX.
	www.austincc.edu /akochis/unix/u001.htm (706 words)

	Omniseek: /Computing /Software /Operating Systems /Multics /
		Review by Thorsten von Eicken, Jan 1998 a system that's fun to use for program development and research powerful yet small build to be able to use Sophisticated operating system that runs on cheap machines
		Multics is a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and still in use today.
		Phrases, terms, and acronyms used during the development of the Multics operating system.
	www.omniseek.com /srch/{23302} (223 words)

	The Creation of the UNIX* Operating System: It looked like an operating system, almost
		The initial implementation "was totally rewritten in a form that looked like an operating system," Thompson said, "with tools that were sort of known, you know, assembler, editor, shell." The system, he said, "...if not maintaining itself, was right on the verge of maintaining itself, totally severing the GECOS connection."
		He was referring to the fact that up to this point, all the programs were written using GECOS and transferred to the PDP-7 by paper tape.
		But once an assembler was completed, the system was able to support itself.
	www.bell-labs.com /history/unix/almost.html (156 words)

	LWN: Multics security, thirty years later
		Given the understanding of system vulnerabilities that existed nearly thirty years ago, today's "security enhanced" or "trusted" systems would not be considered suitable for processing even in the benign closed environment.
		Having worked on Multics in the early 80's at MIT and been a hardcore "hacker" (the Multics core) I can say Multics is a _lot_ larger than a Linux kernel..
		Just to give you an idea of the size of Multics, in 1982 MIT spent over 7 million dollars on storage alone for the machine the famous Rochlis tapes were archived from (last known good copy of the Multics source) and it had a little over 4 gigabytes of storage.
	lwn.net /Articles/9620 (1284 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The History of Unix, by Wade Allen > UNIX is one of the oldest operating systems in use today, and has its > beginnings in the development of the MULTICS operating system by MIT, Bell > Labs, and GE in the late 1960's.
		This new operating system, was > capable of supporting two simultaneous users and was nicknamed > (UNICS) for Uniplexed Information and Computing System.
		It may be interesting to note > that one of the unification efforts, the Portable Operating System > Interface for Computer Environments (POSIX), is a joint IEEE/ANSI standard > supported by NIST.
	www.mines.edu /Academic/courses/physics/phgn384/computing/LUG/BirthOfUnix.txt (463 words)

	Omniseek: /Computing /Systems /Computers: Software: Operating Systems /Multics /
		A Brief History of Computers and Operating Systems by Scott Dowdle [Disclaimer: The following is an interpretation of the bigger picture and is certainly subjective in nature.
		One of the classic introductory texts on operating systems, written by the creator of MINIX, which later evolved into the popular freeware Linux operating system.
		Documents produced during the development of the Multics operating system.
	www.omniseek.com /srch/{23577} (313 words)

	FAQ Headers
		The Multics FAQ continues to improve as people contribute
		A) This group is for the discussion of the Multics operating
		As with all USENET messages, the copyrights on the FAQs should be presumed to belong to the authors.
	www.newsville.com /cgi-bin/getfaq?file=alt.os.multics/FAQ_Multics_General_(short) (170 words)

	operating system
		The facilities an operating system provides and its general design philosophy exert an extremely strong influence on programming style and on the technical cultures that grow up around its host machines.
		Hacker folklore has been shaped primarily by the
		Multics operating systems (most importantly by ITS and Unix).
	www.catb.org /~esr/jargon/html/O/operating-system.html (74 words)

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