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Topic: Multilingualism

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	Multilingualism, Subalternity and Dominance of Single Language Networks
		The Hegemony of English in the Multilingual Societies of India and South Africa
		It deals with multilingualism, language policies, multi-lingual and multi-expressive education in the framework of effective hegemony of one main language and, in global perspective, of English as lingua franca.
		It examines, thereby, the processes of communication through multiple languages, of multi-cultural understanding, of socio-political interaction through multiple literacies, of multiple technology practices and of multiple learning arrangements, which take place in the framework of tensions and conflicts generated by homogenising and dominating national and trans-national group relations, structures and institutions.
	www.multilingualism.net (147 words)

	Multilingualism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called first language (L1).
		This is a multilingual sign at the Hong Kong-Macau Ferry Pier in the Macau Special Administrative Region of China.
		Linguist Ekkehard Wolff estimates that 50% of the population of Africa is multilingual (Wolff, 2000).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Multilingualism (2845 words)

	The Economics of Multilingualism
		While the title of this paper refers to the economics of multilingualism, it is appropriate to note that economists describe this area of the economics of human resources as the "economics of language" and that both theoretical and empirical work primarily focus on bilingualism, rather than multilingualism in general.
		Multilingualism and multiculturalism are often touted as forms of wealth or as "resources", but such claims usually fail to move beyond metaphor, which is of limited help in dealing with the policy issues raised by multilingualism.
		On the other hand, blanket endorsements of multilingualism commonly found in the linguistics or multicultural education literature (often along with the metaphor of multiligualism as a resource) appear to assume that language rights should always be granted, irrespective of the number of claimants and the costs implied.
	www1.worldbank.org /wbiep/decentralization/library12/grin.htm (7270 words)

	Multilingualism In The European Union And Its Costs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In this sense, the multilingualism of institutions would seem to be a prerequisite for popular participation in European democratic life, and this means that multilingual communication is a sort of "litmus paper" of the degree of transparency and democracy in the Union.
		In conclusion, multilingual communication involves various kinds of disadvantages associated with different causes, both in situations in which the work is carried on in several languages, and in cases in which only one or two languages are used.
		In other words, the services for multilingualism would in the end be seen as a "luxury" if multilingualism is not actually practised (Phillipson, 2003: 134), and in the definition of the arrangements matter both the subjective choices of the delegates and those of the institutions as to which procedures to support.
	www.uemilano.it /multilinguismo/multilinguismo_unione_europea_en.htm (6634 words)

	Multilingualism in the Middle Ages
		The aim of the project is to further research into the cultural consequences and manifestations of multilingualism in the medieval west.
		Areas for study include the purposes and effects of ‘code switching’;, the functional and territorial distribution of languages, multilingual writings and manuscripts, questions of mutual comprehensibility, and others.
		The project is a collaboration between the Universities of Bergen, Bristol, Leeds, Madison-Wisconsin, Manchester, Oslo, Penn State, Utrecht, and York, in association with Brepols Publishing.
	www.wun.ac.uk /multilingualism/index.html (98 words)

	Talk:Multilingualism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		I finally moved that list of cities to the List of multilingual countries and regions as was (with a bit of an edit of that intro paragraph).
		The article on multilingualism makes the point that mulitlingual socities may be those where they are officially multilingual but with many monolingual speakers or the opposite, a monolingual society with multilingual speakers.
		India is a multilingual country wih a plethora of languages spoken.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Multilingualism (1691 words)

	[No title]
		Multilingualism is of special interest to smaller and local museums in Europe, to preserve local and national differences and to make available their peculiarities and unique characteristics to others.
		Multilingual website: is a website providing information in two or more languages We understand that thesaurus is a special type of controlled vocabulary, in which the relations between the terms are specified.
		Multilingual issues in France Issues of multilingual treatment in France: Problem-solving in this area benefits largely from the reflections resulting from research on Computational Linguistics and from most watch or information retrieval applications that mobilize open web content and cannot limit their prospects to a single linguistic community.
	www.mek.oszk.hu /minerva/survey/wp3multilingua.doc (14234 words)

	SIL Bibliography: Multilingualism
		The educational implications of multilingualism for Cameroon and the Gambia: a comparative study.
		"Aspects of multilingualism in the Lingala zone of Congo."
		Clifton, John M. "Stable multilingualism in a small language group: The case of Kaki Ae."
	www.ethnologue.com /show_subject.asp?code=MLG (182 words)

	EURAC research - Projects
		This conference on multilingualism in Europe provides a forum for researchers from the fields of linguistics, language teaching and language policy for discussion and exchange of findings and outlooks.
		Multilingualism is certainly an aspect that will shape the future of many parts of Europe.
		One aim of this conference is to present research reports and examples of good-practice from such regions, where individual and institutionalized multilingualism form already a part of their tradition.
	www.eurac.edu /Org/LanguageLaw/Multilingualism/Projects/tag06_1.profil.htm (281 words)

	Govt promotes multilingualism - SouthAfrica.info
		South Africa is a multilingual country, with approximately 25 to 30 spoken languages, 11 of which have been granted official status in the Constitution.
		Ngubane dismissed perceptions that multilingualism was a costly exercise, citing examples of progressive multilingual countries such as Belgium, Canada, Finland and Switzerland.
		Ngubane launched a multilingual mathematics dictionary at the conference, and announced that his department and the Northern Cape government would be starting a project to record the San and Khoi languages, which are on the verge of extinction.
	www.southafrica.info /public_services/citizens/your_rights/multilingualism.htm (552 words)

	HighBeam Research: Library Search: Results (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Whilst recognising multilingualism as one of the key elements of the EU's ability to ensure cultural diversity and equal treatment of citizens, the document...
		Their concern is that bilingualism and multilingualism are a recipe for Balkanization and a possible breakup of the country.Americans should not fear Spanish or multilingualism.
		The challenges of literacy learning in a multilingual and multicultural society such as Mexico's are similar to those found in many countries.
	www.highbeam.com /library/search.asp?FN=SS&search_newspapers=on&search_magazines=on&q=multilingualism&refid=ency_botnm (759 words)

	Bezemer - Dealing with Multilingualism in Education
		It adopts as a central conceptual organizer the notion of “teachers’ practical knowledge” viewed as a broad pool of knowledge and beliefs about teaching that partly is unique to each teacher based on his or her experience and partly shared with other teachers who have been socialized in similar educational contexts.
		It is the unwritten school rule not to use any other language than Dutch, for it was believed to be impolite to exclude people who did not share this language, such as the form teacher, from the possibility of participating in the conversation.
		In conclusion, this book describes a well-executed ethnographic study; it is clearly written and organized and makes a useful contribution in highlighting gaps between the rhetoric of intercultural education and the reality of linguistic homogenization.
	www.aaanet.org /cae/aeq/br/bezemer.htm (893 words)

	multilingualism - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Concluding multilingualism debate, assembly encourages acquisition of second official language; Three-part resolution, unanimously adopted, stresses need for recruitment on widest possible geographic basis.
		Secretary-General appoints Under-Secretary-General shashi Tharoor Coordinator for Multilingualism.
		Secretary-General appoints Assistant Secretary-General Federico Riesco Coordinator for Multilingualism.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-multilin.asp (149 words)

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