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Topic: Multinational Force and Observers

	Letter on U.S. Participation in the Multinational Force and Observers
		In Public Law 97-132, the Multinational Force and Observers Participation Resolution, Congress affirmed that it considered the establishment of the MFO to be an essential stage in the development of a comprehensive settlement in the Middle East.
		MFO forces will carry combat equipment appropriate for their peacekeeping missions, to meet the expectations of the parties as reflected in the 1981 Protocol and related documents, and as a prudent precaution for the safety of MFO personnel.
		The deployment of U.S. forces to the Sinai for this purpose is being undertaken pursuant to Public Law 97-132 of December 29, 1981, and pursuant to the President's constitutional authority with respect to the conduct of foreign relations and as Commander-in-Chief of U.S. Armed Forces.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/US-Israel/Reagan_Israel1.html (803 words)

	Multinational Force and Observers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		MFO - Multinational Force of Observers in Sinai is a force that was established under Israel-Egypt peace treaty.
		The Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) peacekeeping force supervises implementation of the security provisions of the Peace Treaty between the Governments of Egypt and Israel in the Sinai Desert and the Strait of Tiran and Gulf of Aqaba.
		The MFO logo is a white dove with a white olive branch, as a symbol of peace, on a circular logo with the words MULTINATIONAL FORCES and OBSERVERS, on orange and white background.
	www.crwflags.com /FOTW/flags/int-mfo.html (358 words)

	GAO-04-883, Peacekeeping: Multinational Force And Observers Maintaining Accountability, but State Department Oversight ...
		The multinational force occupies checkpoints and conducts periodic patrols to observe adherence of the treaty parties to agreed force limitations and patrols the Strait of Tiran between the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to ensure the freedom of navigation.
		MFO increased its purchases in Egypt and Israel from 43 percent of its budget in 1995 to 54 percent in 2002 as measured in nominal U.S. dollars.
		MFO managers stated that while MFO's pay scales and other benefits help it successfully compete for staff with oil companies and other commercial international organizations in the region, it is challenging to find civilian employees with the ability to work successfully in the austere military atmosphere and isolated living environment in the Sinai.
	www.gao.gov /htext/d04883.html (16620 words)

	Peacekeeper: Multinational Force And Observers Maintaining Accountability, but State Department Oversight Could Be ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Force Commander-who is responsible for command and control of the force- and his multinational staff are located in the North Camp at El Gorah in the Sinai Peninsula.
		The MFO Director General must be a U.S. citizen that is nominated by the State Department and appointed by the parties for a 4-year renewable term.
		MFO has maintained its peacekeeping operation with a multinational force in the Middle East, a troubled and unstable part of the world.
	www.washingtonwatchdog.org /documents/gao/04/GAO-04-883.html (12802 words)

	The Multinational Force and Observers
		The Multinational Force and Observers is an independent (non-UN) peacekeeping mission, created as a result of the 1978 Camp David Accords and the 1979 Treaty of Peace.
		The MFO's expenses, less the contributions of Germany and Japan, are funded in equal parts by the Arab Republic of Egypt, the State of Israel and the United States of America.
		With the Director General and his staff at MFO Headquarters in Rome, Italy, and representatives in Cairo and Tel Aviv, the bulk of the Force and the Civilian Observer Unit operate in the Sinai Peninsula.
	www.iaw.on.ca /~awoolley/mfo.html (459 words)

	mfo2
		The mission of the MFO is to observe, report, and verify violations of the set limits on the numbers-and kinds of forces deployed by both parties within Zones A through D. Also, the MFO's Costal Patrol Unit ensures freedom of navigation through the Strait-of Tiran at the mouth of the Gulf of Aqaba (2).
		The MFO includes soldiers from 11 nations; Canada, Colombia, Fiji, France, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, United Kingdom, United States, and Uruguay under the overall civilian supervision of the Director General located in Rome, with a New Zealand Lieutenant General as Force Commander in the Sinai.
		MFO medical evacuation assets were used frequently in the past for non-MFO personnel, but these missions have decreased due to improved Egyptian transport capabilities in the Sinai.
	www.xs4all.nl /~vdrkrans/mfo2f.htm (1674 words)

	Multinational Force and Observers
		The MFO is a peacekeeping organization that was designed to provide a peacekeeping presence between Israel and Egypt.
		The MFO is a multinational force (11 different countries to include the U.S., Fiji, Colombia, Uruguay, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Norway, France, and Italy) that is composed of approximately 3,000 military and civilian individuals.
		The force and observers, totaling 1,900, are under the command of a Norwegian military officer.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/mfo.htm (543 words)

	Multinational Force & Observers Medal
		The Multinational Force and Observers Medal was established by the Director General, Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), 24 March 1982.Presidential acceptance for the United States Armed Forces and DOD civilian personnel is announced by Department of Defense on 28 July 1982.
		Periods of service on behalf of the MFO outside of the Sinai, and periods of leave while a member is serving with the MFO, may be counted toward eligibility for the MFO medal.
		Awards are made by the Director General, MFO, or in his or her name by officials to whom he or she delegates awarding authority.
	www.gruntsmilitary.com /mfao.shtml (369 words)

	NZDF - The Multinational Force and Observers Medal Regulations
		MFO awards are to be worn in accordance with national rules and regulations.
		Consists of an inscribed MFO medal suspended from a ribbon, 1 3/8 inches wide of white colour with 1/16 inch borders and 3/16 centre stripe of MFO orange colour between two 3/16 inch green stripes, an accompanying miniature, lapel pin, and a certificate signed by the Director General.
		The MFO Certificate of Appreciation Nominees are to have made a significant contribution to the MFO in support of its peace-keeping mission which, in the opinion of the nominating officer, is worthy of special recognition.
	medals.nzdf.mil.nz /warrants/l5-reg.html (869 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Autumn 2000
		Strict limits of military forces were detailed for each zone.[5] The envisioned UN peacekeeping force was to supervise the withdrawal of forces and the subsequent adherence by both nations to the zone troop limits and to other restrictions.
		Since the establishment of the MFO in 1982, there have been no substantive violations of the peace treaty by either Party.[45] It is possible that the MFO deterred violations during this period, but clearly the peace has been maintained primarily through the determination of both Egypt and Israel to abide by the treaty terms.
		An advocate of the MFO's role as a stabilizing regional force might argue that absent the presence of the MFO to deter or report violations, there might be a return to the hostile conditions between the two states.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usawc/parameters/00autumn/spoehr.htm (5723 words)

	Australians and Peacekeeping
		Brigadier David Ferguson was Force Commander with the Multinational Force and Observers (in the Sinai) from 1994 to 1997
		Observer missions help create stability, but do not necessarily help end the conflicts which they are observing.
		With the withdrawal of the Indonesian armed forces, police and administrative officials from East Timor, UNAMET re-established its headquarters in Dili on 28 September.
	www.awm.gov.au /atwar/peacekeeping.htm (1335 words)

	Foreign Campaign and Service Medals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Multinational Force & Observers Medal was established by the Director-General of the Multinational Force and Observers on March 24, 1982.
		The Multinational Force & Observers Medal is awarded to members of the Armed Forces of the United States (and to civilian employees of the Department of Defense) who serve with the Multinational force and Observers for at least 90 cumulative days.
		The design of the MFO medal is based on the logo of the Multinational Forces and Observers organization.
	foxfall.com /fm-mfo.htm (350 words)

	Military Trivia
		With neither side able to stage their forces near the common border security could be had by both.
		The headquarters for the MFO is safely tucked away in Rome, which I suppose makes it far enough from the potential action to be "objective." In addition, the organization maintains offices in Cairo and Tel Aviv.
		Wearing orange (yes, I said orange) berets sporting an MFO badge (a bizarre impressionist image of a dove and an olive branch, or perhaps a crudely-drawn version of the Bat Signal, depending on how your eyesight is) the soldiers and civilians have managed to keep the peace for over twenty years.
	www.angelfire.com /tx4/bustersbattery/militrivia/MILITRIVIA73.html (458 words)

	MSM Awards
		The MFO Medal is awarded to members of the New Zealand Defence Force who serve with the MFO peacekeeping force in Sinai.
		The MFO monitors the compliance with the peace treaty signed between Isreal and Egypt in March 1979, which provided for Isreal to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula.
		This approval means that the MFO Medal will have the same status as medals from other international organisations such as the United nations and NATO.
	honours.homestead.com /nzmfo.html (173 words)

	Conversation with Robert Gallucci, p. 4 of 5
		Yes, the Sinai peacekeeping force, the technical name is the MFO, Multinational Force and Observers, that organization was created after the peace between Egypt and Israel of 1979.
		I joined the Multinational Force and Observers as the Deputy Director General in 1984, along with my boss, the Director General, Peter Constable, because the Director General, our predecessor, was assassinated while sitting in his armored car in Rome.
		And that force, that Multinational Force and Observers, is still there, and the headquarters is still in Rome.
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /people2/Gallucci/gallucci-con4.html (3826 words)

	[No title]
		Congressional declaration of policy -STATUTE- The Congress considers the establishment of the Multinational Force and Observers to be an essential stage in the development of a comprehensive settlement in the Middle East.
		The Congress enacts this subchapter with the hope and expectation that establishment of the Multinational Force and Observers will assist Egypt and Israel in fulfilling the Camp David accords and bringing about the establishment of a self-governing authority in order to provide full autonomy in the West Bank and Gaza.
		The reporting function conferred upon the President by Section 6 of the Multinational Force and Observers Participation Resolution (22 U.S.C. 3425) is delegated to the Secretary of State.
	uscode.house.gov /download/pls/22C49.txt (2687 words)

	Two Canadian female peacekeepers slightly wounded after blast at Egypt airport
		Two Canadian female members of a multinational force were slightly wounded in an explosion near the unit's base in northeast Sinai on Monday morning.
		MFO spokesman Ian Baxendell said two force members were "very lightly injured," but he did not know their names, gender or nationality.
		The MFO is made up of troops from the United States, Canada and a number of European nations who act as a peace monitoring force in the Sinai peninsula -- the battlefield of three Arab-Israeli wars between 1956 and 1973.
	www.cbc.ca /world/story/2005/08/15/SINAI_EXPLOSION_20050815.html (1198 words)

	Explosion at airport of Sinai peacekeepers in Egypt - Africa & Middle East - International Herald Tribune
		EL-ARISH, Egypt An explosion damaged a vehicle of the Multinational Force and Observers in northeast Sinai close to the Gaza Strip on Monday.
		Egyptian security officials said two Canadian members of the peacekeeping force were wounded, but the Multinational Force and the Interior Ministry said there were no casualties.
		Egypt is due to deploy forces along its border with Gaza to keep the frontier secure after Israel's withdrawal of Jewish settlers and troops from the Strip, which is beginning this week.
	www.iht.com /articles/2005/08/15/africa/web.0815egypt.php (388 words)

	Multinational Force and Observers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On August 3, 1981, the Protocol to the Treaty of Peace was signed, establishing the Multinational Force and Observers.
		The MFO assumed its mandate on April 25, 1982, the day that Israel handed over sovereignty of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
		North Camp is the location of Force HQ and is close to the town of el Gorah.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Multinational_Force_and_Observers (766 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Other officials said at least two people were wounded in the blast, but a spokesman for the U.N. force denied a blast had occured.
		However, the MFO in Egypt said one of its vehicles was damaged on Egyptian territory but noted it was not in MFO facilities and added two people in the vehicle were unharmed.
		The Multinational Force and Observers was created to help implement the 1979 Camp David peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.
	www.ynetnews.com /articles/0,7340,L-3127637,00.html (312 words)

	Multinational Force and Observers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		In 1979 The Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) was formed as an independent (non-UN) peacekeeping mission.
		The MFO's funding comes from the Arab Republic of Egypt, the State of Israel and the United States of America; additional contributions come from Germany and Japan.
		The mission of the MFO is to OBSERVE, VERIFY and REPORT.
	www.beforetheysleep.com /fact_mfo.htm (193 words)

	[No title]
		Letter to the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate Reporting on the Deployment and Mission of United States Forces in the Multinational Force and Observers
		In Public Law 97 - 132, the Multinational Force and Observers Participation Resolution, Congress affirmed that it considered the establishment of the MFO to be an essential stage in the development of a comprehensive settlement in the Middle East.
		The deployment of U.S. forces to the Sinai for this purpose is being undertaken pursuant to Public Law 97 - 132 of December 29, 1981, and pursuant to the President's constitutional authority with respect to the conduct of foreign relations and as Commander-in-Chief of U.S. Armed Forces.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1982/31982b.htm (866 words)

	Air Force Times - Money - Pay and Benefits.
		Per Diem is a daily allotment for the cost of food and lodging while service members are on government business or temporary duty away from their home station.
		The allowance for the cost of lodging, meals and incidental expenses may range from as low as $4 per day while visiting the Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai to $10 or $11 per day in Iraq to as high as $548 a day for Lanai, Hawaii.
		There is a separate type of per diem paid to people traveling to new assignments.
	www.airforcetimes.com /story.php?f=1-292243-911382.php (341 words)

	Guarding MFO skies. helicopters still used in Sinai, Egypt by Multinational Force and Observers Soldiers Magazine - ...
		Aviators with the Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai, Egypt, are proving this every day.
		pilots routinely fly to the MFO's outposts on the eastern border of the Sinai, and they transport members of the MFO's Civilian Observer Unit as they observe, report and verify Israeli and Egyptian treaty compliance.
		The oldest Huey in the MFO inventory was built in 1969, Wagner said, and the type has served the MFO continuously since its inception in 1982 with no major incidents or deaths in Sinai.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0OXU/is_5_59/ai_n6244633 (901 words)

	Jesus Army: Open Directory: Society: Military: Multinational Forces
		Strasbourg-based force for the EU and the Atlantic Alliance comprises military contributions from the five framework nations of Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and Spain and additional soldiers from Austria, Canada, Greece, Italy, Poland and Turkey.
		Independent international peacekeeping organization established by the Arab Republic of Egypt and the State of Israel to monitor the security arrangements of their 1979 Treaty of Peace.
		Multinational military organization made up of Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, The Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Turkey.
	www.jesus.org.uk /pod/Society/Military/Multinational_Forces (194 words)

	Suicide bombers strike near Sinai international military base
		The Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) said in a statement that none of its personnel was injured in the attack just north of its base in el Gorah, Egypt.
		"The bomb was carried on the person of the suicide bomber and exploded as the MFO vehicle passed," the official statement said.
		The Canadian contingent consists of 29 volunteers, from the country's armed forces, ranging in rank from corporal to colonel, according to the official website for the Multinational Force and Observers.
	www.cbc.ca /world/story/2006/04/26/sinai-blast.html?ref=rss (1196 words)

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