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Topic: Multiparty assured destruction

	Assurance Medical -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Assured Destruction is a concept sometimes used in game theory and similar discussions to describe a condition where certain behaviors or choices are deterred because they will lead to the imposition by others of overwhelming punitive consequences.
		The concept of Assured Destruction occasionally arises in the death penalty debate and biotechnology debate, though it is most well known in the context of nuclear strategy where it is most often discussed as mutually assured destruction – a deterrent strategy where both participants have the ability to respond overwhelmingly against whomever strikes first.
		Highly punitive criminal and civil punishments for drug possession When the concept of assured destruction is applied in the doctrine of law, it is often criticized by proponents of the restorative justice and transformative justice movements, who point out that assured destruction doctrines are rarely implemented with rigor or integrity of due process.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/8/assurance-medical.html (822 words)

	Democracy and Activism against Impoverishment
		This critique that aimed at transforming the extreme statization of all aspects of social, economic and political life of societies, rather than a destruction of the states, was sidelined and forsaken with the introduction of multi-partyism from above.Thus, struggles for broad democracy were derailed by the late 1980s.
		Because in practice, in multiparty states parties have always been quasi-state institutions competing for the distribution of positions, regulated by the constitution and operating on its basis and the prevailing system and not institutions for the people's reconstitution/reconstruction of the state so that it becomes responsive to popular needs and popular control.
		Multiparty politics are doing more harm by reinforcing the politics of "them" and "us".
	ruymencia.es.tripod.com /the_true_united_states_of_america/id9.html (5676 words)

	[No title]
		He dramatically opened the national debate over multipartyism in Tanzania, however, with a widely-publicized interview before the "heads of the national mass media" on February 21, 1990, in which he stressed that the CCM was not a vanguard party.
		Nyerere conceded that it was not unreasonable that a multiparty system could be seen as threatening national unity, and that were the CCM to allow the formation of other parties, these would have to be national, secular and socialist parties (Mruma, 1990).
		The opening of the multipartyism debate, presaged by events in Eastern Europe, appears to have been directed at elite, rather than mass, sentiment, although the potential for mobilizing popular forces, especially given the generalized economic trauma associated with economic liberalization, was not lost on the participants.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /martin_archives/peace_journal/zirker2.html (7961 words)

	GENERAL
		Throughout most of the colonial period, the Tutsi were assured of the unreserved backing of the colonial administrators, and they used this support to increase their exploitation of the Hutu far beyond what had existed before the European arrival.
		Supporters for the destruction of the mosque were systematically mobilized by Hindutva organizations through public speeches, the print media, and on audio and video cassettes distributed by local branches of these organizations.
		Images of the destruction of the mosque at Ayodhya were disseminated throughout India on BBC television.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1995/communal (20367 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Summary Record - Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		He assured the Committee that further information would be provided and that the Government would be told of all the points that had been raised.
		In response to the question whether women could marry without the consent of a guardian, he recalled that the consent of the woman herself was required for a valid marriage.
		He assured the Committee that his Government's commitment to human rights was shared by the majority of the Sudanese people.
	www.unhchr.ch /tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/c20d94a57d523015802565540040fa4d?Opendocument (8202 words)

	BURMA PRESS SUMMARY
		Now from 1988 to 1993, a matter of over four years to five years represents a period in which multiparty democracy is once more being brought into being.
		This being the case, it would be necessary to lay down fundamental principles assuring that the rights of the peasantry and workers are appropriately protected.
		Considerations should also be given as to whether or not fundamental principles should be laid down regarding guaranteed prices for their produce as befitting those who are members of the agricultural sector which is the principal national economic force.
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/docs/BPS-NC-1993-06.htm (7188 words)

	Croatia Human Rights Practices, 1995
		International observers witnessed the mass looting, destruction, and burning of property in the reclaimed territories by both official military and civilian personnel and by unhindered civilians allowed to roam the area.
		Both police and military forces were responsible for looting and the destruction of property, including the mining and burning of houses.
		Croatia is a multiparty democracy in which all citizens 18 years of age and older have the right to vote by secret ballot.
	www.hri.org /docs/USSD-Rights/95/Croatia95.html (9369 words)

	Politics Among Nations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Now that MAD and the awkward equilibrium it maintained are about to be upset, the argument has become deadly serious.
		With the passing of MAD, they argue, Washington will have what strategists refer to as "escalation dominance" -- the ability to win a war at any level of violence -- and will thus be better positioned to check the ambitions of dangerous states such as China, North Korea, and Iran.
		Ultimately, though, this situation of mutually assured destruction that developed established a kind of equilibrium that induced caution in both sides.
	politicsamongnations.blogspot.com (5066 words)

	Research Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Indeed, widespread global terrorism and efforts to procure weapons of mass destruction can be understood as responses by illiberal movements and states to democratic hegemony.
		Tyrannies will certainly seek weapons of mass destruction to stave off the force of democratic pressure and extremist anti-liberal movements will attack the democratic world with the asymmetrical power of terrorism.
		But despite these dangers, the failure by democracies to press their advantage would be far more dangerous and would confer on succeeding generations a more terribly violent and tumultuous world.
	www.defenddemocracy.org /research_topics/research_topics_show.htm?doc_id=237712&attrib_id=7578 (4634 words)

	THE KATHMANDU POST - HEADLINES
		The king stressed that people must be assured of good governance, corruption-free administration and "genuine governance of the people" accountable to the people, saying that importance of national unity has further increased at a time when the world has passed through difficult situation.
		In this context, the king also reminded his public speech in Biratnagar on January 3 when he stressed that national agenda should be on free market economy, good governance, transparency and rule of law free from corruption.
		Although ideological difference and competition are quite but natural in multiparty democracy, the king said that patriotism should be the meeting point.
	www.nepalnews.com.np /contents/englishdaily/ktmpost/2003/apr/apr05/index1.htm (775 words)

	MODERN AND POSTMODERNOS: The Ideological Bases of Humanitarian Imperialism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Neither was it assured through free trade, the construction of democratic institutions, nor the establishment of stable relations between the powers as affirmed by the Liberals.
		The weapons of mass destruction do not appear and no evidence exists that suggests as Bush II indicated last March of 2003 that Saddam was "training and financing Al-qaeda".
		A corollary that is derived from this element is that the Bush II administration considers as a threat possession of mass destruction weapons by despotic, irresponsible and unfriendly governments.
	www.sg.inter.edu /raep/2004M01/Index_files/041ApAn1i.htm (8314 words)

	The Cold War
		One of the key strategies of the Cold War was MAD (mutually assured destruction).
		MAD rationalized the threat of nuclear war as essential to peace.
		The thick record of nuclear devastation documented at Hiroshima was generally suppressed, but the vision of nuclear devastation that took its place lay over everyone's day-to-day life.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~jklumpp/comm461/cold.html (2125 words)

	Russia - GOVERNMENT
		Besides setting the configuration of the new bicameral parliament, the Yeltsin plan called for half of the 450 State Duma deputies to be elected from national party lists with representation proportional to the overall votes received by each party.
		The party-list procedure, a new feature in Russian elections, was designed to strengthen the identification of candidates with parties and to foster the concept of the multiparty system among the electorate.
		Convinced that their independence would be jeopardized if KPRF candidate Gennadiy Zyuganov won, television broadcasters provided virtually no coverage of his main campaign events, and even the independent NTV aided Yeltsin by muting its criticism during the election.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/russia/GOVERNMENT.html (17958 words)

	Secretary Rice Addresses the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations - United States Mission to Germany
		If we didn't think he had weapons of mass destruction, we were being awfully unfair to the Iraqi people.
		But no, we did not find stores of weapons of mass destruction, but it was not because anybody said something they didn't believe or didn't have very good reason to believe.
		So I would hope that the American people would go back and they would look at this history and they would remember that we had multiple resolutions in the UN Security Council that said he was a threat to peace and security.
	usembassy.state.gov /germany/rice_chicago.html (10535 words)

	The NFC South BBS [Powered by Invision Power Board] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		MAD only works if both countries fear to become a glass parking lot. how much more glorious an end could one wish for than to finally take down the Great Satan, sending the infidels to judgement? that's a ticket straight to paradise, baby.
		MAD only works if both countries fear to become a glass parking lot.
		Chief among the long-term dangers faced by America, according to the group, are the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the ballooning national deficit, a scarcity of diplomacy to buttress defense policy, and an estrangement of America from international institutions.
	fanviews.com /bbs/index.php?s=06a2ad693e554ab4671ab8f3fb8abbc8&act=Print&client=printer&f=17&t=863 (16376 words)

	National 4 (Spotlight Weekly)
		We want peace in the world through the destruction of all kinds of weapons of mass destruction.
		The party that held the reins of power for the longest period in the last 12 years is also responsible for the present destruction.
		All political forces must recognize each other's existence and one has to accept the situation as it is. We must protect the achievements gained through the people's movement 1990 with the sacrifice of so many people.
	www.nepalnews.com.np /contents/englishweekly/spotlight/2003/feb/feb21/national4.htm (2031 words)

	HUMAN RIGHTS IN AFRICA AND U.S. POLICY
		Oil drilling has been responsible for the destruction of the environment in Ogoniland, which has led to protests by the Ogonis and has,in turn, resulted in their persecution.
		But to the masses of civilians in the south, who are barely surviving under environmental distress of flooding and drought, the war has come to mean massive death and destruction or looting of property, manipulation of food and of access to international aid by all sides to the conflict.
		Even the flight of civilian populations in search of food and safety is manipulated by the warring parties, which use starving civilians to attract international food relief, only to take the food from civilians as "taxation" at gunpoint or by diverting it before it reaches civilian hands.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1997/africa (19517 words)

	Report Number 07
		Russia is obviously in the interests of the international community to assist it as much as possible, however, and the West was generally slow to do so in the immediate post-Cold War period.
		By the end of 1997 the CTR program had approved some $1.8 billion in assistance to all of the former republics, $973 million of which was to go to Russia.
		Weapons of Mass Destruction were first used in this century when Canadian troops were attacked with chemical weapons at Ypres in 1915;106 chemicals were used extensively by both sides thereafter during World War I.
	www.fas.org /news/canada/10-report-e.htm (15297 words)

	Federalism in Russia: How Is It Working?
		Aging and destruction of industrial equipment, and half destruction of the basic infrastructure (power system, transport, urban infrastructure) is the reality.
		Destruction of human potential here took place in much greater scales than in other Russian regions; it resulted in about a 10-percent population decrease, including at least 25- to 30-percent decrease in the "Far Northeast" as the result of ultra-high mortality and forced migration outflow.
		Destruction of the technological potential, established during the last several decades, became one more "distinguished feature" of local reality: Far Eastern industry, except for export-oriented raw material branches, ceased to exist by 1998.
	www.fas.org /irp/nic/federalism_in_russia.htm (19402 words)

	Elliott School - Transcripts of Lectures and Speeches
		The form of governance partly chosen by the new native rulers and partly by the colonial or mandatory authorities, was a pluralistic, multiparty constitutional democracy.
		The recent fall of the Iraqi Baathist regime of Saddam Hussien at the hand of an American led coalition (April 9, 2003) was so dramatic that many observers predicted at the time the further retreat, if not the total demise, of similar radical regimes - e.g.
		Three years after the October war, Egypt re-instituted a limited multiparty system to replace the one-party that had been in effect for over 30 years.
	www.gwu.edu /~elliott/news/transcripts/ibrahim.html (7924 words)

	[No title]
		Their aim was to get cities throughout the world to work toward a day when all nuclear weapons would be destroyed so that innocent people, particularly children, would never again have to suffer the consequences of a nuclear explosion.
		However, the US has explained that in the era of weapons of mass destruction, long range missiles and terrorist groups, it feels at liberty to take armed action in ‘anticipatory self-defense’ not only where it deems an attack “imminent” but also where it sees a “a growing threat”.
		Considering the surprise terror attacks on the United States in 2001 all governments would probably maintain that they would see it as their duty to their own populations to take action — if need be even unilateral armed action — to seek to prevent a terror attack that they learnt was coming.
	nucnews.net /nucnews/2005nn/0504nn/050425nn.txt (21538 words)

	::Bangladesh & The World::15th Anniversary Special (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Before the beginning of 1990s, the world was mainly bipolar featured by two superpowers, the USA and the erstwhile Soviet Union (USSR).
		It was loosely knit and characterized by a 'balance of terror' created and maintained by the power of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).
		Multiparty polities started replacing the Unitarian, one party states.
	www.thedailystar.net /suppliments/2006/15thanniv/bangladesh&theworld/bd_world03.htm (2863 words)

	BBC News \| TALKING POINT \| Where next in the war on terror?
		But with victory in Afghanistan apparently assured, strategists and analysts are now wondering where the war on terrorism will go next.
		There should not be any difficulty in forming a general opinion to continue the fight against these destructive forces in the next phase of war against terrorism.
		While Saddam Hussein does have an awful track record regarding human rights and has tried to increase Iraq's military power through biological and nuclear means, it is ridiculous to expand the war against "terrorism" by associating his regime with the events that took place on September 11th.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/talking_point/1705837.stm (8219 words)

	NTI: Global Security Newswire - Friday, October 31, 2003
		The subcommittee heard various projections yesterday for when the United States would complete the total destruction of the U.S. stockpile, which once totaled 31,000 metric tons and is still at about 74 percent of that figure, but no speaker said the stockpile would be destroyed by 2007.
		Bolton initially “resisted” taking the responsibility, he said at yesterday’s hearing, “until I was assured that … we could put some things in place” to remedy the management problems that have dogged the effort.
		Chemical weapons destruction has ended at Johnson Atoll, a U.S. territory in the North Pacific, and is under way in Anniston and at sites in Maryland and Utah, officials said yesterday.
	www.nti.org /d_newswire/issues/2003_10_31.html (4028 words)

	Threats, Challenges, and Opportunities for the United States
		Indeed, today, we are more likely to see an attack from terrorists using weapons or agents of mass destruction than states, although terrorists' capabilities would be much more limited.
		Emerging political competition and the energizing of public debate on the role of democracy and Islam in the region could lead to the opening of political systems and development of civic institutions, providing a possible bulwark against extremism.
		Forces for change are vulnerable to fragmentation and longstanding regimes are increasingly adept at using both repression and limited reforms to moderate political pressures to assure their survival.
	www.state.gov /s/inr/rls/62787.htm (7959 words)

	Romania: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Carol assured the other powers that he was acting under pressure from Hitler, obtaining French and German assurances of the countryâs territorial integrity.
		Accused of Â«genocide, corruption and destruction of the economyÂ», Ceausescu and his wife were secretly executed by army soldiers.
		In the May 1990 election, the NSF claimed 85 per cent of the vote; but charges of election rigging were confirmed by international observers.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=128 (3374 words)

	Prlic et al. Initial Indictment
		After multiparty elections in 1990, BRUNO STOJIC was named an Assistant Minister of the Interior (or Internal Affairs) in the SRBiH central government, in Sarajevo.
		Much of this destruction was meant to ensure that Muslims could not, or would not, return to their homes and communities.
		By the latter part of September 1993, Herceg-Bosna/HVO leaders assured President Tudjman in Zagreb that not a single Muslim remained in Stolac Municipality, and that the HVO had re-populated and filled the Muslim homes in the area with Croats from Central Bosnia.
	www.un.org /icty/indictment/english/prl-ii040304e.htm (15804 words)

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