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Topic: Multiple alleles

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allele frequencies

genetic alleles

frequency distribution of alleles

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	Principles of genetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Multiple alleles - The term multiple alleles is used when more than one mutant allele is known to exist for a single locus.
		Alternatively, in cases where alleles have differential expression in different parts of the plumage, the heterozygous form is a sum of the greater effects.
		This is seen with the dilute locus in Budgerigars, where different alleles differentially deposit melanin within either the cortex or the medulla and the heterozygous phenotype represents a combination of the greater effects of each allele.
	numbat.murdoch.edu.au /birds/ACVSc/pg000010.htm (1293 words)

	Alleles of het-c and het-8
		The partial-diploid technique enables putative multiple alleles of het genes to be identified readily because a visible incompatibility phenotype signals that unlike alleles are heterozygous.
		Multiple allelism would be disproved if a fourth apparent "allele" was produced when crossing over occurred to the left or right of het-c.
		On the multiple allele hypothesis, the recombinant genotype was cot+ het-cAD pyr-4 thr-2 and it resulted from a single crossover in the region between het-c and pyr-4.
	www.fgsc.net /fgn/hetc8.html (1635 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		There may be multiple alleles of a given gene in the population.
		For example, at the ABO blood group locus, there are three alleles: A, B, and O. Different alleles do no imply pathogenic mutations per se (multiple alleles can lead to variability in certain traits, which all may be normal).
		When statistically significant differences In the frequency of a n allele is found between a disease and control population, the disease and allele are said to be in association.
	mayoresearch.mayo.edu /mayo/research/mcj/PDGlossary.cfm (1568 words)

	Chapter 4 Supplement
		Relate a 2:1 ratio for a given locus with two alleles (3 possible genotypes) to the expression of one trait affected by the locus to the expression of another trait also affected by this locus.
		multiple alleles: With the paradigm that "particulate" genes exist, one gene occupies a certain region of DNA in a chromosome (gene = locus).
		When there exist more than two alleles at a locus, then we use the term "multiple alleles," or the locus has a "multiple allelic series." Of course, a diploid cell can have at most two alleles at a locus, even though there may be many more alleles present in the species.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/zoo325/chap4.htm (1235 words)

	Australian Shepherd Health & Genetics Institute, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		One allele is inherited from the sire and the other is inherited from the dam; these alleles may be the same (homozygous) or different (heterozygous).
		While blood type in humans (ABO system, with alleles A, B and O) is probably the most familiar multiple allele system, copper and white trim in Australian Shepherds are also examples of multiple allele genes for which there are known three and four alleles, respectively.
		There is some debate as to the number of alleles for each of these genes in dogs as well as differences in their notations; therefore, the number of alleles reported here for copper and white trim in Aussies and their notations have been standardized with the work of C. Sharp (personal communication).
	www.ashgi.org /articles/color_mult_alleles.htm (1528 words)

	Multiple Alleles and Polygenic Inheritance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		If that same fl allele is paired with an albino allele, the mouse will be fl since fl is dominant to albino.
		Christine Ticknor Ph.D. candidate Yale University ========================================================= Multiple alleles are different forms of the same gene...that is the sequence of the bases is slightly different in the genes lovcated on the same place of the chromosome.
		In polygenesis there is more than one gene involved and their may be multiple alleles of the multiple genes...which is far more complex...involving potentially a number chromosomes.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/mole00/mole00087.htm (439 words)

	Cornell Notes Example
		Differentiate the difference between a two allele trait and a multiple allele trait and give an example.
		Multiple Alleles involve a single pair of genes that have more than two alleles.
		A trait inherited by incomplete dominance is not a blend of the two alleles.
	www.csun.edu /~mk411573/homepages/cornellnotes.html (396 words)

	ABO Blood Groups
		Typically, we teach with genes for which only two alleles are known, but many genes have more than two different alleles--thus, "multiple" alleles.
		But the presence of three different alleles means that there are six possible genotypes, rather than the three possible for the more familiar two-allele situation.
		We typically call these alleles "A," "B," and "O," but of course our rules for assigning symbols to alleles demand that all three be represented by some version of the same symbol.
	www.cod.edu /people/faculty/fancher/Bio101/ABO.htm (678 words)

	Variations in Mendelian Genetics 2000
		But multiple alleles are possible within a population.
		Multiple alleles = alternate forms of a gene occurring at...
		In humans, the ABO blood groups are an example of multiple alleles.
	www.msu.edu /~gagep/humgen/docs/vari_mendel_gen_2000.htm (730 words)

	Multiple alleles (from heredity) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		In multiple sclerosis the myelin sheath that protects the neural fibers is progressively destroyed.
		Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, degenerative disease of the central nervous system.
		Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease that compromises the cerebellum and, therefore, diminishes muscle control.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-50776 (628 words)

	Multiple Alleles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		When the gene for one trait exists as only two alleles and the alleles play according to Mendel's Law of Dominance, there are 3 possible genotypes (combination of alleles) and 2 possible phenotypes (the dominant one or the recessive one).
		If there are only two alleles involved in determining the phenotype of a certain trait, but there are three possible phenotypes, then the inheritance of the trait illustrates either incomplete dominance or codominance.
		There may be multiple alleles within the population, but individuals have only two of those alleles.
	www.borg.com /~lubehawk/multalle.htm (1513 words)

	MCDB 2150 -- Lecture 7
		Wild-type and mutant alleles: For many of the genetic loci in many of the species used in genetic analysis, one of the alternatives can be identified as the "wild-type" allele based on its frequency of occurrence or its arbitrary designation as "normal".
		Dominant alleles that cause a phenotype different from the wild-type when they are heterozygous with wild-type are designated with an upper case letter, often followed by one or more lower case letters.
		Alleles that lack clearly defined dominance: In human genetics (and also in other species), a number of cases exist where there are two or more alleles at a single genetic locus that lack a clearly defined pattern of dominance (often because of codominance, described below).
	www.colorado.edu /MCDB/MCDB2150Fall/notes/L07.html (2912 words)

	The Parblue Puzzle - Part 3
		In these circumstances, to say that such and such genes are alleles, or even that one gene is an allele of another, is perhaps a little vague and ambiguous.
		At its most simple, each allele in a multiple allelic series is completely recessive to any allele above it in the series and completely dominant to any below it in the series.
		Where there are three or more alleles, as in a multiple allelic series, and these have an hierarchical structure of relative dominance or co-dominance, the situation is not quite so straightforward.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/clivehesford/parblu03.html (1043 words)

	Partitioning the phenotypic variance
		Doing the algebra with multiple loci involves a lot of assumptions, which I'll mention when we get to applications, and the algebra is even worse than with multiple alleles at a single locus.
		Fortunately, the basic principles extend with little modification to multiple loci, so we can see all of the underlying logic by focusing on one locus with two alleles where we have a chance of understanding what the different variance components mean.
		The additive genotypic value refers to the average phenotype associated with a given genotype, as would be inferred from the additive effect of the alleles of which it is composed.
	darwin.eeb.uconn.edu /eeb348/lecture-notes/quant-intro/node3.html (358 words)

	January 19, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In this case, the gene is symbolized by the letter L and alleles are indicated by superscripts.
		Because of this, this allele is referred to as the wild-type allele -- that found with highest frequency in wild populations.
		The plus-sign in the superscript is a convention that denotes the wild-type allele of a gene.
	www.utpb.edu /scimath/kovalick/genetics/lecture3.htm (1198 words)

	Biology 4A Student Resources
		If both alleles are present, both are expressed, resulting in a cow that has some red and some white.
		An example is the "creeper" allele in chickens, which causes the legs to be short and stunted.
		If a person receives an A allele and a B allele, their blood type is type AB Crosses involving blood type often use an I to denote the alleles - see chart.
	www.biologycorner.com /bio4/notes/beyond_mendel.php (890 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : IB Biology : Genetics : Multiple Alleles
		Genes with 4 alleles can generate 10 genotypes.
		The alleles control the production of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells.
		Two of the alleles are co-dominant to one another and both are dominant over the third.
	www.saburchill.com /IBbiology/chapters03/005.html (322 words)

	Patterns of inheritance
		It is not the gene, or more explicitly an allele of that gene, which is dominant or recessive; rather, it is the effects or characteristics produced by that gene or allele, its expression, which are inherited in a dominant or recessive fashion.
		It is entirely possible for a gene or allele to control or produce multiple effects and it is also possible that one effect, or set of effects, is inherited in a dominant manner whilst another is inherited recessively.
		A colour variety is produced by a mutant allele, or colour factor, which replaces either one or both of the wild-type alleles present in the bird.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/clivehesford/patterns01.html (2949 words)

	Lecture 5: Sex linkage; sex determination; multiple alleles; modifications of dominance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lecture 5: Sex linkage; sex determination; multiple alleles; modifications of dominance
		alleles – different forms of an enzyme that produce different forms of the sugar
		- Alleles are often codominant in terms of the protein they produce, even if this is not apparent at the level of the whole organism
	www.colorado.edu /epob/epob2070stock/ArchiveFall2001/lecture05.html (788 words)

	Genetics Examination One
		Only one of two possible alleles from each parent is passed on to each offspring is a statement of the (1.) law of dominance (2.) law of segregation (3.) law of independent assortment (4.) law of incomplete dominance (5.) law of disjunction
		Pleiotropism is the condition of (1.) a single gene having multiple effects (2.) interaction of multiple alleles (3.) a single gene being influenced by several traits (4.) a trait that is not expressed for several generations (5.) multiple gene inheritance
		In the fruit fly Drosophila, the allele for normal body (B) is dominant over the allele for hair body(b) and the allele for normal leg (L) is dominant over the allele for short leg (l).
	www.ekcsk12.org /science/apbio/genexam1.html (1275 words)

	Mathematics of the coalescent: multiple alleles
		We're interested in seeing how far back in time we have to go before all alleles are descended from a single common ancestor.
		The first thing we have to calculate is the probability that any two of the alleles in our sample are identical by descent from the immediately preceding generation.
		To make the calculation easier, we assume that the effective size of the population is large enough that the probability of two coalescent events in a single generation is vanishingly small.
	darwin.eeb.uconn.edu /eeb348/lecture-notes/coalescent/node2.html (251 words)

	Segregational Vs. Mutational Genetic Loads as Sources of Inbreeding Depression in the Autotetraploid
		In their model involving true overdominance, a rapid loss of diallelic interactions among multiple alleles in highly heterozygous genotypes explains severe inbreeding depression.
		This is because, despite the slower theoretical approach to homozygosity in the autotetraploid than in the diploid, the autotetraploid may bear a much larger mutational load.
		Second, total (and covert) loads are much larger in the autotetraploid because, by the same equation, the frequencies of recessive alleles are much higher in the autotetraploid.
	www.naaic.org /Publications/1998Proc/abstracts/Groose1.html (510 words)

	Biology120.Lectures22 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Beyond that, many traits are controlled in a more complex way than by a single gene with two alleles (again, as Mendel suggested for the traits he examined in peas).
		Each of the genes involved may have multiple alleles, and different sets of dominance relationships among the alleles for a single gene.
		It is also possible to have interactions among genes, such that expression of some alleles at one locus influences expression of alleles at a different locus.
	bioweb.wku.edu /Courses/Biol120/McElroy/120lects22.htm (641 words)

	22. Multiple alleles detected at locus sd-1
		The F1 plants between T65 and T65d were similar to T65, and the F2 segregated into 3 tall (T65): 1 short (T65d), suggesting that T65d has a recessive allele for its dwarfism.
		The F1 plants from T65d X 32-6/8/ with sd-1 showed the same stature as of T65d and the F2 segregated into 3 T65d type: 1 sd-1 type (Table 2).
		This suggests that T65d has a dwarfing allele at the sd-1 locus which is dominant over sd-1.
	www.gramene.org /newsletters/rice_genetics/rgn8/v8p112.html (443 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Multiple alleles at one locus vs. multiple genes 1.
		Codominance Aa = AA + aa _ Traits associated with BOTH alleles seen in the heterozygote - i.e., heterozygote shows phenotype of both homozygotes _ Codominance actually is no dominance at all _ E.g.
		Lethal Alleles A. Recessive lethals Offspring homozygous for a particular allele die 1.
	zoology.muohio.edu /hoffman/342/12BeyondMend.text (290 words)

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