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Topic: Multiregional hypothesis

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	The "Multiregional" Hypothesis
		According to the multiregional hypothesis, this diversity resulted from the evolution of distinctive traits (through adaptation and genetic drift) in different geographical regions that became established in early populations of Homo erectus and persisted through the modern people.
		Multiregionalism traces all modern populations back to when humans first left Africa at least a million years ago, through an interconnected web of ancient lineages in which the genetic contributions to all living peoples varied regionally and temporally.
		According to multiregional evolution, the pattern of modern human origins is like several individuals paddling in separate corners of a pool; although they maintain their individuality over time, they influence one another with the spreading ripples they raise (which are the equivalent of genes flowing between populations).
	www.geocities.com /palaeoanthropology/Multiregional.html (398 words)

	Multiregional hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The multiregional hypothesis for the human species holds that the evolution of humanity throughout the Pleistocene has been within a single widespread human species, Homo sapiens, in response to the normal forces of evolution: selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow.
		The multiregional hypothesis was first formulated in the early 1980's by Milford H. Wolpoff and a group of associates as an explanation for apparent similarities of the remains from Homo erectus and Homo sapiens inhabiting the same region.
		According to the Multiregional hypothesis, geographic differences between human populations are the results of climatic variation, isolation by distance, and historical accidents (genetic drift).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Multiregional_hypothesis (1368 words)

	Untitled Document
		According to the Out of Africa hypothesis, also known as the Replacement hypothesis, the transition to modern humanity occurred in only one area, which is consistent with the idea that new species usually arise from small, geographically isolated populations.
		Some critics of the Multiregional hypothesis claim that it wrongly advocates a scientific belief in race and could be used to encourage racism.
		In the Multiregional hypothesis, this unity results from hundreds of thousands of years of continued gene flow among all human populations.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/faq/Encarta/diversity.htm (1611 words)

	Multiregional
		The result after many millenia of evolution of humans (and their evolutionary precursors) would be a human Y chromosome from which many genes had been deleted and in which many of the remaining DNA sequences were permanently inactivated.
		The above hypothesis has not yet been tested, but it is worth noting that genetic studies of such a Y chromosome could give a misleading picture of the chronology and routes of human migration from Africa.
		They relegate Thorne and Wolpoff's hypothesis to a box in a side column, dutifully pointing out that this is an alternative explanation but usually managing to give the impression that these two authors are a couple of diehards who have been run over by the steamroller of modern laboratory technology.
	www.geocities.com /acgyles/mreg.html (6708 words)

	ScienceDaily: Multiregional hypothesis
		A variation of this theory known as hybrid-origin hypothesis was introduced in 1971 by the British psychologist Stan Gooch.
		Multiregional hypothesis -- The multiregional origin hypothesis of human species holds that some, or all, of the genetic variation between the contemporary human races is attributable to genetic inheritance from either Homo...
		Recent single-origin hypothesis -- The single-origin hypothesis (or Out-of-Africa model) is one of two accounts of the origin of anatomically modern humans, Homo...
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Multiregional_hypothesis (2288 words)

	Multiregional hypothesis
		This view contrasts with the single origin hypothesis, which holds that modern Homo sapiens evolved from a single, geographically localised, ancestral hominid population, whose descendants ultimately replaced all other species of hominids over the course of tens of thousands of years without interbreeding or subspeciation.
		multiregional evolution [is not] a polyphyletic model of parallel racial evolution similar to that of Carleton Coon’s in the 1960s." http://human-nature.com/nibbs/02/wolpoff.html
		The multi-regional hypothesis was originally developed from the fossil evidence, but more recent work has focused on molecular data, in which DNA is sequenced.
	multiregional-hypothesis.mindbit.com (378 words)

	Recent single-origin hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In paleoanthropology, the single-origin hypothesis (or Out-of-Africa model, or Replacement Hypothesis) is one of two accounts of the origin of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens.
		The opponents of a single origin argue that interbreeding indeed occurred, and that the characteristics of modern humans, including those that have been and still are perceived by some to distinguish races, could only be the result of genetic contributions from several earlier lineages that evolved semi-independently in different parts of the world.
		This is the "multiregional hypothesis", including the hybrid-origin theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Single_origin_hypothesis (2083 words)

	Rediscovering Biology - Online Textbook: Unit 9 Human Evolution
		hypothesis, which is sometimes called the "replacement hypothesis," postulates that modern Homo sapiens spread out of Africa, into Europe and Asia, and replaced archaic Homo sapiens living in those regions (Fig.
		One would predict that under the out of Africa hypothesis, Africa would be the origin of the common ancestor of variants for most of the independent data sets (different genes) tested.
		One caveat is that the apparent age of the divergence could be reduced by the gene flow among the populations.
	www.learner.org /channel/courses/biology/textbook/humev/humev_5.html (1134 words)

	Home Page
		The multiregional hypothesis diagrams the interplay of archaic Homo erectus populations whose development in isolated units' maintained localized traits, while with the mechanism of peripheral genetic interplay between these pockets, the genetic identity of Homo sapiens became unilateral.
		For supporters of the Multiregional Hypothesis, this was a positive discovery because instead of showing that interbreeding did not occur (Out-of-Africa theory), the mitochondrial DNA show the continuity of genetics between the species Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.
		The other hypothesis is the Multiregional hypothesis which argues that modern humans have evolved from a predecessor class, Homo erectus, evolving from man from different places around the world about one to two million years ago.
	students.washington.edu /mpasc (6151 words)

	Multiregional hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Multiregional hypothesis oo acknowledgments thanks to jeremy henty who like to the phytoplankton.
		Multiregional hypothesis bearing this in order to look for ordered sets, is countable.
		Multiregional hypothesis pursuit of the continuum and the construction infinite ink.
	by-hypothesis.academiadecirugiaplastica.com /multiregional-hypothesis.html (711 words)

	Public Anthropology
		The hypothesis states that the usurping males take part in this activity to eliminate their competitor’s genes and to terminate the lactational amenorrhea of the females, thus shortening the interval between their takeover and their insemination of the females.
		Finally, Hrdy’s hypothesis is criticized because even in the primate populations where documented post-takeover infanticide has occurred it is at too low of an interval to significantly alter the gene pool of the population.
		A conclusion of their claim effectively includes a remark that further research and analysis of this topic must be done in a broader context in order to determine accurate and consistent patterns of “male competition and social change” (984).
	www.publicanthropology.org /Archive/Aa1993.htm (7754 words)

	American Scientist Online - We Are All Africans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Boiled down to its essence, the hypothesis states that modern humans are both relatively recent (100,000 to 200,000 years old) and African in origin.
		A major prediction of this hypothesis is that the earliest remains of modern humans will be found in Africa, dated to an appropriate time period.
		The Multiregional hypothesis predicts that the fossilized remains of the earliest modern humans will be found all over the Old World and that these scattered fossils will all date from about the same time.
	americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/28338/page/2?&... (296 words)

	Eric P. Metze: Out of Africa, Too (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		While I was reading the summaries of the three hypotheses, I began to I favor the so-called multiregional hypothesis, which states that our species evolved relatively simultaneously in several parts of the Old World.
		The multiregional hypothesis seems shaky to me to say that our species was spread out as far as southern Africa, northern Europe, and eastern Asia, and was still able to exchange genetic material freely enough to evolve as a single species.
		I admit I am not a scientist, nor am I fully educated on the subject, but if I were to develop a hypothesis that fits my understandings of the issues, I would say that it is more of a fusion of the Eve and multiregional hypotheses.
	metze.us /blog/2005/07/out-of-africa-too.html (591 words)

	Race
		1993), the multiregional continuity evolution model, cite as evidence anatomical continuity in the fossil record in South Central Europe (Smith 1982), East Asia and Australia (Wolpoff 1993) (anatomical affinity is taken to suggest genetic affinity).
		A leading hypothesis for the selection of lighter skin in higher latitudes is that it enables the body to form greater amounts of vitamin D, which helps prevent rickets (Jablonski 2004).
		However, the vitamin D hypothesis is not universally accepted (Aoki 2002), and lighter skin in high latitudes may correspond simply to an absence of selection for dark skin (Harding et al.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/r/ra/race.html (14184 words)

	Human Evolution - MSN Encarta
		In the western half of Eurasia and in Africa, this hypothesis also seems the better explanation, particularly in regard to the apparent replacement of Neandertals by modern populations.
		Therefore, many paleoanthropologists advocate a theory of modern human origins that combines elements of the out of Africa and the multiregional hypotheses.
		According to the out of Africa hypothesis, on the other hand, similarities among all living human populations result from a recent common origin.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566394_11/Human_Evolution.html (1513 words)

	Human Evolution - MSN Encarta
		According to the out of Africa hypothesis, also known as the replacement hypothesis, early populations of modern humans from Africa migrated to other regions and entirely replaced existing populations of archaic humans.
		Supporters of the theory point out, however, that their position does not imply that modern races evolved in isolation from each other, or that racial differences justify racism.
		According to the Australian researchers, this finding lends support to the multiregional hypothesis because it shows that different populations of H.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566394_10/Human_Evolution.html (1455 words)

	Multiregional Evolution
		In the same issue as Wilson and Cann presented the 'Out of Africa 2' or 'Eve Hypothesis' Alan G. Thorne and Milford H. Wolpoff argued the polygenic or multiregional side of the modern human origins debate.
		Multiregional evolution traces all populations to humans first leaving Africa over 1 mya (now known to be about 1.8 mya).
		Finally, it is affirmatively argued that the close genetic similarities of the entire human race reflect linkages between people, an ancient history of population connections and mate exchanges, or, in other words, gene exchange.
	www.jqjacobs.net /anthro/paleo/multiregional.html (511 words)

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