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Topic: Multiregional origin hypothesis

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	ScienceDaily: Multiregional hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This view contrasts with the single origin hypothesis, which holds that modern Homo sapiens evolved from a single, geographically localised, ancestral hominid population, whose descendants ultimately replaced all other species of hominids over the course of tens of thousands of years without interbreeding or subspeciation.
		The multi-regional hypothesis was originally developed from the fossil evidence, but more recent work has focused on molecular data, in which DNA is sequenced.
		Multiregional hypothesis -- The multiregional origin hypothesis of human species holds that some, or all, of the genetic variation between the contemporary human races is attributable to genetic inheritance from either Homo...
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Multiregional_hypothesis (2390 words)

	Slavic peoples - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		From a Polish/German viewpoint, the "Polish" hypothesis is referred to as the autochthonic theory (the Proto-Slavs are native to the area of modern Poland), while the other possibilities are known as allochthonic theory (the Slavs immigrated to the area of modern Poland during the Migration period).
		This debate is politically charged, particularly in connection with the history of the Partitions of Poland, and both German and Slavic nationalists have employed either the 'autochthonic' (in the case of the Slavic nationalists) or the 'allochthonic' (in the case of the German nationalists) as tools of political propaganda.
		Several new theories of the origin of Slavs were published, and found large numbers of followers, in the 1990s and 2000s, fueled by the rise of nationalism in Ukraine, and the Eurasianism and Neo-Eurasianism movements in Russia.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Slavs (2419 words)

	Untitled Document
		According to the Out of Africa hypothesis, also known as the Replacement hypothesis, the transition to modern humanity occurred in only one area, which is consistent with the idea that new species usually arise from small, geographically isolated populations.
		Some critics of the Multiregional hypothesis claim that it wrongly advocates a scientific belief in race and could be used to encourage racism.
		In the Multiregional hypothesis, this unity results from hundreds of thousands of years of continued gene flow among all human populations.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/faq/Encarta/diversity.htm (1611 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Single-origin hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In paleoanthropology, the single-origin hypothesis (or Out-of-Africa model) is one of two competing accounts of the origin of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens.
		For this reason, the model is sometimes called the "replacement scenario." In support of it, advocates have drawn from both fossil and DNA evidence, in particular from mitochondrial and Y-chromosome DNA sequences.
		The opponents of a single origin argue that interbreeding indeed occurred, and that the characteristics of modern humans, including those that distinguish the races, reflect genetic contributions from several lineages that evolved semi-independently in different parts of the world.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/si/Single-origin_hypothesis (365 words)

	Multiregional Evolution
		In the same issue as Wilson and Cann presented the 'Out of Africa 2' or 'Eve Hypothesis' Alan G. Thorne and Milford H. Wolpoff argued the polygenic or multiregional side of the modern human origins debate.
		They maintain that there is no single recent dispersal for modern humans, that humans originated in Africa and then slowly developed their modern forms in every area of the Old World.
		Multiregional evolution traces all populations to humans first leaving Africa over 1 mya (now known to be about 1.8 mya).
	www.jqjacobs.net /anthro/paleo/multiregional.html (511 words)

	Home Page
		The multiregional hypothesis diagrams the interplay of archaic Homo erectus populations whose development in isolated units' maintained localized traits, while with the mechanism of peripheral genetic interplay between these pockets, the genetic identity of Homo sapiens became unilateral.
		For supporters of the Multiregional Hypothesis, this was a positive discovery because instead of showing that interbreeding did not occur (Out-of-Africa theory), the mitochondrial DNA show the continuity of genetics between the species Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.
		The other hypothesis is the Multiregional hypothesis which argues that modern humans have evolved from a predecessor class, Homo erectus, evolving from man from different places around the world about one to two million years ago.
	students.washington.edu /mpasc (6151 words)

	Slavic peoples - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The idea that the Slavic people have more in common than their origin, the origin of their languages, and some cultural aspects is derived from romantic nationalism, the panslavism movement, and the notion of ethnicity as a biological basis of nations.
		The Chernoles culture is "sometimes portrayed as either a state in the development of the Slavic languages or at least some form of late Indo-European ancestral to the evolution of the Slavic stock" (James P. Mallory, "Chernoles Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997).
		Finally, several new theories of the origin of Slavs were published, and found large numbers of followers, in the 1990s and 2000s, fueled by the rise of nationalism in Ukraine.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/s/l/a/Slavic_peoples.html (1661 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference
		The first known historic Slavic people (Venedi, Sklavene and Anti) did identify themselves by "common ancestors and common blood" according to the 6th century historian Jordanes, and that is partly supported also by modern biogenetic comparisons (DNA analyses).
		Thus it is not original Slavic, and its regional abundance indicates mostly the former Pre-Slavic populations that subsequently are Slavicized.
		This subsequently means that the easternly appearing cultural distinctiveness of Rusins (East Slavs) is whatever is left of the original Slavic culture and Lechs are not Slavicized with it to this very day as a matter of fact.
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=Slavs (3249 words)

	Race - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The ultimate origin of the word is unknown; suggestions include Arabic ra'is meaning "head", but also "beginning" or "origin".
		The tree is rooted in the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans, which is believed to have originated in Africa.
		They have based their advocacy on aptitude test data that, according to them, shows that racial ability differences are biological in origin and cannot be leveled even by intensive educational efforts.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Race (7414 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Race
		These terms originally denoted skull types and sprang from the technique known as craniofacial anthropometry, but have fallen somewhat in scientific use over the past century.
		1993), the multiregional continuity evolution model, cite as evidence anatomical continuity in the fossil record in South Central Europe (Smith 1982), East Asia and Australia (Wolpoff 1993) (anatomical affinity is taken to suggest genetic affinity).
		A leading hypothesis for the selection of lighter skin in higher latitudes is that it enables the body to form greater amounts of vitamin D, which helps prevent rickets (Jablonski 2004).
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Race (10747 words)

	Out of Africa II Human Origins Theory
		Three recent African origin models, Replacement, Weak Garden of Eden and Multiple Dispersals, are based on combinations of evidence from fossils, archaeology and, especially, genetic studies.
		The Out of Africa 2 hypothesis for the origin of anatomically modern humans posits the replacement of the original populations of Homo with a second dispersal (hence 2) of near modern humans from Africa, a dispersal that purportedly replaced the archaic east Asian and Neanderthal populations without gene exchange.
		A more recent alternative hypothesis posits the impact of volcanic winter and a population bottleneck due to the eruption of Toba, Sumatra, around 70,000 years ago.
	www.jqjacobs.net /anthro/paleo/genome.html (860 words)

	The Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans
		It is the position of this essay that Anatomically Modern Humans originated once only in Africa and through a series of dispersals through different routes populated the rest of the world (as held by the Weak Garden of Eden theory and the Multiple Dispersal model).
		The first recorded widespread hypothesis as to the origin of modern man was a multiregional one.
		MRE predicts that there should be great continuity between cultural changes, that there be a generally homogeneous population of hominoids throughout the inhabited world, and that any replacements that do occur as a result of warfare be very hard to distinguish through archaeological/anthropological methods due to the extreme similarity between the groups.
	members.tripod.com /~AFoggyone/origins.html (956 words)

	f24 Out-of-Africa and multiregional hypotheses
		Discussion as to the origin of modern humans is divisive, with some participants favoring the out-of-Africa hypothesis, to explain the existence of, and others favoring the multiregional hypothesis, to explain the coming into being of, people anatomically and mentally like us.
		The contemporary multiregional hypothesis, a descendant of the ideas of Alfred Russel Wallace and Ernst Haeckel, was carried forward by Franz Weidenreich (1873-1948) who found Peking Man in China (the original fossils were lost but plaster casts of these arrived safely at the American Museum of Natural History where, after 1941, he continued his studies).
		It follows that paleoanthropologists' recognition of species of extinct hominids is absolutely crucial to their understanding of evolutionary dynamics.The linch-pin of the out-of-Africa hypothesis is the DNA evidence that the Eve of modern humanity lived in Africa 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/f24.htm (1188 words)

	Multiregional
		The result after many millenia of evolution of humans (and their evolutionary precursors) would be a human Y chromosome from which many genes had been deleted and in which many of the remaining DNA sequences were permanently inactivated.
		The above hypothesis has not yet been tested, but it is worth noting that genetic studies of such a Y chromosome could give a misleading picture of the chronology and routes of human migration from Africa.
		They relegate Thorne and Wolpoff's hypothesis to a box in a side column, dutifully pointing out that this is an alternative explanation but usually managing to give the impression that these two authors are a couple of diehards who have been run over by the steamroller of modern laboratory technology.
	www.geocities.com /acgyles/mreg.html (6708 words)

	Public Anthropology
		The reader’s ability to interpret the quality of the ethnographic statements must be increased by clues to the origin and nature of ethnographic statements provided in the ethnographic document itself.
		The MR hypothesis assumes that archaic and modern humans belong to the same species, whereas RA assumes speciation or cladogenetic event.
		Also the MR hypothesis predicts that transitional specimens exhibiting a mosaic of primitive and derived characters will be widely spread through time and space.
	www.publicanthropology.org /Archive/Ca1995.htm (2944 words)

	Multiregional hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This phenomenon was termed Regional continuity and to begin with, baffled the scientists.
		Thus was born the Multiregional hypothesis: That those people we call Homo erectus, Neandertals and others along with Homo sapiens, formed a single specis.
		Besides Milford H. Wolpoff, paleoanthropologists most closely associated with the multiregional hypothesis include James Ahern, James Calcagno[1], Rachel Caspari, David Frayer, Mica Glanz, John Hawks[2], Andrew Kramer, Sang-Hee Lee, Alan Mann, Janet Monge, Jakov Radovcic, Karen Rosenberg, Mary Russell, Lynne Schepartz, Fred Smith, Alan Thorne, Adam Van Arsdale, Bernard Vandermeersch.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Multiregional_hypothesis (1369 words)

	Evolution, Science and Society: The Origins of Modern Humans
		Until recently, it was generally supposed that genes for modern characteristics spread among different populations of "archaic" humans, so that the different archaic populations all evolved into modern humans, but retained some genetic differences that persist among different human populations today.
		The multiregional hypothesis has been challenged by some geneticists, who propose instead that anatomically modern humans evolved first in Africa and then spread through Europe and Asia, replacing indigenous archaic humans without interbreeding with them.
		This hypothesis is based on studies of variation in the sequence of certain genes, such as mitochondrial genes, from human populations throughout the world.
	evonet.sdsc.edu /evoscisociety/origins_of_modern_humans.htm (429 words)

	Home > Hauppauge, New York, NY, 11749, Hauppauge Real Estate, Hauppauge Yellow Pages, Hauppauge Classifieds, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In paleoanthropology, the single-origin hypothesis (or Out-of-Africa model, or Replacement Hypothesis) is one of two accounts of the origin of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens.
		The opponents of a single origin argue that interbreeding indeed occurred, and that the characteristics of modern humans, including those that have been and still are perceived by some to distinguish races, could only be the result of genetic contributions from several earlier lineages that evolved semi-independently in different parts of the world.
		This is the "multiregional hypothesis", including the hybrid-origin theory.
	www.hauppaugenyus.com /details/Single-origin_hypothesis (2237 words)

	Hypothesis Identification \| Hypothesis Testing Steps \| Multiregional Origin Hypothesis \| Riemanns Hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
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	csiz.info /hypothesis-identification.htm (401 words)

	Race - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Both before and after the 1859 publication of On the Origin of Species, a debate raged in Europe over whether different human groups had the same origin or were the product of separate creations or evolutionary lineages (Wolpoff and Caspari 1997).
		Racial classification in the U.S. 2000 census was based solely on self-identification, did not pre-suppose disjointedness, and did not include a category "Hispanic," which is considered an ethnicity, rather than a race, by the U.S. Census.
		Guthrie RD (1996) The mammoth steppe and the origin of mongoloids and their dispersal.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/r/a/c/Race.html (13317 words)

	Slavic peoples - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		They are historically attested to have inhabited Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans from the early 6th century, and many have later settled in Northern Asia.
		There are two alternative scholarly theories as to the origin of the Slavs ethnonym, both very tentative: According to the first theoryBernstein S. B., Очерк сравнительной грамматики славянских языков, vol.
		A recent theoryTemplate:Fact, relying on the multiregional origin hypothesis claims an autochthonous Slavic origin from pre-glacial times.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Slavs (2080 words)

	Recent single-origin hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Map of early human migrations according to mitochondrial population genetics (numbers are millennia before present); The letters on the arrows represent groups of people belonging to the same mitochondrial haplogroup.
		The earliest recorded hypothesis of the single-origin theory originated in 1789 by Lord Monboddo, who based his reasoning on linguistic evolution
		Among Y-chromosomal haplogroups, the M130 and the M174 YAP gene haplogroups in particular confirm this hypothesis as their path traces a great arc along the shorelines of Saudi Arabia, India, South East Asia and Australia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Single-origin_hypothesis (2082 words)

	SciForums.com - Multiregional Hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		I think the multiregional hypothesis best explains human diversity and evolution.
		However, both the genetic antiquity and the impact of the African contribution to modern Homo sapiens are so great as to view Africa as a central place of human evolution.
		Because India lies around the equator, the Caucasoid peoples have been living in India long enough to have evolved dark skin (unless the original Aryans were dark, which is doubtful as they were a branch of the larger Indo-European group).
	www.sciforums.com /printthread.php?t=48653 (983 words)

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