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Topic: Multistage sampling

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Cluster sampling

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	Multistage sampling - Wikipédia
		Multistage sampling nyaeta bentuk kompleks tina cluster sampling.
		Using all the sample elements in all the selected clusters may be prohibitively expensive or not necessary.
		In stratified sampling, a random sample is drawn from all the strata, where in cluster sampling only the selected clusters are studied, either in single stage or multi stage.
	su.wikipedia.org /wiki/Multistage_sampling (191 words)

	Survey sampling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In statistics, survey sampling is random selection of a sample from a finite population.
		The possibility of very expensive or very atypical samples has led to a variety of modifications such as stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multistage sampling.
		The samples in such surveys are therefore non-probability samples of the population, and the validity of estimates of parameters based on them is unknown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Survey_sampling (237 words)

	Stratified sampling - Wikipédia
		Stratified sampling nyaeta metoda sampling tina populasi dina statistik.
		Proportionate allocation uses a sampling fraction in each of the strata that is proportional to that of the total population.
		sampling equal numbers from strata varying widely in size may be used equate the statistical power of tests of differences between strata.
	su.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stratified_sampling (364 words)

	Sampling (statistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sampling is that part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of individual observations intended to yield some knowledge about a population of concern, especially for the purposes of statistical inference.
		The sampling frame must be representative of the population and this is a question outside the scope of statistical theory demanding the judgement of experts in the particular subject matter being studied.
		In survey sampling, many of the individuals identified as part of the sample may be unwilling to participate or impossible to contact.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sampling_(statistics) (1776 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sample surveys attempt to determine the opinions, beliefs, behavior, or other parameters of a population of people from the responses of a sample from the population to a questionnaire or interview.
		A probability sample is a sample drawn using a random mechanism to select the units from the frame to comprise the sample; that is, whether each unit in the frame is in the sample is a random event, with a specified probability.
		Sample surveys tend to suffer to various extents from nonresponse bias, which is caused by systematic differences in the variables studied between the individuals who participate willingly in the survey and those who elect not to participate.
	www.stat.berkeley.edu /users/stark/SticiGui/Text/ch16.htm (6891 words)

	Algebra ~ High School Assessments ~ Instruction ~ School Improvement in Maryland
		Simple random sampling, probability sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling and multistage sampling are some of the legitimate sampling methods that are widely used depending on what is being measured.
		Simple random sampling is defined as sampling a group of n individuals from the population in such a way that every combination of n individuals has an equal chance of being the sample selected.
		A representative sample is a sample of the population that closely represents the whole population.
	www.mdk12.org /instruction/curriculum/hsa/algebra/clarification.html (848 words)

	PA 765: Sampling
		In systematic sampling there is the danger of order bias: the sampling frame list may arrange subjects in a pattern, and if the periodicity of systematic sampling matches the periodicity of that pattern, the result may be the systematic over- or under-representation of some stratum of the population.
		Repeated systematic sample has the side benefit that the variability in the subsample means for a given variable is a measure of the variance of that estimate in the entire sample.
		Technically, cluster sampling is where all subjects at the lowest hierarchical level (ex., all students in a school) are sampled for each primary sampling unit (PSU's, which are the second-lowest hierarchical level, such as schools or Census blocks), whereas multistage sampling is where only a random sample of lowest hierarchical level subjects are selected.
	www2.chass.ncsu.edu /garson/pa765/sampling.htm (4752 words)

	[No title]
		Sampling rates at different stages are often determined to accomplish certain design objectives such as self-weighting, oversampling of certain units, reduction of design effect, and accommodation of fieldwork requirements.
		Within PSU sampling is based on census blocks that are bounded primarily by streets in urban areas and by other prominent physical features such as rivers or railroad tracks in rural areas.
		Sample design of NHANES III: The target population is the total civilian non-institutionalized population, 2 months of age or over, in the 50 states of the US.
	www.sph.uth.tmc.edu /courses/biometry/Elee/ph1745/doc/multi.doc (1809 words)

	Chapter 7: Sampling In Marketing Research
		Sampling points are selected on the basis of numbers drawn at random that equate to the numbered columns and rows of the grid.
		It cannot assume that simply because the sample mean was 10.5 litres that this is necessarily a good estimate of the average purchases of all farmers in the population.
		Sampling bias arises when selection is consciously or unconsciously influenced by human choice, the sampling frame inadequately covers the target population or some sections of the population cannot be found or refuse to co-operate.
	www.fao.org /docrep/W3241E/w3241e08.htm (6225 words)

	Design Information for Survey Procedures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Survey sampling is the process of selecting a probability-based sample from a finite population according to a sample design.
		A sample design encompasses the rules and operations by which you select sampling units from the population and the computation of sample statistics, which are estimates of the population values of interest.
		A sample is a subset of the population that is selected for the study.
	www.id.unizh.ch /software/unix/statmath/sas/sasdoc/stat/chap11/sect4.htm (870 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The chief criterion of the quality of a sample is the degree to which it is representative -- the extent to which the characteristics of the sample are the same as those of the population from which it was selected.
		Multistage cluster sampling is a more complex sampling technique that is frequently used in those cases in which a list of all the members of a population does not exist.
		The representativeness of a quota sampling depends in large part on the accuracy of the quota matrix as a reflection of the characteristics of the population.
	www.soc.umn.edu /~xshu/lect11.htm (613 words)

	[No title]
		Allocation of the sample across the strata is proportionate when the sampling fraction is uniform across the strata or disproportionate when, for instance, a higher sampling fraction is applied to a smaller stratum to select a sufficient number of subjects for comparative studies.
		In multistage cluster sampling, the sampling units are groups of elements except for the last stage of sampling.
		Therefore, the sample size, the denominator in the calculation of a sample mean, is a random variable, and, hence, the sample mean becomes a ratio of two random variables.
	www.sph.uth.tmc.edu /course/biometry/elee/ph1725_26/doc/samtype.doc (1415 words)

	Weaknesses of Multistage Cluster Sampling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The disadvantage of cluster sampling is that each stage of the process increases sampling error.
		The margin of error, therefore, is larger in multistage cluster sampling than in simple or stratified random sampling.
		Cluster sampling is cheaper and easier, and the error can thus be compensated for by increasing the sample size.
	users.ipfw.edu /mayd/j202/chapter9b/tsld014.htm (52 words)

	Issues Associated with the Design of a National Probability Sample for Human Exposure Assessment
		Among the sampling issues addressed are defining the sampling frame and sampling units; stratification; sampling of special populations (e.g., minority groups and at-risk groups); geographic coverage; and factors affecting sample size and its allocation over regions, subdomains, and strata.
		The sample design for a survey includes the sampling plan; the set of procedures by which the sample is selected from the target population; the estimation procedures, the set of algorithms for estimating population values from the sample and estimating the reliability of the estimates (3,4).
		The sample size for the survey directly affects the cost of the survey; therefore, the sample size should be selected so as to maximize the reliability (accuracy) of the survey results and at the same time to minimize the cost of the survey.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1995/Suppl-3/ezzati-full.html (4359 words)

	Multi-stage Sampling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Multistage sampling is any sampling where the elements are chosen in more than one stage.
		Multistage sampling can involve more than one method or combined method of sampling, such as simple random, cluster or stratified sampling.
		Additionally, multistage sampling uses a hierarchy of sampling units or clusters, so that at each stage each element belongs to only one sampling unit (2).
	www.cdc.gov /epo/dih/MiniModules/pps/multistage_sampling.htm (76 words)

	Multistage Sampling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The example above is of multistage sampling using clusters.
		With ``large'' populations it is often necessary to carry out the sampling in 2 or more stages.
		Do not confuse multi-stage sampling with multi-phase where some information is collected from the whole sample and additional information is collected from sub-samples of the full sample.
	www.csm.uwe.ac.uk /~pwhite/SURVEY1/node31.html (72 words)

	Sampling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When we sample a population with several strata, we generally require that the proportion of each stratum in the sample should be the same as in the population.
		In a multistage random sample, a large area, such as a country, is first divided into smaller regions (such as states), and a random sample of these regions is collected.
		In the second stage, a random sample of smaller areas (such as counties) is taken from within each of the regions chosen in the first stage.
	www.stat.yale.edu /Courses/1997-98/101/sample.htm (589 words)

	SPSS Complex Samples - Sampling Error, Stratified Sample, Random Sampling, Cluster Sample, Multistage Sampling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		If you're working with complex sample designs, such as stratified, clustered or multistage sampling, you need specialized statistical techniques to account for the sample design and its associated standard errors.
		Stratified sampling—increase the precision of your sample or ensure a representative sample from key groups by choosing to sample within subgroups of the survey population.
		Multistage sampling—select an initial or first-stage sample based on groups of elements in your population; then create a second-stage sample by drawing a sub-sample from each selected unit in the first-stage sample.
	www.spss.com /complex_samples (680 words)

	Lepkowski and Bowles, Sampling Error Software for PC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Many students in sampling methods courses are often surprised to learn that cluster sampling generates positive correlations among sample elements and consequent losses in precision relative to the simple random selections they have been trained elsewhere to analyze.
		Some estimate sampling variances and related statistics (design effects, misspecification effects, intracluster homogeneity) only for means, totals, and proportions for the total sample, for subclasses of the total sample, and for differences between subclasses.
		Sample designs that can be accommodated include simple random sampling, stratified random element sampling, and multistage cluster samples with equal or unequal probabilities of selection.
	www.hcp.med.harvard.edu /statistics/survey-soft/docs/iass.html (4184 words)

	HSR - Health Services Research Journal Article Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Multistage probability sampling through households may not produce sufficient cases of diseases that are not highly prevalent.
		In such cases, an attractive alternative design is multistage probability sampling through sites of care, in which all persons in the reference population have some chance of random selection through their medical providers, and in which included subjects are selected with known probability.
		Multistage national probability sampling through providers supplies uniquely valuable information, but will not represent populations not receiving medical care and may not provide sufficient cases in subpopulations of interest.
	www.aha.org /hsr/ArticleAbstracts/shapi345.html (427 words)

	STAT-110 Notes (Ch. 1, Sec. 6)
		This type of sampling is used to select a sample from a very large population where certain groups and subgroups are available.
		At each stage, we obtained a sampling frame (list of states; list of counties in the selected states; list of neighborhoods in the selected counties; list of people in the selected neighborhoods) and selected a simple random sample from that sampling frame.
		It is true that the fls seem to be over-represented in our sample, but since the probability of selection for each group is known, we can correct for the over-representation when we analyze our data; when we know the probabilities associated with each stratum, we have a probability sample.
	www.stat.sc.edu /~west/courses/110/spring99/lecture/16.html (614 words)

	Survey Software: Estimands summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sample designs ranging from simple random samples of elements to more complex stratified, multistage cluster designs.
		For the sample selection procedure, the sample design can be a complex multistage sample design that includes stratification, clustering, replication, and unequal probabilities of selection.
		Sample members may have been selected with unequal probabilities, and either with or without replacement.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~stats/survey-soft/DESIGNS.html (385 words)

	Sample Survey Design and Analysis
		Due to the variability of characteristics among items in the population, researchers apply scientific sample designs in the sample selection process to reduce the risk of a distorted view of the population, and they make inferences about the population based on the information from the sample survey data.
		PPS sampling is often used in cluster sampling, where you select clusters (groups of sampling units) of varying sizes in the first stage of selection.
		This variance estimation method assumes that the first stage sampling fraction is small or that the first-stage sample is drawn with replacement, as it often is in practice.
	support.sas.com /rnd/app/da/new/dasurvey.html (964 words)

	Math 143 C/E, Spring 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Neither stratified random sampling nor multistage sampling are truly examples of SRS, but, carried out correctly, they are considered (for many purposes) to be random enough to produce a representative sample.
		What are the similarities you notice between stratified sampling (a term associated with survey samples) and blocking (a term associated with the design of experiments)?
		List and describe (briefly) the types of sampling errors mentioned in the section that can result in a biased survey process.
	www.calvin.edu /~scofield/courses/m143/materials/ips/reading/s03.3.html (144 words)

	[No title]
		The goal is to acquire a sample that is representative of the population, i.e.
		Example A sample of 300 cases is drawn from the files of a criminal court The mean time from filing to disposition in felony cases is 72 days The best guess as to the population parameter is 72 days, (some degree of error.
		Variable Equation Small Sample Large Sample Sentence4.7645 to 7.14974.7761 to 7.1382 Age21.969 to 23.91721.9789 to 23.9068 Inference About a Sample Proportion In a survey of 800 people, the proportion favoring the death penalty was 0.6 (60%).
	www.shsu.edu /~icc_cmf/cj_685/mod6.doc (2012 words)

	RAND \| Advanced Publication Search \| View Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Abstract: Objective: To examine the trade-offs inherent in selecting a sample design for a national study of care for an uncommon disease, and the adaptations, opportunities and costs associated with the choice of national probability sampling in a study of HIV/AIDS.
		Factors contributing to the substantial cost of such a design include the need to develop a sampling frame, the problems associated with recruitment of providers and subjects through medical providers, the need for buy-in from persons affected by the disease and their medical practitioners, as well as the need for a high participation rate.
		Conclusions: Multistage probability sampling through providers can provide unbiased, nationally representative data on persons receiving regular medical care for uncommon diseases and can improve the ability to accurately study care and its outcomes for diseases such as HIV/AIDS.
	www.rand.org /cgi-bin/Abstracts/ordi/getabbydoc.pl?doc=LRP-199912-11 (446 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A fixed precision adaptive sampling procedure mimics the expression for n* and estimates it in at least two stages.
		In the extreme case of a two-stage sampling procedure, this is clearly reflected from the fact that the procedure lacks some of the desired properties such as asymptotic consistency (Chow and Robbins (1965)) or asymptotic efficiency (Ghosh and Mukhopadhyay (1981)).
		We now propose an adaptive sampling procedure, which is sequential in nature but uses batches of observations in every single stage of sampling.
	euclid.nmu.edu /~sdatta/waldrev4.doc (1640 words)

	Multistage Cluster Sampling (cont.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Multistage cluster sampling involves the repetition of two basic steps: listing and sampling.
		Then a sample of those units (secondary sampling units) is drawn.
		Opinions of U.S. law enforcement officers might use a list of law enforcement officers in the state, then a sample of cities within that state, then police officers in those cities.
	users.ipfw.edu /mayd/j202/chapter9b/tsld015.htm (72 words)

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