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Topic: Multituberculates

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	Reconstruction of the petrosal in Late Cretaceous multituberculates (Mammalia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Multituberculates, the rodents of the Mesozoic, thrived as the most successful group of mammals in the shadow of the dinosaurs.
		(1995) and for multituberculates by Miao (1988), Luo and Ketten (1991) and Meng and Fox (1995).
		In multituberculates it is separated medially from the cranial cavity by the taenia clino-orbitalis, bordered laterally by a small alisphenoid and the large anterior lamina, and floored by the petrosal (Kielan-Jaworowska et al.
	www.2dgf.dk /online/hurum.htm (1872 words)

	Digimorph - Kryptobaatar dashzevegi (fossil multituberculate)
		Multituberculates (including Tombaatar) are a group of extinct mammals known from the Jurassic to the Eocene in North America and Asia.
		Within multituberculates, Kryptobaatar is a member of Djadochtatheria, a clade comprised of 10 of the 11 multituberculate taxa known from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia.
		Middle-ear ossicles of the multituberculate Kryptobaatar from the Mongolian Late Cretaceous: implications for mammaliamorph relationships and the evolution of the auditory apparatus.
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Kryptobaatar_dashzevegi (310 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 430.100 Mammalia: Triconodonta
		multituberculates), and the platypus Ornithorhynchus have the primitive condyle.
		Triconodonts, monotremes and multituberculates have the primitive condylar arrangement for the radius.
		The multituberculates are found to be true mammals, emerging from the same chaotic region that produces the triconodonts and symmetrodonts.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/430Mammalia/430.400.html (2751 words)

	[No title]
		Multituberculates are the only major branch of mammals to have become completely extinct, and have no living descendants.
		Multituberculates first appeared in the Late Jurassic, and went extinct in the early Oligocene, with the appearance of true rodents.
		The narrow shape of their pelvis suggests that, like marsupials, multituberculates gave birth to tiny, undeveloped pups that were dependent on their mother for a long time before they matured.
	bioweb.wku.edu /courses/Biol459/f2000/protected/mammevol.htm (3120 words)

	Eobaatar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		(Multituberculate teeth from the Lower Cretaceous (Barremium) of Ple Pajaron (Prov.
		Kielan-Jaworowska et al (1987), "Early Cretaceous multituberculates from Mongoloia and a comparison with Late Jurassic form".
		Kielan-Jaworowska Z and Hurum JH (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eobaatar (284 words)

	Digimorph - Tombaatar sabuli (fossil multituberculate)
		Tombaatar sabuli is a recently-discovered multituberculate mammal from late Cretaceous sediments of Mongolia.
		Multituberculates (including Kryptobaatar) are a group of extinct mammals known from the Jurassic to the Eocene in North America and Asia.
		The specimen was scanned by Richard Ketcham on 22 December 1997 along the coronal axis for a total of 297 slices, each slice 0.25 mm thick, with an interslice spacing of 0.2 mm (for a slice overlap of 0.05 mm).
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Tombaatar_sabuli (279 words)

	Multituberculata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They are named for their teeth, which had many cusps (tubercles) arranged in rows, hence multituberculates.
		In their 2001 study, Kielan-Jaworowska and Hurum found that most multituberculates could be referred to two suborders: " Plagiaulacida " and Cimolodonta.
		A southern grouping, Gondwanatheria, has in the past been referred to the order, though this placement currently has little support.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki?title=Multituberculates&redirect=no (304 words)

	Paleocene mammals of the world
		Multituberculates do not belong to any of the groups of mammals living today: the primitive egg-laying monotremes and the more advanced marsupials and placentals, both also known as therians.
		Multituberculates have been considered as either a group that branched off even before the monotremes, as close relatives of the monotremes or as sister group of the therian mammals.
		Multituberculates also were most diverse in size during the Paleocene, ranging from the size of a very small mouse to that of a beaver.
	www.paleocene-mammals.de /multis.htm (1423 words)

	4Reference \|\| Plagiaulacida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Multituberculates were among the most common furry critters of the Mesozoic, ('the age of the dinosaurs').
		Plagiaulacids, (an informal suborder), are the most basal of these multis, and ranged from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous of the northern hemisphere.
		The Mongolian word ‘baatar’ is frequently employed in the nomenclature of multituberculates.
	www.4reference.net /encyclopedias/wikipedia/Plagiaulacida.html (541 words)

	Mesozoic Eucynodonts, Vocabulary
		In terms of this project, this taxon is a Superfamily of multituberculates presently restricted to the Upper Cretaceous of Asia.
		Multituberculates were once common across the northern hemisphere, but the order finally went extinct about 30 to 40 million years ago.
		In terms of this project, this taxon is a Superfamily composed of one family of cimolodontan multituberculates.
	home.arcor.de /ktdykes/vocab.htm (4938 words)

	MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Multituberculata, an internet directory:
		Multituberculate means many tubercles and refers to the cusps on the molars.
		Multituberculates have a number of key contrasts to 'haramiyidans', and it's generally thought that some of these preclude close affinities.
		We tentatively accept that members of the allodontid line might be the most plesiomorphic multituberculates, as they retain the plesiomorphic structure of the lower molars with two rows of well-separated cusps, smooth enamel (lack of grooves and ribbing on the upper and lower molars) and a small I3...
	home.arcor.de /ktdykes/plagiau.htm (10537 words)

	Plagiaulacida - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Multituberculates were among the most common mammals of the Mesozoic, "the age of the dinosaurs".
		Plagiaulacids, an informal suborder, are the most basal of this order, and ranged from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous of the northern hemisphere.
		These were shrew-sized Multituberculates, with some similarities to the paulchoffis.
	www.iridis.com /Plagiaulacida (489 words)

	Main Page
		The multituberculates and monotermes both have a parafibula bone, which is part of the knee joint.
		Multituberculate mammals were the first group to specialize by living in trees, much like living squirrels.
		The cause of the final extinction of the multituberculates is related to the origin of another highly successful group, the rodents.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Stu/bburger/MainPage.html (4374 words)

	Book of Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Multituberculates were around from the late Triassic until the later Eocene, about 35 My, which gives them the impressive evolutionary span of about 160 My, compared with the 120 My of more modern mammal development since the early Cretaceous.
		Although some multituberculate forms were ground-living and rather wombat-like, mostly they were small (mouse- to squirrel-sized) tree-dwelling mammals; they would eat almost anything and were probably active at night.
		In addition to the now extinct multituberculates, it was the therian mammals that emerged as heirs apparent to the dinosaurs.
	oscar.ctc.edu /access/geology100/life5.html (18077 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Mammal
		Morganucodon and Megazostrodon, for example, belonged to a group called the triconodonts â”so called because their teeth had three cusps, or conical points, roughly in a line.
		Symmetrodonts had molars with three cusps arranged in a triangle, while multituberculates had rodent-like incisors, and large molars adapted for grinding up plant food.
		When dinosaurs disappeared 65 million years ago, mammals found themselves in a world of unprecedented opportunities, without the ruling reptiles that had held them in check for so long.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /text_761561349___14/Mammal.html (627 words)

	h19 The descent of mammals
		multituberculates The multituberculates, for which there is a good fossil record, were a diverse rodent-like group of protherians (primitive mammals) that were highly successful through the Eocene and had survived the end Mesozoic major extinction event.
		From such evidence, and, since 1991, from 400 Late Cretaceous multituberculate skulls and rare, complete, skeletons collected in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia, by staff members of the American Museum of Natural History, NY, the diverse life styles of these protherians are reasonably well known.
		These did not survive after the end of the Jurassic, but they, along with multituberculates, symmetrodonts, triconodonts, doconodonts, and haramiyids were present at the first evidence of the class Mammalia members in the Late Triassic of Pangea, 210 Ma.
	www.geowords.com /histbooknetscape/h19.htm (730 words)

	Mammal Replicas - Hanman's Fossils & Minerals. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Allotheria includes only the multituberculates, which were moderately diverse and evolved independently of all other mammals for a long period from the Lower Jurassic (possible Upper Triassic if including the haramiyids) to Oligocene Epoch.
		Multituberculates are the most diverse and numerous of Mesozoic mammals.
		Some authors have suggested that multituberculates had such great success due to the radiation of angiosperm plants in the Cretaceous Period.
	www.hanmansfossils.com /catalogs/fossil_replicas/mammals/mammals.shtml (1185 words)

	Interview with Robert Sloan, paleontologist, by Joe Cain, session 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A fair number of collections of multituberculate mammals had been made by all the people who collected Paleocene and there weren't many, but there were a lot of specimens.
		And I worked out the phyletic arrangement of these multituberculates, demonstrated for myself that phyletic gradualism did, in fact, exist because up until that time, although I had heard about phyletic gradualism since I was a very young undergraduate, I had never seen personally any prime examples of it.
		I wound up reclassifying all the multituberculate of the Cretaceous and Paleocene of the world, and their fuliginous, and became the multituberculate specialist.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /sts/cain/projects/sloan/5.htm (3377 words)

	Science News: The lost tribe of the mammals: deep in our history, an enigma defies all categories - multituberculates - ...
		"Multituberculates are probably the most interesting group of mammals that ever lived," says Guillermo W. Rougier, a paleontologist at the American Museum.
		Researchers unveiled some of their most recent finds at a symposium on multituberculates held at the American Museum in October as part of the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.
		Although one tooth is badly worn and another consists of a broken fragment, the find is significant because it shows that multituberculates colonized a much wider part of the globe than previously imagined.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n24_v150/ai_18976944 (1440 words)

	[No title]
		Multituberculates get their name from their teeth, which have many cusps, or tubercles arranged in rows.
		Multituberculates first appeared in the Jurassic, and went extinct in the early Oligocene, with the appearance of true rodents.
		The narrow shape of their pelvis suggests that multituberculates gave birth to tiny, undeveloped pups that were dependent on their mother for a long time before they matured.
	www.gwu.edu /~darwin/BiSc151/Mammals/Mammals.html (3938 words)

	Plagiaulacida - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It might be based on some of the Chinese material they mentioned as undescribed. The Mongolian word Â‘baatarÂ’ is frequently employed in the nomenclature of multituberculates.
		This reflects the fact that many of the most complete fossils have been recovered from sites in Mongolia, though this more applies to members of the more derived Cimolodonta. A couple of further genera possibly fit somewhere within Â“PlagiaulacidaÂ”.
		Both were first described late in 2001. References: Hahn G and Hahn R (2000), Multituberculates from the Guimarota mine, p.97-107 in Martin T and Krebs B (eds), Guimarota - A Jurassic Ecosystem, Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, MÃ¼nchen.
	www.free-definition.com /Plagiaulacida.html (544 words)

	4Reference \|\| Kuehneodon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is the one genus of Paulchoffatiidae from the site whereby the lower and upper jaws have been found united.
		These: "exhibit the lowest number of derived characters (apomorphies), and are thus closest to the main evolutionary lineage of the multituberculates", (Hahn & Hahn 2000, p.106).
		Remarks: Based mainly upon remains of jaw, a number of species are recorded from Guimarota: Kuehneodon dietrichi Hahn G, 1969; K.
	www.4reference.net /encyclopedias/wikipedia/Kuehneodon.html (405 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: Early mammalian radiations
		Haramiyids vaguely resemble multituberculates in having rows of cusps on their cheek teeth, but even orienting these baffling specimens was problematic until a large sample was described from a single, Triassic locality in France (Sigogneau-Russell, 1989; Butler and MacIntyre, 1994).
		Resemblances of haramiyids (placed in their own order by Hahn et al., 1989) to multituberculates appeared closer with the description of primitive multituberculates from the Jurassic of Portgual (Hahn, 1973) and the recognition that haramiyids, like multituberculates, apparently chewed with a distinctive, longitudinal movement of the jaw (Butler and MacIntyre, 1994).
		The rationale for considering these enigmatic and poorly known mammals in the present context is that this hypothesis is difficult to reconcile with the stratigraphic record and most of the recent, comprehensive hypotheses of mammalian relationships.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200111/ai_n8958762/pg_2 (1070 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 420.100 Mammailiformes
		Note: May be mammaliform lineage unrelated to multituberculates or, alternatively, paraphyletic parent of multituberculates.
		Multituberculates are like that enormous 20-piece fondue set that Aunt Harriet gave you as a wedding present.
		Thus, the connection between multituberculates and haramiyids was one of those issues like the dino-bird connection before the Chinese feather factory went into production: much debated, but with insufficient real evidence on either side.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/Unit420/420.100.html (2309 words)

	Abstract List
		The first, supported by strict consensus of most parsimonious trees, suggests that multituberculates (but not other alllotherians) are closely related to a clade including spalacotheriids + crown therians (Trechnotheria as redefined herein).
		The cochlear canal of Morganucodon is twice as long as that of Sinoconodon, relative to both skull and promontorium.
		We propose that the promontorium transformed by expansion of the petrosal bone at the expense of the basisphenoid (probably also the basioccipital) through the transition from non-mammalian cynodonts to mammals.
	www.pitt.edu /~biohome/Dept/Frame/Faculty/luoabstract.htm (3733 words)

	49-177EN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Multituberculate and eutriconodontan endocasts differ from those of primitive therian mammals in their lack of visible midbrain exposure on the dorsal side and in having a vermis-like triangular bulge (recognized herein as the cast of a large sinus—the superior cistern) inserted between the cerebral hemispheres.
		As the shape and proportions of multituberculate, eutriconodontan, and Cretaceous eutherian endocasts are otherwise similar, one might speculate that the multituberculate and eutriconodontan brains did not differ essentially from those of primitive eutherian and marsupial mammals, in which the midbrain is exposed dorsally.
		This conclusion might have important phylogenetic implications, as multituberculates and eutriconodontans may lay closer to the therians sensu strico, than hitherto believed.
	www.app.pan.pl /acta49/49-177EN.htm (232 words)

	MULTITUBERCULATE MAMMALS FROM THE WAHWEAP (CAMPANIAN, AQUILAN) AND KAIPAROWITS (CAMPANIAN, JUDITHIAN) FORMATIONS, GRAND ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At least 18 species of multituberculate mammals are present in the Wahweap Formation, of these, only 2 are with certainty conspecific with taxa from the type fauna of the Aquilan Land Mammal "Age" (Milk River Formation) and one conferred species may be conspecific.
		Of 17 species of multituberculates recovered from the Kaiparowits Formation, only 2 of these are with certainty conspecific with species from the type Judithian fauna from the Judith River Formation, and 5 other conferred species may possibly be conspecific.
		Previous reports on therian mammals by Richard Cifelli support the correlation of the fauna recovered from the Wahweap Formation to the Aquilan Land Mammal "Age," and the fauna from the Kaiparowits Formation to the Judithian.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002RM/finalprogram/abstract_33395.htm (440 words)

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