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	Mummichog - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus heteroclitus) is a small killifish found in the eastern United States.
		Because of the extreme hardiness of the species, it is sometimes the only species found in severely polluted and oxygen-deprived streams, such as the Hackensack River and the Arthur Kill in New Jersey during the height of the water pollution problem in the United States.
		In 1973 the Mummichog became the first fish in space when carried on Skylab 3 as part of the biological experiments package, later space missions by the U.S. have also carried Mummichog.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mummichog (234 words)

	Mummichog
		A hardy fish, the mummichog is an important food source for larger fish and is often used as bait.
		The mummichog also has been used as a natural method of mosquito control in marsh ponds and ditches.
		Mummichogs emerge from their mud burrows in the spring as the water begins to warm.
	www.ocean.udel.edu /kiosk/mummichog.html (224 words)

	Phylum Chordata
		Mummichogs are an appealing test specimen not only because they exhibit a restricted summer home range (the effects of migration are minimized) but also because they have been extensively studied in the laboratory.
		Mummichogs are the primary predators of salt marsh mosquitoes.
		Mummichogs can spawn in fresh, brackish or salt water at temperatures between 16.5° to 25°C. Spawning fish deposit their eggs in clutches on the outer side of aquatic plants, in masses of algae, in sand and mud and within mussel shells.
	estuary.uconn.edu /EWP15.html (1264 words)

	mummichog.org :: Unique Physiology
		Living in estuaries, it is important that mummichogs are tolerant to abrupt salinity changes (4,8) since tidal changes will bring with it significant changes in salinity.
		Mummichog from the mid-Atlantic and further south may spawn more often than those from further north, as they will typically spawn twice a month.
		Mummichog are omnivorous mid-level trophic level consumers that feed on polycheates, crustacea, insect larvae, eggs, carrion and vegetable matter (4,11).
	dmc.utep.edu /mummichog/info_physiology.htm (203 words)

	Gregory Mears thesis research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Mummichog are one of the most stationary of all fish species, remaining in tidal creeks throughout the summer months (Bigelow and Schroeder, 1953).
		Gut content analysis indicates that mummichog inhabiting relatively unpolluted environments are opportunist feeders, typically consuming a wide variety of food items such as crustaceans, plant material, polychaetes, and insects; whereas, those inhabiting polluted environments often eat detritus and sediment (Khan and Weis, 1988).
		Since mummichog are unable to assimilate detritus and sediment, a decrease in growth typically results (Weis and Khan, 1991).
	www.vims.edu /env/people/staff/mearsthesis.htm (934 words)

	TM 167 Part 7
		Given the mummichog's close association with salt marshes, it is possible that residual effects of the 1990 oil spill, or any differences among the replanted, unplanted, or reference marshes, may be reflected in its diet.
		Since the objective of this study was to examine how mummichogs were using the marshes for feeding, and since the fish mostly fed in the marsh at high tide, the traps were deployed at the marsh fringe just before high tide.
		This may be true for the mummichogs from the Arthur Kill, as oligochaetes were fairly abundant as macrofauna at all of the sites except perhaps for Saw Mill Creek North (see Chapter VI, "Benthic Invertebrates"), but were almost completely absent from the stomachs.
	www.nefsc.noaa.gov /nefsc/publications/tm/tm167/tm167p7.htm (3483 words)

	East Hampton Star - In the News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The mummichog has to be the most ubiquitous of the killifishes in the family of topminnows called Cyprinodontidae.
		Mummichogs are eaten by bigger fish, herons, egrets, loons, grebes, mergansers, kingfishers, snapping turtles, diamondback turtles, blue crabs, and many other predators.
		The mature mummichogs will swarm several times during the late spring and summer, as a consequence of which there will be several age classes of juveniles, each a little smaller than the ones from the preceding spawn.
	www.easthamptonstar.com /20040304/out1.htm (1062 words)

	Body
		Mummichog, Brill explained, are an extremely variable species, with a few individuals showing spectacular colors, and others just a dull greenish gray.
		Eventually, mummichog even appeared in the toxic pools that formed along the landfill - just a few at first, then more numerous with each passing season.
		The mummichog has survived just about everything humanity has thrown at it and managed to thrive where other species have perished.
	www.aka.org /fundulus/mum3.htm-(5)/mum3.htm (2221 words)

	Agricultural Research: Heed the mummichog! - fish used as water quality indicator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A beautiful small fish called the mummichog may be the environmental canary of the 1990's, at least for brackish bays or estuaries along the East Coast.
		Mummichogs develop tumors in the presence of carcinogenic water pollutants.
		Gassner is interested in mummichogs as part of the ARS Environmental Chemistry Laboratory's search for biosensors--living plants, animals, or tissues used to give an early indication of the presence of dangerous pollutants.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3741/is_n11_v39/ai_11845375 (396 words)

	MUMMICHOG (FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		MUMMICHOG (FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS) The Mummichog is an estuarine Killifish that can tolerate a wide range of salinities.
		The general range of the mummichog is from northeastern Florida to the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
		The Mummichog consumes a variety of plant and animal matter including diatoms, amphipods, mollusks, crustaceans, small fishes, fish eggs, and sea grass fragments.
	www.millevolte.com /nativefish29.html (345 words)

	Striped mummichog
		This fish resembles the common mummichog closely in general form, in the shape of its dorsal and anal fins, in its sexual dimorphism, and in the development of "contact organs" on the scales of breeding males.
		This is a larger fish than the common mummichog, occasionally growing to a length of 7 inches and often to 6 inches.
		The striped mummie parallels the common mummie in being restricted to the immediate neighborhood of the land, and in its way of life, except that it keeps more strictly to salt water, and is found more often along open beaches.
	www.gma.org /fogm/Fundulus_majalis.htm (572 words)

	Common mummichog
		The mummichog shows a striking sexual dimorphism in the dorsal and anal fins, which are not only larger in the male than in the female, and the anals of a different shape,
		The home of the mummichog is along sheltered shores where the tide flows over beds of eelgrass or salt hay (Spartina), among which shoals of "mummies" may often be seen moving in with the flood tide.
		At the other extreme, it is not likely that they ever descend to a depth of more than a couple of fathoms in their journeys in and out of the creeks or along the shore.
	www.gma.org /fogm/Fundulus_heteroclitus.htm (1330 words)

	RUMFS - Mike Fox
		The mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) is an abundant, highly adaptable fish that inhabits freshwater streams, open estuarine waters and salt marshes along the east coast of the U.S. and Canada (Figure 1).
		While mummichogs are capable of living in these pools, and are often concentrated in them during the winter (Smith and Able 1994), we know very little about how occupation of these pools affects their life histories.
		For this study, mummichogs in four pools and four subtidal creeks in the JCNERR (Figure 2) were collected during peak reproductive periods (spring and neap tides) from May to early August.
	marine.rutgers.edu /rumfs/VisitingPeopleMikeFox.htm (854 words)

	mummichog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Mummichogs eat a variety of foods including marine worms, crustaceans, small shrimps, insects, and other fish.
		Mummichog eggs may be found in the empty shells of ribbed mussels, on the leaves of marsh grass, in pits dug out and covered by the female, or spread directly on the bottom.
		The word "mummichog" comes from an Indian word meaning "going in crowds." Various age classes will gather, often close to shore, in schools that may number several hundred fish.
	borntoexplore.org /aquarium/mummichog.htm (369 words)

	ABC News: Did Pollution Drive Fish's Evolution?
		Along the waters it inhabits in Virginia's notorious Elizabeth River, it's known as the mummichog.
		But the mummichog could tell us much about the long range impact that human activities may be having on other species.
		Di Giulio believes at least 50 generations have survived in the foul waters of the Elizabeth River, adapting to water so polluted that one study calls it a "toxic hot spot." Indeed, if the riverbed is disturbed, oil normally gurgles to the surface, creating a slick.
	abcnews.go.com /Technology/story?id=98020&page=1 (349 words)

	THE KILLIFISH OF NANTUCKET
		Mummichogs thrive in the harsh conditions of salt marshes, where they face strong tidally-induced swings in water temperature, salinity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen.
		The sheepshead minnow is as tolerant of fluctuating environmental conditions as the mummichog.
		This relative rarity may be due to the position of Nantucket at the extreme northern edge of the sheepshead’s range.
	www.aka.org /fundulus/nankilli2/nankilli2.htm (967 words)

	Chogboats.com - Custom Skiff Designs
		A mummichog is a chubby little fish with a rounded nose and a stout body.
		A natural means of mosquito control, one mummichog can eat a couple of thousand mosquito larvae per day.
		Reportedly, mummichog population has the greatest numbers of all the fish species on the eastern seaboard.
	www.chogboats.com /mummichog.htm (136 words)

	mummichog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This small fish is a member of the killifish family, a group of fish that live in the shallow water environments at the edges of rivers, marshes and bays.
		Mummichogs are variable by their sex and by the season.
		Mummichogs are chubby little fish with a rounded nose and stout body.
	www.calvertnet.k12.md.us /schools/chespax/mummichog.html (224 words)

	Fish May Be Adapting to River Pollution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The mummichog, often used as bait to catch larger fish, is teaching scientists about something the Navy would like to know more about - the effects of environmental contaminants on ecosystem health, and how long term exposure to contaminants can affect populations of fish or other organisms.
		In contrast, the mummichog often dies when transferred to cleaner water.
		The ONR believes the mummichog may be adapted to the chronic pollution.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /Fish/InNews/riverpoll.htm (352 words)

	Urban Habitats -- Bringing the Urban Environment Into the Classroom: Learning From an Estuarine Mesocosm
		The mummichog is found from the Atlantic coast of Florida north through the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada.
		The mummichog has also been used in a wide range of scientific studies, because it is a vertebrate that is capable of being held in large populations for experimental studies in laboratories.
		The mummichog is an important food source for larger fish and is important in maintaining their populations.
	www.urbanhabitats.org /v03n01/classroom_app_c.html (544 words)

	Fish Monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Six species were taken in 2000, with the silverside and the mummichog being the most abundant.
		The mummichog is an integral part of the estuarine food web and transfer of energy from the marsh surface through subtidal waters.
		She concluded that Phragmites-dominated marshes may not be providing adequate habitat for early life history stages of resident marsh fishes, such as the mummichog.
	hartmanlab.rutgers.edu /current/njmc/fish.htm (492 words)

	Breeding Fundulus heteroclitus, by Hal Fairfield
		Prompting Fundulus heteroclitus (the mummichog) to breed is an easy matter, as this fish is very tolerant of its tank conditions.
		I mention this only in passing, because the mummichog is quite adaptable, and in nature adjusts to many variable conditions.
		Every week 20 percent of the aquarium water was siphoned from the bottom and replaced with tap water treated with ten drops per gallon of Novaqua and 0.5 teaspoon per gallon of rock salt.
	www.nanfa.org /articles/acFheteroclitus.shtml (937 words)

	Livebait fishing
		The mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) occurs in Florida along the northeastern coast, from just south of the St. John's River entrance northward.
		Unlike the mummichog, F. grandis does not enter water of low salinity very often, so it will be found right at the beach.
		It should prove to be as useful as the mummichog as a bait species.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /support/lib/seas/seasQA/QAs/L/livebait.html (3512 words)

	Salt Marsh Project \| Mass Audubon
		The Mummichog is useful because it controls salt marsh mosquitoes which are annoying to humans.
		Sometimes Mummichogs are swept into a salt pond where there are mosquito larvae.
		Once fertilized, Mummichog eggs will drop to the bottom of the pond and hatch within two weeks.
	www.massaudubon.org /saltmarsh/suspects/mummichog.php (116 words)

	Fish tales
		Yet, in this foul soup there is a thriving population of the minnow-like killifish Fundulus heteroclitus, locally known as the mummichog.
		At this particular site, river sediments are highly contaminated by creosote, pentachlorophenol, and other chemicals used by a wood treatment plant that operated nearby for most of the previous century.
		The mummichog is not a glamorous fish (although spawning males sport metallic blue-green spangles and yellow-gold fins); in fact, it is commonly used as bait.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-04/oonr-ft040502.php (391 words)

	[No title]
		Thermal effluents from electric power plants caused an elevated frequency of vertebral abnormalities in mummichog embryos (a member of the same genus as striped killifish) 56.
		Mummichogs, striped killifish, and Fundulus diaphanus have been found in heterotypic schools in the intertidal region of a Maryland estuary.
		Mummichogs were by far the most abundant in May and June, but striped killifish slightly dominated in August and September.
	fwie.fw.vt.edu /WWW/macsis/lists/M010078.htm (2172 words)

	Body
		Patrick, M.L.; Wood, C.M. Ion and acid-base regulation in the freshwater mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus): a departure from the standard model for freshwater teleosts.
		Pinkney, A.E.; Wright, D.A.; Hughes, G.M. A morphometric study of the effects of tributyltin compounds on the gills of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus.
		Lunar spawning cycle in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae).
	www.aka.org /fundulus/biblio301.lwp/biblio301.htm (5576 words)

	Measuring Behavior 2005: Salierno (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This study investigated the exposure effects of relevant, low-level HAB neurotoxins on swimming behavior of twelve groups of 5 mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus.
		Predator avoidance (overhead visual bird model) and startle response (auditory/vibratory stimulus) behaviors in groups of mummichog were compared before and after toxin exposure.
		Mummichog groups exposed to both concentrations of STX showed significantly decreased interactions (50%) as well as decreased schooling and shoaling frequencies.
	www.noldus.com /mb2005/program/abstracts/salierno.html (398 words)

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