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	Muqam - Biocrawler
		Muqam is a classical music genre that developed among the Uyghur people of northwest China and Central Asia over approximately the last 500 years.
		The most fully developed at this point is the Western Tarim region's 12 muqams, which are now a large canon of music and songs recorded from the traditional performers Turdi Akhun and Omar Akhun among others in the 1950s and edited into a more systematic system.
		Although the folk performers probably improvised their songs as in Turkish taksim performances, the present institutional canon is performed as fixed compositions by ensembles.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Muqam (423 words)

	Uygur folk dance basis for new exercise routine
		Muqam is a common musical genre among the Muslims farming in Central Asia, South Asia, West Asia and North Africa.
		The Dolan muqam, or folk dance, is a cousin of the Uygur muqam folk dance, set apart by its primitive and dynamic movements, which are a result of the Dolan people's hunting lifestyle.
		Accompanied by Dolan muqam music, the exercises are based on the physical movements of the mashrap, a kind of group dance at the climax of the Dolan muqam dance.
	www.chinadaily.net /chinagate/doc/2004-02/28/content_310595.htm (537 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Xinjiang rescues "living cultural relics" -- Muqam
		Muqam is a kind of musical phenomenon spreading among those nationalities that mainly depend on agriculture and farming in oasis in Xinjiang.
		Muqam of Xinjiang serves as a witness of cultural exchanges between the east and the west.
		On the eve of the founding of People's Republic of China, the 12 Muqam was on the edge of extinction due to its large composition, abysmal meaning of the lyrics and long tunes which made the mechanical memorization of it impossible.
	english.people.com.cn /200506/15/eng20050615_190402.html (420 words)

	Muqam Summary
		Muqam may be performed by one singer with bowed or plucked lute (satar or tanbur) plus drum or with a small group of supporting voices and instruments.
		A muqam is the melody type used in Uyghur music, that is, a musical mode and set of melodic formulas used to guide improvisation and composition.
		The muqam system developed among the Uyghur in northwest China and Central Asia over approximately the last 500 years from the Arabic maqamat modal system that has led to many musical genres among peoples of Eurasia and North Africa.
	www.bookrags.com /Muqam (732 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Muqam
		The muqam system developed among the Uyghur people of Turkish descent in northwest China and Central Asia over approximately the last 500 years from the Arabic maqamat modal system that has led to many musical genres among peoples of Eurasia and North Africa.
		Muqam music is not only an artistic creation with a long history, but also a record of communication between China and the countries to the west of it in human history.
		Muqam is usually performed by a small ensemble of singers, led by the lead singer (the Muamchi) and accompanied by plucked or bowed lutes and a dap frame drum; they may also be played in instrumental form by kettle drum and shawm (a kind of wind instrument) bands.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Muqam (1407 words)

	Uyghur Art Music and the Ambiguities of Chinese Silk Roadism in Xinjiang
		In the event, it was the muqam tradition as known and performed by one master, Turdi Akhun, that became the basis of the canon of the twelve muqams that was recorded, reordered, transcribed and published in 1960 (Wan 1959).
		In his historical study of the on ikki muqam (1981), Abdushukur Muhemmet Imin suggests that the word “muqam” itself is originally Turkic and dates from the fourth century, well before it is attested in Arabic and before the Islamicization of Central Asia.
		It was during the Karakhanid period in the eleventh century, Imin argues, that the muqam spread westward (Imin 1981; Trebinjac 2000: 228; Light 1998: 58-59).
	www.silk-road.com /newsletter/vol3num1/3_uyghur.php (3623 words)

	Muqam eyeing top NWFP slot (Site not responding. Last check: )
		ISLAMABAD: Federal Minister for Political Affairs and PML NWFP President Amir Muqam is steadily and effectively elevating his position in the provincial politics, especially in the eyes of his party leadership.
		Muqam’s position remained eclipsed as minister of state for water and power by his senior, Liaquat Jatoi.
		Finally, he was made PML chief in the NWFP, and subsequently minister for political affairs with the task of focussing on his province to enable the PML to perform well in the next polls.
	www.thenews.com.pk /print1.asp?id=38051 (362 words)

	Uygur folk dance basis for new exercise routine
		Muqam is a common musical genre among the Muslims farming in Central Asia, South Asia, West Asia and North Africa.
		The Dolan muqam, or folk dance, is a cousin of the Uygur muqam folk dance, set apart by its primitive and dynamic movements, which are a result of the Dolan people's hunting lifestyle.
		Accompanied by Dolan muqam music, the exercises are based on the physical movements of the mashrap, a kind of group dance at the climax of the Dolan muqam dance.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /chinagate/doc/2004-02/28/content_310595.htm (537 words)

	The Art of Chinese Xinjiang Uyghur Muqam
		The Xinjiang Uyghur Muqam is the general term for a variety of Muqam practices widespread among the Uyghur communities, which form one of the largest ethnic minorities of the People’s Republic of China.
		Xinjiang Uyghur Muqam is a composite of songs, dances, folk and classical music, and characterized by diversity of content, dance styles, musical morphology and instruments used.
		The music of Uyghur Muqam is characterized by variations and continuity of musical patterns, indicating close affinity with the musical culture of China’s central plains.
	www.unesco.org /culture/intangible-heritage/10apa_uk.htm (341 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Xinjiang rescues "living cultural relics" -- Muqam (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Muqam is a kind of musical phenomenon spreading among those nationalities that mainly depend on agriculture and farming in oasis in Xinjiang.
		Muqam of Xinjiang serves as a witness of cultural exchanges between the east and the west.
		On the eve of the founding of People's Republic of China, the 12 Muqam was on the edge of extinction due to its large composition, abysmal meaning of the lyrics and long tunes which made the mechanical memorization of it impossible.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /200506/15/print20050615_190402.html (412 words)

	Asian Music Circuit \| Education \| Specialist Articles
		The muqam are usually performed by a small ensemble of singers, led by the lead singer muqamchi, accompanied by plucked or bowed lutes and dap frame drum, but they may also be played in instrumental form by kettle drum and shawm (naghra-sunay) bands.
		Playing the muqam is not reserved to an exclusive group of professional musicians; historically it was performed in folk contexts as well as in the courts of local kings.
		Alongside performance of the muqam and dancing, comical skits and epic songs, an akhun may be invited to discourse on moral and religious questions, and mäshräp have traditionally served the social function of a public court, with wrongdoers brought before the mäshräp organiser (yigit beshi) to be criticised and punished.
	www.amc.org.uk /education/articles/uyghurs.htm (5406 words)

	People's Daily Online -- The UK is moved by the thrilling art of Uygur Muqam
		The Art of Muqam spread among the Uygur people, and recorded and verified the history of mutual exchange and blending of music and dance between various ethnic groups along the ancient "Silk Road", and has long been enjoying the laudatory title of ï¿½ï¿½gems of Chinese artsï¿½ï¿½ and "pearl along the 'Silk Road'".
		Muqams carried forward in Gaimaiti, Turpan and Hami are of distinct ethnic characteristics, and are dubbed as the essence of Muqam.
		Adiya, head of the Xinjiang Dolan Muqam Arts Ensemble and a postdoctoral researcher with Institute of Ethnic Literature, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) said the eldest folk artist was 76, and all of them were farmers who were not able to read.
	english.people.com.cn /200607/11/eng20060711_282017.html (656 words)

	Enchanting musical feast
		When the Xinjiang Muqam Art Ensemble and the Dolan Muqam Group performed at the China Conservatory in Beijing on December 11, their Muqam won warm applause from the audience, though the performance was unfamiliar to most people in terms of its scale, instruments and language.
		Muqam is a common musical phenomenon of the Muslims farming in Central Asia, South Asia, West Asia and North Africa.
		Of course it is impossible to perform the whole Twelve Muqam in one concert, yet the Xinjiang Muqam Art Ensemble offered the audience a microcosm of the art form in their performance, which included ensemble, solo, duo, singing, dancing and even juggling performances.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /en/doc/2003-12/16/content_290713.htm (1314 words)

	The Mother of Uygur Music: Twelve Muqam - Culture - China.Travel
		In the mid-16th century, aided by other musicians, the imperial concubine Amannisahan of the Yarkant Kingdom, who was also an esteemed poetess and musician, devoted all her efforts to collecting and compiling Muqam music, which was then scattered across Uygur-populated areas.
		While Muqam is a musical form that has spread in Islamic areas throughout the world, the "Twelve Muqam" carries distinct Uygur characteristics.
		As a result, the "Twelve Muqam" is especially distinct due to its strong Uygur flavor.
	en.yahtour.com /feature/fc/2007-03-19/38437.shtml (411 words)

	Forward bloc revolts against Amir Muqam -DAWN - National; July 03, 2006
		ISLAMABAD, July 2: Pakistan Muslim League Forward Bloc in NWFP on Sunday demanded of the party’s central leadership to elect the party’s head in the province through the provincial council.
		Mr Aulas Khan Khalil, head of the forward bloc, at a press conference expressed no-confidence in the present NWFP party chief Mr Amir Muqam, federal minister for political affairs, saying Mr Muqam’s elevation to the office of provincial chief was wrong and in violation of the party constitution.
		Explaining the reason for setting up of forward bloc in the party, he said Mr Muqam had been ignoring the party workers and leaders eversince his elevation, which had led to frustration in the party ranks and there was every likelihood that some of these workers and leaders might have moved to other political parties.
	www.dawn.com /2006/07/03/nat17.htm (275 words)

	1 - Number One News Resource of Pakistan - The News - Jang Group (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Talking to The News, Amir Muqam said he was proceeding to Abbottabad and Mansehra today to set up his office for coordinating relief activities in the quake-affected areas.
		Amir Muqam, who is also provincial president of PML-Q, felt the distribution of compensation money by the MMA-led NWFP government to the heirs of those killed and injured in the earthquake was slow.
		Amir Muqam said he met Corps Commander Peshawar Lt Gen Hamid Khan, the NWFP Governor Khalilur Rahman, and Chief Minister Akram Durrani in Peshawar Wednesday to discuss the rescue and relief activities in the NWFP.
	www.jang.com.pk /thenews/nov2005-daily/03-11-2005/metro/p4.htm (392 words)

	Uyghur Art Music and the Ambiguities of Chinese Silk Roadism in Xinjiang
		In the event, it was the muqam tradition as known and performed by one master, Turdi Akhun, that became the basis of the canon of the twelve muqams that was recorded, reordered, transcribed and published in 1960 (Wan 1959).
		Muqam, then, would thus seem to be the quintessential Silk Road musical form: variations on a theme stretching from the Tarim Basin to the Black Sea.
		In his historical study of the on ikki muqam (1981), Abdushukur Muhemmet Imin suggests that the word “muqam” itself is originally Turkic and dates from the fourth century, well before it is attested in Arabic and before the Islamicization of Central Asia.
	www.silkroadfoundation.org /newsletter/vol3num1/3_uyghur.php (3623 words)

	Linese - Experiencing China (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The most prestigious and well-known genre of Uygur music is the Muqam, the large-scale suites of song, instrumental and dance music.
		In addition to the Muqam the Uygurs maintain popular traditions of song epic tales and other forms of narrative song; suites of dance music; instrumental music; musical genres linked to the ceremonies, and a huge repertoire of folksongs which commonly dwell on the suffering of life on earth and the torments of frustrated love.
		The Twelve Muqam are large-scale suites consisting of sung poetry, stories, dance tunes and instrumental sections.
	www.linese.com /cc/20401040000000000,248.html (2276 words)

	Performance Art in Xinjiang
		As early as from the third to the seventh centuries, the Uygurs, who inhabit the Xinjiang region of China, sang Alifu Airdueah as a dasitan recital.
		In the mid-16th century, the imperial concubine of the Yarkant Kingdom devoted all her efforts to collecting and compiling Muqam music, which was then scattered across Uygur-populated areas.
		They dance to the accompaniment of the Twelve Muqam and sing songs and ballads to their melodies.
	www.chinaculture.org /gb/en_madeinchina/2005-12/08/content_76924.htm (493 words)

	Musical Treasure of the Uygurs
		But he and other participants at the symposium also expressed their worries that the traditional popularity of Twelve Muqam is giving way to pop culture and foreign entertainment.
		What is significant about the compilation of the Twelve Muqam is that Amannisahan did not seek materials from the wealthy and fully-developed repertoire of Arabian and Persian music.
		In 1956, Muqam master Turdi Ahun and musician Wan Tongshu, working with other assistants, made great pains to record most of the vocal melodies and librettos of the Twelve Muqam onto tapes.
	www.china.org.cn /english/culture/51964.htm (881 words)

	CCTV International
		And Muqam, the music of the Uygur people, has long been one of the region's key cultural contributions.
		The folk tradition is now in the spotlight, at the Sixth International Muqam Seminar, in Urumqi.
		Muqam is the general term for a variety of performing arts, spread among Uygur community.
	www.cctv.com /program/cultureexpress/20060927/102741.shtml (86 words)

	Oklahoma Baptist University
		Anderson presented her paper “A Unique Sociocultural Identifier: The Muqam in Modern Uyghur Life,” at the conference at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City.
		Anderson realized her interest in the Muqam, a music tradition of the Uyghur people in China, while teaching in China, the summer after her sophomore year at OBU.
		Anderson plans to continue pursuing her interest in the Muqam in an ethnomusicology program in graduate school, and intends to spend the upcoming summer in intense language study of Uyghur.
	www.oklahomabaptist.com /news/view_article.php?id=724 (0 words)

	The Uyghur Musicians from Xinjiang
		Each Muqam is characterised by a particular set of lyrics, mode, melodic patterns and modulations, and has a suite structure which comprises a series of vocal and instrumental sections, usually beginning with a free vocal section and ending with a faster dance music section.
		Four of the eleven tracks are Muqams - all played in shortened forms suitable for a CD which nevertheless allow all the sections to be heard.
		Track 10, the Nava Muqam of Turpan is sung by Tursun Simayi who accompanies himself on Satar, a long-necked bowed lute with a single melody string and twelve sympathetics, giving it extraordinary resonance.
	www.mustrad.org.uk /reviews/uyghur.htm (921 words)

	China censura varias páginas web sobre el muqam, música declarada recientemente Patrimonio de la ...
		Aunque la información sobre el muqam puede ser encontrada en páginas chinas, sobre todo las de instituciones oficiales (fue Pekín la que presentó la candidatura), no es posible acceder en China a webs sobre esa tradición escritas por uygures en el extranjero, en dominios como 'www.uygurworld.com' o 'www.uygur.org'.
		Tampoco se puede acceder a la definición que de la música muqam se hace en la mayor enciclopedia por Internet del mundo, 'www.wikipedia.org'.
		El muqam fue una de las 43 expresiones culturales proclamadas por la UNESCO Obras Maestras del Patrimonio Oral e Inmaterial de la Humanidad.
	www.lavanguardia.es /premium/publica/publica?COMPID=51262817483&ID_PAGINA=22088&ID_FORMATO=9&PARTICION=91&SUBORDRE=3 (499 words)

	Uyghur Muqam
		The Twelve Muqams, known as the mother of Music, embodies as a concentranted reflection of the wisdom and talent of the Uyghur People in Music creation.Twelve Muqams includes 170 songs and dances tuness an addtional 72 instrumental pieces.
		The Uyghur Muqam is considered to be the world's most complex and beautiful musical form, combining in suite form sung poetry, popular tales of famous lovers, and compelling dance rhythms.
		-----A Muqam must have a Muqam Heading (introduction in a free rhythm) without which cannot be considered a Muqam.
	www.oqya.5u.com /photo3.html (0 words)

	Meher Baba: Manzils And Muqams
		If Francis were in the third manzil of the subtle plane, and at the same time expressing the muqams of the third manzil, he would have gross and subtle consciousness simultaneously: he would have infinite energy under his control in the gross world.
		In the first plane of the subtle are the second manzil and its muqams; in the second plane of the subtle, the third manzil and its muqams; in the third plane of the subtle, the fourth manzil and its muqams; in the fourth plane no manzil and no muqam.
		There are seven planes, seven manzils, innumerable muqams in six planes, one muqam in the gross sphere, and one muqam in the sixth manzil.
	home.online.no /~solibakk/manzils.html (1578 words)

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