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Topic: Muqarnas

	Muqarnas Summary
		The muqarnas, a Muslim variety of stalactite vault, is a primary characteristic of Islamic architecture.
		The muqarnas is a form that embodies the ideals of Islamic civilization: its physical form, characterized by fluidity and replication, is based as much on Islamic theological principles as it is on the more mundane principles of structural engineering.
		Conversely, the downward movement of the muqarnas implies the descent of the heavenly towards the earth and the encasement of the divine in material forms.
	www.bookrags.com /Muqarnas (1703 words)

	IWR - NGG: Muqarnas Visualization
		Muqarnas is the Arabic word for stalactite vault, an architectural ornament developed around the middle of the tenth century in north eastern Iran and almost simultaneously, but apparently independently, in central North Africa.
		Al-Kashi distinguishes four types of muqarnas: The Simple Muqarnas and the Clay-plastered Muqarnas, both with plane facets and roofs, as well as the Curved Muqarnas, or Arch, and the Shirazi, in which the roofs of the cells and the intermediate elements are curved.
		The muqarnas is used in large domes, in smaller cupola, in niches, on arches, and as an almost flat decorative frieze.
	www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de /groups/ngg/Muqarnas (591 words)

	Broug Ateliers for Islamic Art & Architecture-Muqarnas
		Muqarnas is also frequently used to create a concave semi-vault above an entrance to a building or to provide a decorative cornice along the perimeters of a ceiling or beneath a balcony.
		In traditional Islamic architecture, similar muqarnas compositions are supported by a complex arrangement of wooden support struts and ropes attaching the muqarnas elements to the top of the space into which they are placed.
		Muqarnas design is not far removed from two-dimensional design; it also uses the principle of intersecting circles and straight lines to arrive at different patterns.
	www.broug.com /muqarnas.html (1373 words)

	muqarnas
		The eastern Muqarnas, with its 11-segmented apex, is complex and not aesthetically pleasing.
		That is, the orderly, strong Muqarnas in the center of the square uses the original square lattice pattern that spread widely throughout the Islamic world, while the complex Muqarnas located on the eastern side is based on the pole table pattern, distributed in the eastern Islamic region.
		The panel components of the Muqarnas are first produced accurately on the ground using jigs, before being assembled and fixed to the architectural structure by means of attachment ribs protruding from it.
	www.tamabi.ac.jp /idd/shiro/muqarnas/default-.htm (2613 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Tripoli: Lebanon’s Mamluk Monument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Muqarnas is composed of progressively projecting tiers of niche-like geometric elements, a three-dimensional pattern that in Mamluk buildings often decorated the deep hoods over portals, hid the squinches and pendentives that actually supported domes, and created a visual transition between such elements as the shaft of a minaret and the underside of the minaret balcony.
		The oldest surviving examples of muqarnas are found in Central Asia and the province of Khurasan in northeast Iran and date to the 10th century; there, individual plaster or brick units were assembled to form muqarnas, which functioned to define and separate adjoining architectural elements such as walls and ceilings, or shafts and balconies.
		Plaster muqarnas vaults were light enough to be suspended from a hidden structural brick shell, but stone muqarnas vaults had to be self-supporting.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/200003/tripoli-lebanon.s.mamluk.monument.htm (4077 words)

	Saudi Aramco World Magazine (May/June 2000): Tripoli - Lebanon's Mamluk Monuments
		Muqarnas may have developed first to decorate the squinches that support a dome's transition from a square, such as those below the central dome in the mosque of al-Burtasi.
		Above the front door, a half-dome hood with individualized ornamental schemes is a distinctive use of muqarnas that appeared from the 11th to 17th centuries throughout the Islamic world.
		The earliest muqarnas were the fanciful products of artisans’ familiar manipulation of humble plaster and brick, but as the vaults became increasingly complicated, the skills of muqarnasconstruction came to be entrusted only to specialists.
	tripoli-city.org /aramco/aramco03.html (1058 words)

	Chapter Six. Damascus in the Early Thirteenth Century
		On the interior, the vault is composed of two twelve-sided zones of muqarnas, corresponding in geometry to the exterior articulation, and a gored cupola.
		The muqarnas is in stone covered by decorative plasterwork; the gored cupola is brick and is curved inward at the base; it is almost the only Damascene element of construction.
		The cells of the muqarnas and alternate ribs of the gored semidome are painted in a late style.
	www.sonic.net /~tallen/palmtree/ayyarch/ch6.htm (12159 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Behrens-Abouseif, "The Facade of the Aqmar Mosque in the Context of Fatimid Ceremonial," Muqarnas 9 (1992): 29-38.
		Idem, "The Mosque of the Qarafa in Cairo," Muqarnas 4 (1987): 7-20.
		Al-Asad, Mohammad, "The Mosque of al-Rifa`i in Cairo," Muqarnas 10 (1993): 108-24.
	archnet.org /courses/cairo.html (1904 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Muqarnas are the polychrome, gilded decorations commonly found in the vaults of the Alhambra, like this vault in the Hall of the Two Sisters.
		The dome in the Hall of Abencerrajes demonstrates the use of muqarnas and shows how they are arranged in a network of cells, similar to a honeycomb.
		Most of these vaults are lit by small windows which allow light to play on the muqarnas to give the whole vault a misty appearence.
	studentwebs.coloradocollege.edu /~k_rosing/alambra/muqarnas.htm (169 words)

	Katayoon Etemad
		Muqarnas is the Arabic word for stalactite vault, an architectural ornament developed around the middle of the tenth century in north eastern Iran.
		A Muqarnas is a three dimensional architectural decoration composed of niche-like elements arranged in tires.
		First we have to input the star shaped tires in our system, in the cases that we are working on star patterns have 2D symmetries as well, so we can work on 1/8 or even 1/16 of the pattern as the motif.
	members.shaw.ca /katyetemad/3D_design.htm (222 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Muqarna is an Arabic word derived from the Greek word for the scales used in roof tiles, and it is a unit used to create stalactite or honeycomb vaults.
		Muqarnas, the units of carved out brick or plaster, were used on ceilings, arches, squinches, niches and even on flat walls in the Alhambra.
		The muqarnas used in the AIhambra varied in thickness from nearly flat, in their use on walls as a pure decoration, to fully three dimensional.
	sim.soe.umich.edu /worldreach/poot/alhambra/resources/domesandsquinches.html (432 words)

	Muqarnas - La Trinchera: Foro Internacional
		Muqarnas is the Arabic word that describes a traditional element unique to Islamic architecture, in which small nich-like components are combined with each other in succesive layers to enclose a space and produce surfaces rich in three-dimentional geometric compositions.
		The 3 blocks of 45 degree family were used in this muqarnas composition on the portal of this Turkish caravarnsaray, or hotel, from the 13th century.
		The simplest shape for the interior surface of the blocks is used here, where the middle of the block is shaped is divided into two equal regions.
	www.latrinchera.org /foros/showthread.php?t=401 (632 words)

	HeiDok - Algorithmic Computer Reconstructions of Stalactite Vaults - Muqarnas - in Islamic Architecture
		Muqarnas, or stalactite vaults, are three--dimensional ornaments, common in the Islamic architecture.
		Each muqarnas element is described by means of parameters representing its type and measurements together with parameters that describe the position of the element in the muqarnas vault.
		Muqarnas are globally different if more elements are involved and the shape, or number of tiers, of the muqarnas differ.
	www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de /archiv/7047 (892 words)

	Muqarnas, Volume 20 Volume 20 Muqarnas, Volume 20 Volume 20: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World an ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Muqarnas, Volume 20 Volume 20 Muqarnas, Volume 20 Volume 20: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World an Annual on the Visual Culture of t
		Muqarnas, Volume 20 Volume 20 Muqarnas, Volume 20 : Muqarnas, Volume 20 Volume 20 Muqarnas, Volume 20 Volume 20: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic...
		Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the I : Muqarnas, Volume 18 Volume 18 Muqarnas, Volume 18 Volume 18: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic...
	www.tonsofspecials.com /sales.php?405556 (579 words)

	MIT OpenCourseWare \| Architecture \| 4.615 The Architecture of Cairo, Spring 2002 \| Lecture Notes \| 6 - Late Fatimid ...
		Muqarnas: One of the most distinctive architectural elements, called usually the stalacite pendentives or honeycomb vaults.
		Muqarnas units appear in domes' transitional zones, in cornices and friezes, in conches above entrances, and on friezes supporting balconies of minarets.
		The muqarnas dome of the mausoleum of Nur al-Din in Damascus (1167-68), one of the earliest muqarnas domes in Syria.
	www.core.org.cn /OcwWeb/Architecture/4-615Spring2002/LectureNotes/detail/lec6.htm (583 words)

	IWR - NGG: Muqarnas Visualization, Video
		The various elements are visualized and the connection between erected vaults and their 2D projections is explained.
		Turning to a still existing niche of the Friday Mosque at Natanz, the film continues with a reconstruction of a vault corresponding to the oldest known muqarnas design, found at Takht-i Suleyman.
		Finally, animations of illuminated muqarnas at Bastam reveal the fine art of both architecture and computer graphics.
	www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de /groups/ngg/Muqarnas/muqarnas-video.php?L=E (206 words)

	Talk Islam
		From time immemorial the beauty of MUQARNAS was related by travellers and writers, but descriptions of it were brief introductions, so it's birth and detail design were not detailed.
		I have gathered 450 MUQARNAS which range from complicated brick works such as squincharch and starbalt found in Persia in the 10th centurt to Stalactites designed by Gaudy in Balthelona at the end of 19th century.
		MUQARNAS are made with various materials ; bricks, stones, stucco, mozaique panels, ceramic, wood and so on.
	www.talkislam.com /pagedisplay.cfm/nodeid=6076.html (156 words)

	Abstract, Nexus 2004, Muqarnas, Construction and Reconstruction
		Yvonne Dold-Samplonius and Silvia Harmsen examined the Islamic architectural forms known as muqarnas and the mathematical treatise of Ghiyath al-Din al-Kashi at the Nexus 2004 conference.
		A muqarnas is a three-dimensional architectural decoration composed of nichelike elements arranged in tiers.
		With her team she is now working on a three-year Muqarnas (stalactite vaults) project sponsored by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).
	www.nexusjournal.com /conferences/N2004-DoldHarm.html (572 words)

	Phoibos: Yaghan, Muqarnas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		This thesis is an attempt to analyze the muqarnas phenomenon, establishing it as a distinct field; and to design a computer algorithm for muqarnas generation system.
		It categorizes the values of the muqarnas criterion either as characteristics (constant values for all muqarnas forms) or attributes (values that vary according to the type).
		The second part recognizes the needs for a muqarnas computer generation system, discusses its module design in relation to the design process, and suggests the data structure for any muqarnas form in correspondence to the issues analyzed in the first part.
	www.phoibos.at /phoibos/yaghan.html (274 words)

	Muqarnas Plan Editor - Lab Course by Daniel Jungblut 2005
		During her dissertation, Silvia Harmsen developed an algorithm which is able to create three dimensional Muqarnas vaults, from two dimensional plans using graph theory.
		My goal was to create a user interface with which you should be able to edit Muqarnas plans and graphs and start the calculation of the vaults by using your computer mouse.
		The Muqarnas Planeditor is a tool to create and modify two dimensional plans to convert them to 3 dimensional Muqarnas data.
	pille.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de /~muqtool (3163 words)

	Menara Kuala Lumpur
		The Main Dome at the Lobby Entrance and Exits of the Upper Ground Floor is clad in glass.
		"The planning, installation and decoration of the Muqarnas was swiftly carried out by the highly skilled Iranian craftsmen using traditional methods inherited from generations of master crafters".
		The circular base of the Tower Head is designed with vertical ribs on the external surface with painted aluminium Islamic patterns visible only from the grounds of Menara Kuala Lumpur and the buildings in its vicinity.
	www.menarakl.com.my /muqarnas.html (184 words)

	kiat.net: Kuala Lumpur - Menara KL
		As the Muqarnas pattern recurs in the Tower Shaft design, the architectural design of the Tower Head and the roof of the Base Buildings, the whole appearance will become one harmonious entity reflecting the revival of the Islamic architectural heritage.
		Muqarnas was constructed in the arrangement of glasses on the domes of the lobby entrance to illustrate the 7 layers of the sky with sun rays shining from the middle.
		The entire 6-level tower head is clad in glass (double-glazed with gas infilled) arranged in the traditional Islamic form of the "muqarnas".
	www.kiat.net /malaysia/KL/kltower.html (1279 words)

	15. Novembertagung 2004 - 15th Novembertagung 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Muqarnas - stalactite vaults- form an essential part of Islamic architecture.
		In the scope of our three year project "Computer Reconstruction of Muqarnas", we are analyzing muqarnas.
		This video explains the construction and reconstruction of muqarnas and shows our first realizations of computer generated muqarnas.
	www.math.uu.nl /novembertagung/SilviaHarmsen.html (84 words)

	Islamic Geometry & Floral Patterns
		Muqarnas : The graduated division of squinch into a number of niches/miniature Squinches, producing a sort of cellular structure.
		The Muqarnas of the Muqarnas vault is the stalactite vault, which gives the impression of stalactite ornamentation because Muqarnas forms a shaped into freely hanging, icicle-like structures made from stucco and/or stone.
		Muqarnas ornamentation was freely used in architecture, on domes, entrance portals, niches, capitals and decorative surfaces, but also in art and crafts, employing a vast array of materials.
	www.islamicarchitecture.org /art/islamic-geometry-and-floral-patterns-2.html (1232 words)

	MIT OpenCourseWare \| Architecture \| 4.615 The Architecture of Cairo, Spring 2002 \| Calendar
		"The Mosque of the Qarafa in Cairo." Muqarnas 4 (1987): 7-20.
		"The Façade of the Aqmar Mosque in the Context of Fatimid Ceremonial." Muqarnas 9 (1992): 29-38.
		"The Mosque of al-Rifa'i in Cairo." Muqarnas 10 (1993): 108-24.
	ocw.mit.edu /OcwWeb/Architecture/4-615Spring2002/Calendar (1085 words)

	Appendix A. Muqarnas Questionnaire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		This questionnaire lists aspects of muqarnas design that I have found useful to examine for the vaults considered in this study.
		Does the muqarnas spring square or from corner brackets, and does it rest on a cornice?
		Does the exterior arch profile reflect the profile of the muqarnas or is it a smooth pointed arch?
	sonic.net /~tallen/palmtree/ayyarch/muqques.htm (224 words)

	AbeBooks: Search Results - Muqarnas
		Yasser Tabbaa explores with exemplary lucidity the geometric techniques that facilitated this transformation, and investigates the cultural processes by which meaning was produced within the new forms.
		Muqarnas: an annual on Islamic art and architecture.
		Muqarnas- An Annual on the Visual Culture of the I
	www.abebooks.co.uk /search/sortby/3/kn/Muqarnas (1285 words)

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