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	Mehmed II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mehmed II was born in Edirne, then the capital city of the Ottoman state, on March 30, 1432.
		His father was Sultan Murad II (1421–51) and his mother Huma Hatun was a daughter of Abd'Allah of Hum, Huma meaning a girl/woman from Hum.
		Mehmed II advanced toward Eastern Europe as far as Belgrade, and attempted to conquer the city from John Hunyadi at the Siege of Belgrade in 1456.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mehmed_II (1327 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Murad II
		Murad II (1404-1451), sultan (1421-1444 and 1446-1451) of the Ottoman Empire, the son of Muhammad I. Murad spent the early years of his reign...
		Murad III (1546-1595), sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1574-1595), son and successor of Selim II.
		Bayazid II (1448-1512), Ottoman sultan of Turkey (1481-1512), son and successor of Muhammad II, the conqueror of Constantinople.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Murad_II.html (108 words)

	AllRefer.com - Murad II (Turkish And Ottoman History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Murad II 1403–51, Ottoman sultan (1421–51), son and successor of Muhammad I to the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey).
		Murad sought to retire from public life on several occasions, but each time was recalled by the pressure of events.
		Murad was a patron of poetry and learning, and his court was a cultural center.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Murad2.html (254 words)

	Wikipedia: Ottoman Empire
		Murad advanced the reformation of the state and founded such entities as the divan (the government and advisors), the beylerbey (great chief), the kaziasker (military judge) and the defterdar (financial minister).
		Murad spent his early years on the throne disposing off rivals and rebellions, most notably the revolts of the Serbs.
		Murad fortified his borders against Serbia and Hungaria but did not try to retake Wallachia, instead he sent his armies to Anatolia where they defeated Karaman in 1428.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/o/ot/ottoman_empire.html (6149 words)

	The Ottomans and their dynasty - All About Turkey
		A Hungarian - Polish army was decimated at Varna in 1444 by Murad II (c.1403-1451) and Ottoman conquests were virtually unchecked during the reign of his son, Mehmed II the Conqueror (1432-1481).
		Murad II attempted to limit the influence of the nobility and the gazi by elevating faithful former slaves and janissaries to administrative positions.
		Murad II continued the expansionist policy of the Ottomans, capturing Salonika and embarking on a series of campaigns against Hungary.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /ottoman.htm (1751 words)

	ottoman
		Murad I died in the first battle of Kossovo in 1389, but his son, Bayezid I (1389-1402) took command of the Ottoman forces and the day ended in victory over the combined army of Bosnians, Serbs and Bulgars.
		Desperate for allies, Emperor John II made overtures to the Pope to heal the schism that had separated the two churches since 1054, signing a formal reconciliation at the Council of Florence in 1439, only to be condemned by the fundamentalists of the Byzantine Church.
		Murad won at Varna in 1444, killing King Vladislav of Poland and Hungary but Hunyadi, as regent for the infant Vladislav V, made him lose his taste for war and Murad 'retired' in 1444 in favour of his son, Mehmed II, only to resume power in 1446, refreshed.
	freespace.virgin.net /sheldon.stevens/ottoman.html (1103 words)

	T.C. Kultur Bakanligi / Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey
		Murad II crushed the enemy at Varna, and attempted again to leave the country to his son, but this time the janissaries mutinied, and he had to return to Edirne again to take up his throne for the third time.
		Osman II (1617-1622) and Murad IV (1623-1640) organised magnificent hunting parties in the forests around Edirne, and Mehmed IV (1649-1687), so passionately fond of the chase that he was known as Mehmed the Hunter, spent most of his time hunting here.
		This mosque founded by Sultan Murad II in 1436 is one of the finest examples of mosques with secondary areas off the central prayer hall.
	www.discoverturkey.com /english/haberler/osmanli-edirne.html (6524 words)

	Sultan Composers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Son of Bayezid II and the elder brother of Selim I. He was a poet, instrumentalist, composer and also a supporter of fine arts and sciences.
		The Enderun was abolished by Mahmud II, who continued the reforms initiated by Selim III with the abolition of the Janissary Corps and the establishment of a Western type army known as the Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye.
		That the name of Murad IV is historically remembered as a cruel ruler who shed much blood, that Selim III's brings to mind social reform, or that Mehmed VI's historical role is still the subject of a debate does not enter the spirit of these CD's.
	www.ottomansouvenir.com /Music/Albums/sultan_composers.htm (4425 words)

	A General History of the Near East, Chapter 13
		He was succeeded by his son Murad II (1421-51), and Murad showed the Ottoman recovery between 1426 and 1428, by annexing the five emirates Timur had re-erected in southwest Turkey.
		Murad was the last sultan to become a conquering hero, and though he gave the empire a bloodbath, we can say that he tolerated only his own crimes, and he temporarily stopped the empire's decline.
		Murad IV was childless, and on his deathbed he ordered the execution of his brother Ibrahim, to keep him from becoming the next sultan.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /neareast/ne13.html (17140 words)

	murad2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Murad II After Mehmed I's death, his son, Murad II, claimed to be the sultan with the support of his Asian subjects and most of the military.
		Once his sultanate was secure, Murad II, continued to refortify the empire as his father had.
		In 1444, Murad II abdicated in favor of his twelve-year-old son, Mehmed II, because he feared another war of succession would break out after his death.
	www.stfrancis.edu /hi/murad2.htm (192 words)

	Ottoman Sultans and Their Jewish Subjects
		Prince Murad at the head of a new army brought victory and consequently Seyh Bedreddin and Torlak Kemal were executed.
		During the reign of Murad II, Ishak Pasa was appointed as chief doctor of the palace and a firman was issued in his family's favour exempting them from all taxes.
		SULTAN MURAD III (Born) 1546 - (Deceased) 1595 CE During the reign of Sultan Murad III, the son of Joseph Amon (killed during the campaign for the conquest of Egypt) Izak Amon was appointed adviser to the divan.
	www.sephardicstudies.org /sultans1.html (3644 words)

	The Ultimate Ottoman Empire - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Murad I was the first Ottoman to claim the title of sultan (king).
		With the capture of Constantinople in 1453, the state became a mighty empire with Mehmed II as its emperor.
		Note: Although Abdul Mejid II was chosen as caliph in 1922, he was not a sultan, as the National Assembly had abolished the sultanate.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Ottoman_Empire (1275 words)

	[No title]
		Murad also referred to the FDA’s statement that abrasive scrubs, cleansers and soaps are acceptable “adjunct therapies for the treatment of acne” and these adjunct therapies promote drying and peeling, alleviate oiliness, and remove or reduce sebum.
		Murad provided ERSP with descriptions of the seven named skin diseases and the recognized benefits of the ingredients contained in the Murad Acne Complex that address the condition.
		Murad confirmed that the tests were conducted in accordance with the methodology adopted by the OTC acne panel and were conducted on a double-blind basis by an independent clinical laboratory.
	www.retailing.org /new_site/documents/govaffairs/ERSP_Findings/murad_decision.doc (2494 words)

	1403 articles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Murad II MURAD II [Murad II] 1403-51, Ottoman sultan (1421-51), son and successor of Muhammad I to the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey).
		Louis III LOUIS III [Louis III] 1403-34, king of Naples (1417-34; rival claimant to Joanna II), duke of Anjou, count of Provence, son and successor of Louis II.
		Beyazid I BEYAZID I [Beyazid I], 1347-1403, Ottoman sultan (1389-1402), son and successor of Murad I. He besieged Byzantine Emperor Manuel II at Constantinople, then overcame the Turkish rulers in E Anatolia and defeated the army of Sigismund of Hungary (see Sigismund, Holy Roman emperor) at Nikopol.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=1403 (516 words)

	mehmed2
		Mehmed II On March 30, 1432, Mehmed II was born in Edirne.
		It is unknown whether or not his father, Murad II was present at the time of his birth.
		His father, Murad II, was fearful that unless he abdicated in favor of his son, a civil war concerning succession might break out upon his death.
	www.stfrancis.edu /hi/webpage/subgroup/mehmed2.html (668 words)

	boys clothing: European royalty -- Turkey
		Murad I made Adrianople the capital of the Turkish Empire, gradually reduzing the dominions of the Byzantines.
		Murad II attempted to limit the power of the nobility and the gazi by raising loyal former slaves and janissaries to high administrative posts.
		The Jagiellan Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia and most of the Hungarian nobels were killed at the Battle and Louis' brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Austria, future Emperor and brother of the Emperor Charles V, pressed claims to both crowns for the Hapsburgs, ending an independent Hungarian crown.
	histclo.com /royal/tur/royal-tur.htm (1917 words)

	Ottomans
		ABD AL-HAMID II (1842-1918), Ottoman sultan of Turkey (1876-1909), son of Abd al-Madjid I (1823-61).
		MURAD II (1404-51), sultan (1421-44 and 1446-51) of the Ottoman Empire, the son of Muhammad I (1389-1421).
		Murad spent the early years of his reign defeating rival claimants to the throne and reasserting Ottoman control over areas of Anatolia that had been lost to the Mongol con queror Tamerlane at the beginning of the century.
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/ottomans.htm (2807 words)

	History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived
		Murad I conquered Thrace, to the northwest of Constantinople, in 1361.
		Murad II suppressed Balkan resistance and eliminated all but two of the Turkish principalities in Asia Minor.
		Abdulhamid II (ruled 1876-1909) developed strong ties with Germany, and the Ottomans fought on Germany's side in World War I. Russia hoped to use the war as an excuse to gain access to the Mediterranean and perhaps capture Constantinople.
	www.sephardicstudies.org /ottoemp.html (1946 words)

	Iznik: History: Murad II (1421-1451) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mehmed I was succeeded by his son Murad II (1421-51) which is seen as a time of preparation for the extension of empire under Mehmed II ‘Fatih’, ‘the Conqueror’.
		Murad was essentially a peace-loving Sultan and once he thought he had made peace on all sides, he voluntarily renounced the throne in favour of his son Mehmed II (summer 1444, when Mehmed was only 12 years old) but he was petitioned to come back and command the Ottoman army against a new Hungarian-Byzantine offensive.
		He won a victory at Varna, and returned to the throne until his death in 1451 (Mehmed was now 19).
	islamicceramics.ashmol.ox.ac.uk /Iznik/muradii.htm (136 words)

	The crusade in the fifteenth century - A look into the history of the crusades during the medieval times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Murad signed a ten years' truce and abdicated the throne, 15 July, 1444, but Giuliano Cesarini, the papal legate, did not favour peace and wished to push forward to Constantinople.
		In 1446 Murad succeeded in conquering Morea, and when, two years later, János Hunyady tried to go to the assistance of Constantinople he was beaten at Kosovo.
		Mohammed II, who succeeded Murad in 1451, was preparing to besiege Constantinople when, 12 December, 1452, Emperor Constantine XII decided to proclaim the union of the Churches in the presence of the papal legates.
	www.crusades.ws /fifteenth_crusade.html (1436 words)

	Edition no. 53 - Kings or kingmakers
		In 1451 Mehmet II replaced his father, Murad II, as Sultan of the Ottoman Turks.
		Murad's first two sons, by high born wives, were expected to be his successors but the eldest died of natural causes and the second was murdered in suspicious circumstances.
		Mehmet II delivered the coup de grace to the last significant remnant of the Roman Empire and bastion of the Eastern Orthodox Church by capturing Constantinople in 1453.
	www.serve.com /inside/edit53/lowry.htm (1710 words)

	Hadji Murad (ii) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hadji Murad touched him with the handle of his leather-plaited whip and clicked his tongue, and an old man, wearing a greasy old beshmet and a nightcap, rose from under the sheepskin.
		Hadji Murad did the same; then after repeating a prayer they both stroked their faces, passing their hands downwards till the palms joined at the end of their beards.
		Hadji Murad turned up the sleeves of his beshmet on his white muscular arms, held out his hands under the clear cold water which Sado poured from the ewer, and having wiped them on a clean unbleached towel, turned to the table.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/tolstoy/hadij.ii.html?bcb=0 (2540 words)

	Politics in Late Byzantine Period
		The siege of the Byzantine capital was not successful, as Murad II had to confront a new rival to his throne at Prousa.
		Although he gave up the siege of the capital, Murad II continued to besiege Thessalonike, while, in the spring of 1423, Turkish troops invaded Albania and the Peloponnese, wreraking terrible havoc.
		Manuel II, whose health was failing after the continuous frustration of his efforts, abdicated in 1425.
	www.fhw.gr /chronos/10/en/p/pb7/pb7a5.html (295 words)

	MURAD II - Online Information article about MURAD II
		Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
		sovereign, Murad returned from his retirement at See also:
		Magnesia, crushed his faithless enemies at the See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MOS_NAN/MURAD_II.html (431 words)

	Mehmed II - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		His father was Sultan Murad II and his mother Huma Hatun was a daughter of Abd`Allah of Hum, Huma meaning a girl/woman from Hum.
		After Murad made peace with the Karaman Emirate in Anatolia in August 1444, he resigned the throne to his 12-year-old son Mehmed.
		It is said Murad's return was forced by Chandarli Khalil Pasha, the grand vizier of the time, who was not fond of Mehmed's rule, since Mehmed's teacher was influential on him and did not like Chandarli.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Mehmed_II (1258 words)

	un blog @ WeBlog.ro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Muhammad II or Mehmet II (Muhammad the Conqueror), 1429–81, Ottoman sultan (1451–81), son and successor of Murad II.
		Mehmed II, also known as Muhammed II (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481; nicknamed el-Fatih, 'the Conqueror') was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481.
		During his first reign, seeing the upcoming Battle of Varna, Mehmed sent for his father, Murad II, asking him to claim the throne again to fight the enemy, only to be refused.
	www.weblog.ro /Radu/2005-5-30.html (917 words)

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