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	Crown - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The crown on the effigy of Henry III.
		Crowns, both open and arched, are represented in sculpture and paintings until the end of the reign of Edward IV., and the royal arms are occasionally ensigned by an open crown as late as the reign of Henry VIII.
		The framework of this crown, bereft of its jewels, is in the possession of Lady Amherst of Hackney.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Crown (3156 words)

	[No title]
		crowns - made at first of grass, flowers, twigs of laurel, oak, olive, etc., but later of gold, were awarded in ancient rome to the victors in the public games, and to citizens who had done the state some distinguished service.
		crowns were of varied forms till heralds devised a regular series to mark the grades of rank, from the imperial crown to the baron's coronet.
		g - imperial crown (charlemagne's) h - austrian crown - the austrian crown is a sort of cleft tiara, having in the middle a semicircle of gold supporting a mound and cross; the tiara rests on a circle with pendants like those of a miter.
	www.speakeasy.org /~ecf/crowns.txt (857 words)

	Crown (headgear) Summary
		Crowns, often in the form of wreaths, have been awarded to victors in war or contests where the honored hero is identified with a divine patron of the contest or with a warrior god.
		A crown is a symbolic form of headgear worn by a monarch or by a god, for whom the crown is traditionally one of the symbols of power and legitimacy (See Regalia for a broader treatment).
		Such costume crowns may be worn by actors portraying a monarch, people at costume parties, or ritual "monarchs" such as the king of a Carnival krewe, or the person who found the trinket in a king cake.
	www.bookrags.com /Crown_(headgear) (1733 words)

	Diana's Buttons Article - Crowns and Cyphers on British Uniform Buttons
		Prince Albert was a German and this crown is the crown of the Dukes of the House of Hanover, of which he was a member, as were the British Royal family.
		Mural crowns were Garlands given to the first Roman soldiers to scale the walls of a besieged city.
		This crown is the crown of the Royal Navy, and is worn because the Queen's Regiment fought as marines in a naval battle.
	www.angelfire.com /wa/dianaspage/CrownsandCyphersArticle.html (1070 words)

	Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia
		Until about 1890 the brow of the rounded hill was crowned with a well-preserved garland of walls and battlements; and the appearance of the circling city, the hill sloping back towards the centre, and the frowning walls crowning the edge of the rounded summit, has probably made the same impression on many travellers.
		The idea of the crown is in his mind, though he varies the phrase: the truth was that Aristides in his highly wrought orations would not use a figure that was in everybody’s mouth, and he plays with the idea but rarely uses the word.
		The crown of Smyrna was the mural crown of Smyrna’s goddess.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/ramsay/letters.xxi.html?bcb=0 (3822 words)

	Definition of Mural from dictionary.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Of or pertaining to a wall; being on, or in, a wall; growing on, or against, a wall; as, a mural quadrant.
		Mural circle (Astron.), a graduated circle, in the plane of the meridian, attached permanently to a perpendicular wall; -- used for measuring arcs of the meridian.
		Antiq.), a golden crown, or circle of gold indented so as to resemble a battlement, bestowed on him who first mounted the wall of a besieged place, and there lodged a standard.
	www.dictionary.net /mural (107 words)

	CROWN - Online Information article about CROWN
		medieval and modern crowns may be considered as radiated diadems, and so the diadem and crown have become, as it were, merged in one another.
		Waurin it is distinctly stated that the crown was arched in the form of a cross.
		Edward's crown " as that with which the late queen was to be crowned, it was actually the state or imperial crown worn by the sovereign when leaving the church after the ceremony that was used.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CRE_DAH/CROWN.html (4060 words)

	Somewhere in Tyme - Coat of Arms - Charges C Page
		As with all crowns, the Celestial crown is an emblem of victory, sovereignty, and empire.
		The mural crown is plain gold circlet of battlements on a narrow rim.
		Crowns are also sometimes symbols of God, as He is considered by some to be the "King of all." A crown vallary (aka crown palisado) is the name of a crown with palisades on the rim forming the spikes of the crown.
	www.familynamesonline.com /charges3.html (1997 words)

	crown \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		The diadem or circlet worn by the king or monarch to signify their status, the Crown came to be imbued with a great deal of symbolic power, though the object itself was apparently worn seldom, mostly in court or for state occasions.
		Crown also signifies the summit of attainment in initiation, spiritual sovereignty, or dignity or splendor, and is much used in those senses in both the Old and New Testaments, and was typically so employed in pagan initiatory rites.
		The kings and pontiffs of modern times are the feeble imitators of former king-initiates, whose insignia comprised the crown, representative of the glory or buddhic splendor, which actually encircled the head of the initiate as a nimbus, as it does in the case of the yogi in samadhi and of the buddha.
	www.babylon.com /definition/crown/?uil=English (585 words)

	Crown - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Crown (botany), the branching leaf-bearing portion of a tree
		Crown North, Gauteng, a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa
		Crown, the top piece of a fountain (sometimes decorative) through which viscous liquid comes out of the fountain to either flow down tiers or spew into a pool before being pushed through the fountain again.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crown (337 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Crown.
		In heraldry nine crowns are recognised: The oriental, the triumphal or imperial, the diadem, the obsidional crown, the civic, the crown vallery, the mural crown, the naval, and the crown celestial.
		A mural crown was given by the Romans to that man who first scaled the wall of a besieged town.
		The iron crown of Lombardy is the crown of the ancient Longobardic kings.
	www.bartleby.com /81/4400.html (372 words)

	Iranica.com - SASANIAN ROCK RELIEFS
		The central figure of the king, identified as Narseh (293-302) by his crown, is offered the diadem by a woman, often considered to be the goddess Ana@hita@: she is wearing a mural crown with her hair arranged in a topknot.
		Such a crown is first shown on coins of Pe@ro@z (458-484) and becomes the standard crown under K¨osrow II (591-628) and most of his successors (Göbl 1971: pls.10, 14 -15).
		Neither the tiara nor the mural crown, both dated to the beginning of Ardaæir's rule, occur on his rock reliefs (Alram 2002): instead a skull-cap surmounted by a top-knotted hairstyle, either uncovered on the jousting relief at Firuza@ba@d, or covered on his investiture reliefs, is depicted.
	www.iranica.com /articles/sup/SasanianReliefs.html (4995 words)

	Chapter Cross as a Bear <i>to</i> Crucial of C by Brewer's Phrase & Fable
		Crown In heraldry nine crowns are recognised: The oriental, the triumphal or imperial, the diadem, the obsidional crown, the civic, the crown vallery, the mural crown, the naval, and the crown celestial.
		The iron crown of Lombardy is the crown of the ancient Longobardic kings.
		Crown Glass is window glass blown into a crown or hollow globe.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/255/1168/19831/2.html (644 words)

	Arts Austin Murals
		The mural he left to Austin is a swirling display of melding orbs and concentric circles that represents a marriage of the earth, the ocean, and the heavens.
		With so many murals sprouting up around town, there is an even greater need for artists and the public to understand what goes into such large-scale works of art, in terms of both the actual painting and their planning.
		At the center of the city's Mural Conservancy, however, is a basic desire to get more people interested in murals, with the hope that as people get to know the murals in their community, the more they'll get to know the community itself.
	www.austinchronicle.com /issues/vol18/issue01/arts.murals.html (4033 words)

	SASANIAN ROCK RELIEFS - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies - CAIS)©
		His crown is the skull-cap surmounted by korymbos, typical of Ardashir I. A number of important figures approach him, on the head of one of whom the king rests his hand, while a dead figure lies beside his horse.
		Such a crown is first shown on coins of Pêrôz (458-484) and becomes the standard crown under K¨osrow II (591-628) and most of his successors (Göbl 1971: pls.10, 14 -15).
		Neither the tiara nor the mural crown, both dated to the beginning of Ardashir's rule, occur on his rock reliefs (Alram 2002): instead a skull-cap surmounted by a top-knotted hairstyle, either uncovered on the jousting relief at Firuzâbâd, or covered on his investiture reliefs, is depicted.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Art/sasanian_rock_relief.htm (5068 words)

	Crown & Cyphers on British Uniform Buttons
		This isn't strictly Victoria's crown because it was used by most of the monarchs before her, but it is associated with her more than anybody else.
		This crown is worn because during the Afghan wars, 1838-1842, the Somerset Light Infantry were besieged in the City of Jellalabab (as were the Russians 100 years later - we won).
		This is the crown of the Royal Navy, and is worn because the Queen's Regiment fought as marines in a naval battle.
	www.worldcollectorsnet.com /magazine/issue20/iss20p2.html (1079 words)

	CIVIC HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND WALES-CAMBRIDGESHIRE
		The golden mural crown is symbolic of Wisbech Castle and the history of the District as a whole.
		In early history the County was a fief of the Scottish Crown and this is shown by the red lion with a collar of fluers-de-lys from the Royal Arms of Scotland.
		The gold mural crown replacing a Crest above the shield is intended as a civic symbol and this is particularly emphasized by the towers, the whole suggesting the walls of a town.
	www.civicheraldry.co.uk /cambs.html (1883 words)

	Mural crown - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A mural crown was an ancient Roman military decoration that later became a heraldic motif.
		The Roman corona muralis (Latin: "walled crown") as used in antiquity was a golden crown, or a circle of gold intended to resemble a battlement, bestowed to a soldier who first climbed the wall of a besieged city or fortress to successfully place a standard of the attacking army.
		In recent times, mural crowns have been used in opposition to royal crowns; it's typical of Italian medieval and modern Communes and is a symbol of Italy; also the coat of arms of the Second Spanish Republic had a mural crown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mural_crown (237 words)

	Scribal Armarius - Scribe's Handbook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The simplest achievement is a crown or coronet atop the arms.
		Mural crowns are a special case: they are used solely for the arms of territories (e.g., Baronies), and in rare cases for the arms of a Territorial Baron.
		The mural crown should be drawn with towers, rather than merely crenellations, so that it won't be mistaken for the SCA comital coronet.
	www.sca-caid.org /scribes/scrolltexts.html (2754 words)

	CIVIC HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND WALES-DERBYSHIRE
		The mural crown is a common symbol of civic government and the ram links the arms with the County.
		The mural crown is a common civic emblem and the crooked spire of Chesterfield Parish Church, refers the Town that gave its name to the Rural District.
		The fl mural crown denotes a mining town, and the unicorn's head, adapted from the Wright crest which is used by the Butterley Company, rises from the flames suggesting the local heavy industries.
	www.civicheraldry.co.uk /derbys.html (2573 words)

	Archives: Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		That's when the Sierra Crown mural by Ripon artist and former Manteca High art teacher and Modesto Junior College instructor Don Peterson will be dedicated along with the Veterans Plaza in front of the Legion Hall that was created with a $38,000 investment by the Manteca Redevelopment Agency.
		The plaza is designed as an extension of the mural with rocks and concrete coloring created to give the illusion of a stream bed continuing from Peterson's depiction of the Merced River.
		Other mural projects the society hopes to get to this year includes one depicting cruising, the various ethnic groups that played roles in Manteca's history and a second mural in a weekend project during the Pumpkin Fair.
	www.mantecabulletin.com /articles/2005/02/15/news/news1.txt (1046 words)

	Other medals - Reign Leopold I
		By Royal Decree of 19 April 1849 the mural crown suspension was officially instituted and, somehow, the bronze medal seems to have disappeared...
		One such medal, of the mural crown suspension type, was awarded to a Mr.
		The fourth and final type, also on a mural crown suspension, was created in 1866 and bears the head of King Leopold II.
	users.skynet.be /hendrik/eng/B-OthLeoI.html (1353 words)

	Crowns on Flags
		More recently, certainly since the American and French Revolutions where crowns were most certainly deprecated as royalist symbols, it has become more usual for republics to dispense with crowns, but they often retain the traditional arms of their countries as a symbol of national continuity.
		Interestingly republics might dispense with crowns crowning their coats of arms, as in the case of Portugal, but it's only been the communist states that have removed the crowns from within the arms - the non-communist republic of Finland retained the crown on the lion rampant in its traditional arms.
		In the Portuguese republic, mural crowns are seen everywhere in the coats-of-amrs of sub-national entities.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/xf-crwn.html (474 words)

	Canada's Navy: HMCS TORONTO - About the Ship
		Azure, a mural crown argent, masoned sable, surmounted by a beaver
		The mural crown refers to Fort York, the original fortified town and the beaver represents industry on one hand and the early fur trade on the other.
		The marlin spike, or fid, in the beaver's paw lends the badge its nautical significance.
	www.navy.forces.gc.ca /toronto/about/ship_about_e.asp (91 words)

	Lagoa (Algarve) Municipality (Portugal)
		The coat of arms is azure a almond tree in bloom trunked or and flowered argent flanked in chief with a christan king’s head dexter and a moor king’s head sinister (which is Algarve’s heraldic griffe).
		Lagoa became a city last year, and it symbols were upgraded accordingly: the arems now has a 5-towered mural crown and the flag background is now a gyronny of yellow and fl.
		Azure a well argent masoned sable, in dexter chief a Christian King’s head crowned or, and in sinister chief a Moorish King’s head dressed argent, both proper, in the base two olive branches or fruited sable, with their trunks per saltire; mural crown argent with four visible towers (town rank); white scroll with "
	flagspot.net /flags/pt-lga.html (438 words)

	CIVIC HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND WALES-NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
		The mural crown is a common symbol of civic government and the sheaf of corn and the miner's shovel blade represent agriculture and coal mining respectively - these being the major industries of the County.
		The fl lion with double tail is from the heraldry of the Dukes of Portland and the white greyhound from that of the Dukes of Newcastle and commemorate the fact that a member of one or other of these ducal families has for generations most frequently held the Office of Lord Lieutenant of the County.
		The gold mural crown is a familiar civic symbol, charged with three visible oak leaves from the tree in the County arms, denoting three Nottinghamshire communities combined in one authority.
	www.civicheraldry.co.uk /notts.html (1271 words)

	Making A Glittering Princess Crown Mural - by Fiona Paterson
		The crown shape is quite a simple shape, so you may be able to simply copy it onto some large paper and transfer it onto the wall without the use of an overhead projector.
		To make the crown appear to be floating on the wall, create a shadow by tracing the picture onto the wall then move it down and to one side and trace it again to form your drop shadow.
		Fiona has been painting murals for 8 years before which she worked for 12 years as a designer and illustrator in the graphic design and printing industry while painting murals as a hobby.
	www.dreamsalivemagazine.com /christmas2005/princess-crown-mural/index.html (936 words)

	CIVIC HERALDRY OF ENGLAND AND WALES-DORSET
		The mural crown is designed to echo the insignia of the Dorset Regiment and the Society of Dorset Men and the golden dragon of Wessex or Wyvern represented the ancient kingdom of Wessex.
		The red fleur-de-lys from the arms of the Dorset CC and the red Saxon crowns are derived from those which encircle the necks of the Wessex Dragons supporting the County Shield.
		The crown from which the lion emerges is composed of two fleurs-de-lys of gold from the arms of the Bankes family of Kingston Lacy, while the two red roses (of which only one is visible) are from the Sturts, Earls Arlington of Crichel.
	www.civicheraldry.co.uk /dorset.html (1144 words)

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