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	Joachim Murat Summary
		Murat enlisted in the cavalry at the age of 20.
		Murat then went with Bonaparte to northern Italy, initially as his aide-de-camp, and was later named commander of the cavalry during the many campaigns against the Austrians and their allies.
		Murat was equally useful in Napoleon's invasion of Russia (1812), and in the Battle of Leipzig (1813).
	www.bookrags.com /Joachim_Murat (1986 words)

	NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS - LoveToKnow Article on NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		On the 28th Murat was driven in by the allied columns.
		Murat boasted that he had Ioo,ooo men behind him, and on his return Massenbach implored his chief to submit to an unconditional surrender, advice which the prince accepted, though as a fact Murats horses were completely exhausted and he had no infantry whatever within call.
		Murat and Ney as general advanced guard attacked the town in the morning of the 16th of August, and whilst they fought the main body was swung round to attack the Russian left and rear.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NA/NAPOLEONIC_CAMPAIGNS.htm (18599 words)

	MURAD IV : Encyclopedia Entry
		Murad IV (Arabic: مراد الرابع) (June 16, 1612 – February 9, 1640) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods.
		Murad IV himself commanded the invasion of Mesopotamia and proved to be an outstanding field commander.
		Murad IV died aged 27 from cirrhosis of the liver in 1640.
	bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Murad_IV (612 words)

	Murat
		Murat chased the Prussians to Leipzig, fought brilliantly in the Battle of Jena on October 14, 1806 and forced Blücher to capitulate at Lübeck.
		He quaked with the thought of having this Neapolitan crown taken away, as was the case for the King of Holland, whose kingdom was purely and simply annexed to the Empire in 1810.
		Murat the commoner proved to be a conscientious king.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~jrubarth/gslis/lis385t.16/Napoleon/Murat.html (1259 words)

	Chapter 40 - Murat
		Murat, now a major, was of use to Buonaparte in the affair of the Sections; and when the young general was appointed to the command of the army in Italy, he placed him on his personal staff.
		Murat's resentment at this language did not, however, prevent his joining Napoleon in the Saxon campaign; there was still a possibility at least that the emperor might ultimately triumph.
		While Murat was thus speaking to the officers around him, -- all of whom addressed him by his kingly title, and otherwise treated him with great respect, -- the door opened, and one of the commissioners entered to read the sentence: he heard it unmoved.
	napoleonic-literature.com /Book_23/Chapter40-Murat.htm (8027 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		The "devsirme" : Murat II and Mehmet II the Conqueror developed the "devsirme" (established by Murat I), a system of recruiting young Christian males between eight and seventeen years old, who were going to be converted to Islam and owe absolute allegiance to the sultan.
		Murat IV The internal situation deteriorated again under Ibrahim I as the janissaries gained authority.
		Under Mehmet IV, in the second half of the 17th century, two efficient grand viziers, the Köprülüs (the father, Mehmet Pasha, was succeeded by his son Fazil Ahmet Pasha), redressed the situation in a spectacular way.
	www.guide-martine.com /history7.asp (5185 words)

	Murad IV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sultan Murad IV Murad IV (June 16, 1612 – February 9, 1640) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods.
		Brought to power by a palace conspiracy in 1623, he succeeded his mad uncle Mustafa I.
		Murat IV is known as the last great Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Murat_IV (595 words)

	Around Naples Encyclopedia 24
		Murat was the King of Naples from 1808 to 1815.
		Murat even saw himself as the future King of all of Italy and, thus, he encouraged secret societies such as the Carbonari, hotbeds of pan-Italian nationalism.
		The second reason for the sour relationship between the Church and the Empire was Gregory's call for a theocracy in Europe, one in which the princes and kings of the earth would be subservient to the Church of Rome.
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/naples/blog24.html (11913 words)

	Ramazan Bayram at the Ottoman Palace Notes from New York: Hamlet As I Do Not Like It! Deck the Halls with Warmth and ...
		The problems increased during the adolescence of Murat IV especially because of the scramble for the position of the sadrazam, the sultan's adviser and the person who exercised most power in the empire after the monarch.
		Known as the conqueror of Baghdad, Murat IV organized a campaign on Poland (1634) but he decided to stop when all his conditions were accepted by his opponents and he signed a peace treaty.
		As represented by Okan Demiris, Murat IV is a brave, determined and hard man. He established order in the empire, increased the revenue of the state and supported scientific and artistic efforts.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /archives.php?id=21162 (6888 words)

	Emerging Nationalims
		Murat's reforms did not however, change the fundamental flaws that were to make the ottomans the prey of European Imperialists.
		Murat's reforms worked, at least as long as he was sultan.
		Murat had made the system work as well as it could, but what was needed was another system.
	www.humanities.ualberta.ca /ottoman/module3/lecture2.htm (1850 words)

	YEMEK ICMEK
		Murat zamanında (1574 - 1595) 13 Mart 1576'da çıkartılan ferman ile Müslüman mahallelerinde olmaması kaydı ile meyhaneler yine işlevlerine serbestçe devam ediyorlardı.
		Murat bu defa Müslümanların Hiristiyan mahallelerindeki meyhanelere dadandığına bizzat şahit olunca içki yasağı koydu (14 Mart 1583).
		Murat koyduğu yasaklara uyulup uyulmadığını bizzat kendisi kontrol etmeye meraklı bir padişah olduğu için yine bir gün kıyafet değiştirerek bir sandala biner.
	www.yemekicmek.com /meyhaneningecmisi.php (1069 words)

	The Turks
		The empire was temporarily disrupted by the invasion of the Tatar conqueror Timur, who defeated and captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezit I at the Battle of Ankara (1402).
		However, Mehmet I (1389-1421), the Restorer, succeeded in reuniting much of the Empire and it was reconstituted by Murat II and Mehmet II.
		During the reigns of Murat II and Mehmet II the devsirme system of recruiting young Christians for conversion to Islam and service in the Ottoman army and administration was developed.
	www.angelfire.com /ab8/gwpower/Turks.htm (4516 words)

	Around Naples Encyclopedia 23
		Murat already had a reputation as a daring cavalry leader, having distinguished himself in support of the French Republic and, later, Napoleon's meteoric rise to power.
		Murat's role in the Egyptian campaign (1798-99) and then in the battles of Austerliz and Jena was heroic.
		A statue of Murat was erected in the 1880s as one of the eight that line the west facade of the Royal Palace in Naples.
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/naples/blog23.htm (12806 words)

	Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies - History
		Supported by the British via sea, they faced for years the French-Neapolitan armies and were engaged in real battles "on a grand scale", such as the one they won at Maida.
		At the end they were defeated, but Murat never obtained peace and support from his subjects: as we already said when talking of Ferdinand IV, when Murat landed at Pizzo and attempted to reconquer the kingdom in 1815 was shot by local peasants, then arrested, processed and condemned to death.
		The uprising was an exceptional occasion for many humble commoners to show their heroic loyalty to their sovereigns, as well as for others (nobles and lords) to show their treason to their sovereigns and benefactors.
	www.realcasadiborbone.it /uk/archiviostorico/cs_05a2.htm (411 words)

	Topkapi Palace
		The Imperial Hall built by Mehmet IV was where the sultans spent most of their leisure time.
		Ceremonies such as those held on a new sultan's accession were held in front of this gate, and it was here when the janissaries were simmering into rebellion that councils were held to discuss their demands.
		The Bagdat Pavillion and Revan Pavillion, built for Murat IV, are outstanding examples of seventeenth century Ottoman architecture.
	www.virtualistanbul.com /virtualistanbul/Topkapi.htm (808 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		After the death of Sultan Abdülaziz, Sultan Murat V (1876) ascended the throne and during his reign he lived in Yýldýz Palace for 92 days.
		Sultan Murat was dethroned because of mental illness.
		However Dolmabahçe Palace was in danger of a siege from the sea, and therefore on April 7, 1877, Sultan Abdülhamit II moved to Yýldýz Palace.
	www.byegm.gov.tr /yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N20.htm (923 words)

	CalendarHome.com - 1640 - Calendar Encyclopedia
		December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king.
		Change of Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from Murat IV (1623-1640) to Ibrahim I (1640-1648).
		February 9 - Murad IV, Ottoman Sultan (b.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /1640.htm (342 words)

	The Miracle - A True Story: Pages 77 and 78
		It did not manifest itself only to those peoples who were forced to submit to the Turkish yoke but was also evident in their relations with each other.
		No sooner had Sultan Murat ascended the throne than he hanged his five brothers, and in order to ascend the throne himself, Sultan Mehmet III first made sure that his 19 brothers were strangled.
		Sultan Murat IV had a habit of killing off his subjects just for his own amusement - it's thought that as many as 20,000 people were slaughtered during the 16 years he ruled the Ottoman Empire.
	www.greece.org /genocide/books/miracle/page77-78.html (570 words)

	FSP-Greece-2005: May 2 Photos: Neha
		This diamond was worn by Mehmet IV, in the aigrette of his turban, upon his ascension to the throne in 1648.
		The kiosk was built in 1936 by Murat IV to commemorate his capture of the Rivan, in the Caucasus.
		This kiosk was also built by Murat IV, a year after he captured Baghdad in 1638.
	projectsx.dartmouth.edu /blog/classes/greece2005/archives/may_3_2005_0253_am/000572.html (638 words)

	Tobacco Import Shop - Flavored Tobacco
		But it was in Turkey that the nargile completed its revolution, and did not change its style for the last few hundred years.
		The nargile became a very important part of the coffee shop culture, finding its popularity in Turkey around the time of Murat the IV'th, 1623-40.The joy that the smokers received from this very simple yet beautiful smoking apparatus was unbelievable.
		Rules were created even for lighting the pipe, and if a professional smoker saw anyone lighting it the incorrect way, the culprit would be told in no uncertain term " Do yourself and the sacred nargile a favor and put out the coals by blowing into it.
	www.tobaccoimportusa.com /history.html (560 words)

	Sultan Composers
		Evliya Çelebi relates how, on his reception into the presence of Murad IV in 1635, he performed works in the varsağı, segah, may and bestenigar makams (modes) with words by Murat IV and music by Dervish Ömer, a member of the Gülşeni sect and Evliya Çelebi's former teacher of music.
		In the years preceding his accession to the throne, Selim III had taken an active interest in literature, music and history, but although, as Sultan, he was obviously greatly influenced by Western architecture, the same can not be said for music.
		That the name of Murad IV is historically remembered as a cruel ruler who shed much blood, that Selim III's brings to mind social reform, or that Mehmed VI's historical role is still the subject of a debate does not enter the spirit of these CD's.
	www.ottomansouvenir.com /Music/Albums/sultan_composers.htm (4425 words)

	Turkish Odyssey/Places of Interest/Marmara/Bosphorus Cruise
		In the 17C, during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Murat IV, Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, a scholar whose first name means "a thousand sciences", managed to fly by wearing rush-work wings, from the top of the Galata Tower to Uskudar, an Asian settlement opposite and across the Bosphorus.
		Sultan Murat admired Hezarfen but he was also afraid that his unusual ability would win him excessive power.
		The sultan gave him a purse of gold and declared: "This man is one to be feared.
	www.turkishodyssey.com /places/marmara/marmara3.htm (1165 words)

	Ottoman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Sultan Murad IV was born in June 26, 1612 in Istanbul.
		He has participated in wars and raised the morale of commanders and the soldiers in the trenches.
		The peace and harmony in the Ottoman lands were completely lost and tyrants became the rulers of the cities.
	www.theottomans.org /english/family/murat4.asp (488 words)

	Hotels in Turkey \| Hotels in Istanbul \| Blue Voyage Yachting and Cabin Charters \| Fourth Court
		Surrounded on the exterior by a portico supported on 22 columns, the pavilion dates from 1639 and owes its existence to the Baghdad Campaign of Murat IV during which it was built.
		The architect is not known, although it is generally attributed to Kasým Aða, who was the royal architect between 1623- 1651.
		Built by Murat IV in 1635 to celebrate his Revan Campaign, it was used as the Turban Room or Sarýk Odasý.
	www.exploreturkey.com /exptur.phtml?id=279 (879 words)

	ekathimerini.com \| ARTS & LEISURE - NEWS
		The use of tobacco spread very quickly in Greece,despite its initial prohibition on pain of death by Sultan Murat IV in 1633, which was eventually lifted by Sultan Mustafa III.
		Tobacco, which was first introduced to Thessaloniki by French merchants at the end of the 16th century, was initially cultivated in the Axios River valley and then spread to the rest of the Ottoman Empire.
		Smoking soon became a habit, despite its prohibition upon pain of death by Sultan Murat IV in 1633.
	www.ekathimerini.com /4dcgi/news/civ__1151009KathiLev&xml/&aspKath/civ.asp?fdate=26/02/2003 (1084 words)

	YouTube - Murat Basaran - Nankor
		Join YouTube for a free account, or Login if you are already a member.
		Murat Basaran - Sarmas dolas 2006 (süper kalite)
		Iste Gidiyorum Cesmi Siyahim Murat Basaran Baglama Türkü
	www.youtube.com /watch?v=Nhtr2kWLlpA (70 words)

	murated - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		Did you mean muriated (in dictionary) or Mutated (in encyclopedia)?
		Would you like to search the encyclopedias, or search the Web for murated?
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	dictionary.reference.com /browse/murated (42 words)

	PPI: Air Freight Planes Carry 29 Million Tons of Goods a Year
		Under Ottoman Sultan Murat IV (1623-1640), for example, a man named Hezarfen Celebi supposedly jumped off the Galata Tower in Istanbul wearing an artificial wing, and sailed safely over the Bosporus.
		More about tower jumping: Sultan Murat IV seems to have hated the idea of flight and exiled Celebi to Algeria.
		Murat also hated coffee-drinkers, unexpected noises, tobacco pipes, and poorly maintained roads.
	www.ppionline.org /ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=252268 (909 words)

	"O Homines ad servitutem paratos!": Bajazet and the scandal of slave rule Romanic Review - Find Articles
		As a final point of comparison, the figure cut by Louis XIV bore some resemblance in the French mindset to that occupied by Murat IV in its Ottoman counterpart, namely as a king whose advent promised a return to the glories of yore after a particularly troubled phase in the state's recent past.
		The critical and polemical literature of the period often depicted Louis XIV as a Turk and featured titles like, "The Koran of Louis XIV" and "The Most Christian Turk."15 The parallel was not entirely inappropriate given Louis XIV's covert support for the Ottoman occupation of Central and Eastern Europe.
		At this point we might ask why Racine chose Murat IV as opposed to Suleyman the Conqueror to represent the legitimate, absolute ruler of the Ottoman empire.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3806/is_200011/ai_n8906371/pg_4 (499 words)

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