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Topic: Muscimol

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	Muscimol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Muscimol (agarin, pantherine) is the psychoactive compound present in Amanita muscaria and Amanita Pantherina.
		For that reason, Muscimol is routinely used in neuroscience to study the way nerve cells work.
		This article related to psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muscimol (124 words)

	Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others (Group PIM G026)
		Ibotenic acid and muscimol in the mushroom were stable on storage under dry or salt conditions (Benedict et al., 1966; Tsunoda et al., 1993).
		According to animal experiments, most of the muscimol delivered by intra peritoneal injection in the mouse is excreted in the urine as muscimol or metabolites of muscimol within 6 hours.
		Muscimol induces a state of psychosis with confusions, dysarthria, disturbance of visual perception, illusions of colour vision, myoclonia, disorientation in place and time, weariness, fatigue and sleep.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/fungi/pimg026.htm (4433 words)

	Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Pharmacology of Amanita Muscaria
		Muscimol is considered the principle psychoactive, with oral dosages of pure muscimol around 10-15 milligrams.
		Muscimol is commonly used in lab research on the GABA, which is a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.
		Muscimol has been shown to be active in several parts of the brain including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum.
	www.erowid.org /plants/amanitas/amanitas_info6.shtml (599 words)

	Thalamic Inhibition in the Evolution of Human Intelligence: Evolutionary Pressure for Cortical Inhibition
		The profiles of the relative density of muscimol binding across the 4 subdivisions, with dorsal thalamus arbitrarily standardized to 100%, are illustrated in Figure 3.
		The constancy of the relatively dense muscimol binding in the dorsal thalamus across the nine diverse species of amniotes suggests that the presence of high affinity GABA-A receptors in the dorsal thalamus may be a fundamental principal of neural organization at least among later vertebrates.
		Muscimol specific-binding in the subdivisions of the diencephalon for the seven mammals and two non-mammals relative to the binding in dorsal thalamus.
	www.prometheism.net /articles/inhibition.html (3880 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Though Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol, finally, are at the center of the present hypothesis (so far as the active principal of the Amanita), they don't quite explain all of the psychoactivity.
		Muscimol or enoI-betaine of 5-amino-methyl-hydroxy- isoxazole [Gagneux et al., 1965a; Miiller and Eugster, 1965; Eugster, 1967, 1968; Eugster and Takemoto, 1967; Theobald et al., 1968; Brehm et al., 1972; Lund, 1979; Schultes and Hofmann, 1980; Stijve, 1982].
		In effect, Muscimol is chemically very close to GABA, both in its chem- ical conformation [Curtis et al., 1970; Kier and Truitt, 1970; Johnston, 1971; Brehm et al., 1972; Curds and Johnston, 1974; Andrews and Johnston, 1979], and for the distributions of the charged molecule regions [Kier and Truitt, 1970].
	www.tacethno.com /info/amanita/amuscout.txt (6642 words)

	Enhanced baroreflex-mediated inhibition of respiration after muscimol dialysis in the rostroventral medulla -- Curran ...
		Muscimol dialysis into the RVM amplified the inhibitory effect of phenylephrine that was present during the control period.
		Lesion or muscimol in the rostral ventral medulla reduces ventilatory output and the CO response in decerebrate piglets.
		Muscimol dialysis in the rostral ventral medulla reduces the ventilatory response to CO in awake and sleeping piglets.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/92/6/2554 (6147 words)

	Microinjection of muscimol into raphe pallidus suppresses tachycardia associated with air stress in conscious rats -- ...
		The remaining nine rats were subjected to trials in which treatment with saline vehicle or muscimol (80 pmol) was followed by continued observation under baseline conditions in trials designed to assess the effect of microinjection of muscimol in the relative absence of stress.
		To assess the selectivity of the effect of muscimol on changes in heart rate seen in experimental stress, the ability of similar treatment to influence changes in heart rate evoked by baroreceptor loading and unloading was tested in four additional rats.
		Prior injection of muscimol into the RP produced dose-related suppression of the cardioacceleration associated with air stress and nearly abolished it at the highest dose tested, but had no discernible effect on heart rate under 'unstressed' conditions.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/546/1/243 (5495 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1970 Issue 4 - 004
		In biological tests, muscimol is at least 5 times more active than ibotenic acid [ 30].
		The chemical behaviour of muscimol is similar to ibotenic acid since it is also a derivative of 3-hydroxyisoxazole.
		No doubt, ibotenic acid and/or muscimol play a prominent role, but the pharmacological data to date will not allow us to conclude that these compounds are the sole active agents.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1970-01-01_4_page005.html (4311 words)

	Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Info on Ibotenic Acid & Muscimol
		It would appear that muscimol is the psychoactive constituent, and that following ingestion of ibotenic acid, a fraction of the material decarboxylates to muscimol, which then produces the inebriation.
		A second user ingesting the urine of the first, would cause some of the ibotenic acid to be decarboxylated to muscimol during digestion, producing inebriation when the muscimol was absorbed; and the bulk of the ibotenic acid would be re-excreted in his urine in turn.
		Muscimol itself probably does not play a significant role in urinary drug recycling, since it was found that only a small percentage of injected muscimol was excreted in the urine of mice (Ott et al.
	www.erowid.org /plants/amanitas/amanitas_info_ott.shtml (1164 words)

	Shroomery - Amanita muscaria Info - Amanita muscaria - General Magic Mushrooms Information
		Though Ibotenic Acid and Muscimol, finally, are at the center of the present hypothesis (so far as the active principal of the Amanita), they don t quite explain all of the psychoactivity.
		In effect, Muscimol is chemically very close to GABA, both in its chemical conformation [Curtis et al., 1970; Kier and Truitt, 1970; Johnston, 1971; Brehm et al., 1972; Curds and Johnston, 1974; Andrews and Johnston, 1979], and for the distributions of the charged molecule regions [Kier and Truitt, 1970].
		In attempting to relate this model to aspects of the Muscimol action, it is worth noting that there are pharmacological references which point to Muscimol's ability to depress the rate of serotoninergic raphe neurons.
	www.shroomery.org /index/par/23630 (6763 words)

	Neuromuscular Activity Blockade Induced by Muscimol and d-Tubocurarine Differentially Affects the Survival of Embryonic ...
		Characterization of the effects of muscimol: the acute (a-e) and chronic (f) effects of muscimol on motoneuron bursting in an isolated cord preparation.
		g, Effect of muscimol on synaptic transmission at the NMJ was assessed by recording the compound action potential elicited in a st. 29 sartorius muscle by stimulation (arrowhead) of the LS1 spinal nerve.
		Effect of combined muscimol and dTC treatment during the cell death period on motoneuron survival as shown from counts of the LMC at the end of the naturally occurring period of cell death (st. 36).
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/18/7925 (9057 words)

	Neurosteroid inhibition of cell death -- Waters et al. 273 (6): 869 -- AJP - Renal Physiology
		Muscimol (100 µM), AP (10 nM), or PS (3,000 nM) was added immediately prior to a 1-h anoxia exposure followed by an additional 1-h incubation under oxygenated conditions.
		Muscimol (100 µM), AP (10 nM), or PS (3,000 nM) was added immediately prior to anoxia (Con, control).
		agonists GABA and muscimol and the antagonist bicuculline elicit
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/273/6/F869 (4026 words)

	Effect of muscimol and L-NAME in the PVN on the RSNA response to volume expansion in conscious rabbits -- Ng et al. 287 ...
		Effect of muscimol and L-NAME in the PVN on the RSNA response to volume expansion in conscious rabbits -- Ng et al.
		Muscimol is a GABA receptor agonist that inhibits neurons.
		was attenuated by muscimol microinjected in the PVN.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/287/4/F739 (4982 words)

	efroyen
		Muscazone doesn't seem to have much of an effect, but muscimol appears to be the main reason for the intoxication (2).
		Ibotenic acid and muscimol constitute 0.17 to 0.18% of the mushroom (2).
		Muscimol is found in about 0.05% of the mushroom.
	chemweb.calpoly.edu /chem/bailey/377/PapersSp2000/EricF (1964 words)

	Muscimol infusions in the brain stem reticular formation reversibly block ingestion in the awake rat -- Chen et al. 280 ...
		Muscimol infusions in the brain stem reticular formation reversibly block ingestion in the awake rat -- Chen et al.
		agonist muscimol dissolved in saline or the saline vehicle.
		The effect of muscimol infusions on lick or gape rate (licks/s) was less profound than the effects on amplitude.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/4/R1085 (5448 words)

	Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism - GABAergic Regulation of Cerebral Microvascular Tone in the Rat
		The muscimol-induced dilation persisted in the presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine, indicating that this response is not mediated by nitric oxide.
		In arterioles located on the surface of the neocortex (i.e., not embedded in the parenchyma of the brain), muscimol elicited vasodilation, whereas bicuculline was ineffective.
		The slope of the dose-response curve for muscimol was steeper than that observed with GABA, but the difference between the average maximal dilatory responses to muscimol and GABA did not achieve statistical significance.
	www.nature.com /jcbfm/journal/v17/n9/full/9590283a.html (7505 words)

	Clinical Trial: Brain Infusion of Muscimol to Treat Epilepsy
		Muscimol, which is similar to a naturally occurring brain chemical called GABA, has been shown to reduce seizures in rats.
		Muscimol infusion - Into the seizure focus, patients will be given two infusions-one of saline (salt water) alone and one of muscimol diluted in saline.
		After surface EEG confirms the side and approximate location of the seizure focus, a depth electrode with a central lumen will be placed in the seizure focus for the purpose of this research study.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00005925 (1162 words)

	The Role of Cortical Activity in Experience-Dependent Potentiation and Depression of Sensory Responses in Rat Barrel ...
		Middle, Bottom, Muscimol prevents the decrease of principal whisker responses (middle) caused by deprivation (bottom) and indicated by a leftward shift in the distribution.
		Release of muscimol from elvax in vitro estimated by measuring tritiated muscimol.
		The effect of the muscimol extends ~800 µm from the edge of the elvax and at least to a depth of 700 µm.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/11/3881 (8952 words)

	Effects of Superior Colliculus Inhibition on Visual Motion Processing in the Lateral Suprasylvian Visual Area of the ...
		The amplitude of N1 was not altered by the muscimol injection
		The electrodes were introduced into the LS area at an angle of 30° to 35° from the vertical axis in the coronal plane, and positioned at A0 to A1 of stereotaxic coordinates.
		Saline solution of muscimol was injected stereotaxically into the SC along the vertical axis on the same side as the recording side of evoked potentials.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/41/3/955 (3414 words)

	Dorsal horn administration of muscimol abolishes the muscle pressor reflex -- Wilson 90 (3): 919 -- Journal of Applied ...
		Based on the dose-response results, the effect of 1.0 mM muscimol was tested on a separate group of cats.
		Muscimol was chosen because it is a potent GABA
		In summary, blocking synaptic activity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord using muscimol abolishes the muscle pressor reflex.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/3/919 (4233 words)

	New approach to 3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbaldehydes: key intermediates in synthesis of new 3-hydroxyisoxazoles of ...
		The aldehyde 3 is presumed to be the major first metabolite of muscimol and is supposed to cause the pronounced toxicity of this compound.
		Vinylene muscimol may be regarded as an analogue of the mechanism-based inhibitor of GABA transaminase
		For the synthesis of vinylene muscimol 4, the aldehyde 2 was transformed into the allylic alcohol 11 by Grignard reaction.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /ectoc/echet96/papers/059 (1267 words)

	Muscimol and Midazolam Do Not Potentiate Each Other's Effects on Sleep EEG in the Rat -- Lancel et al. 77 (3): 1624 -- ...
		Muscimol alone and in combination with midazolam did not significantly affect the time spent in each vigilance state (Fig.
		Muscimol hardly affected sleep latency and the sleep episode parameters (Table 2).
		and its analogues muscimol and THIP is that the latter are poor
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/77/3/1624 (2709 words)

	Environmental Protection Agency
		Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to muscimol may include drowsiness which is quickly followed by confusion, ataxia (failure of muscular coordination), dizziness, euphoria, changes in color vision, "alcoholic-like intoxication," and may proceed to hyperkinetic activity (abnormally increased motor function or activity), muscle jerks, spasms, and delirium.
		If elapsed time since ingestion of muscimol is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step 4.
		Warning: Ingestion of muscimol may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness.
	yosemite.epa.gov /oswer/CeppoEHS.nsf/firstaid/2763-96-4?OpenDocument (708 words)

	APStracts 5:120N, 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		These SP deficits were apparent immediately after the muscimol injection and persisted for several hours, but recovered by the next day.
		Targets moving in these directions, usually ipsilateral to the injected hemisphere, were tracked primarily with saccades after the muscimol injection, the peak SP velocity being only 10-30% of pre-injection velocity.
		These reversible SP deficits produced by muscimol inactivation within FEFsem are similar to permanent deficits caused by large aspiration lesions of FEF, and indicate that inclusion of FEFsem is the critical factor determining whether FEF lesions impair SP.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1998/jn/April/120n.html (328 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Mushrooms - Ibotenic Acid : Article by Peter Chyka, PharmD, FACCT, DABAT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Ibotenic acid and muscimol are relatively stable; for instance, toxic activity has been maintained in dried plants for as long as 7 years.
		Muscimol, formed by decarboxylation of ibotenic acid, is similar to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
		The patient's urine may be analyzed for muscimol to confirm muscimol poisoning, but this test is not readily available in hospital laboratories.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic1505.htm (3313 words)

	Estradiol Exacerbates Hippocampal Damage in a Model of Preterm Infant Brain Injury -- Nuñez and McCarthy 144 ...
		The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay is an assay
		Representative photomicrographs illustrating NeuN-ir neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in sham males (A), males treated with muscimol (B), males treated with estradiol and muscimol (C), sham females (D), females treated with muscimol (E), and females treated with estradiol and muscimol (F).
		Neonatal estradiol plus muscimol treatment in both males (A) and females (B) leads to an increase in pyknotic cell number in the male rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/144/6/2350 (7023 words)

	Adaptation of gamma -Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors to Alcohol Exposure: Studies with Stably Transfected Cells -- ...
		measured in the presence of muscimol and in the presence of muscimol
		The concentration of muscimol was 0.5 µM. Ethanol treatment reduced flunitrazepam, DMCM and pregnanolone action.
		Concentration of muscimol was 2 µM. The effects of chronic ethanol treatments on action of all drugs tested in this study are summarized and given in table 1.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/284/1/180 (4703 words)

	Amanita muscara Fly Agaric Myths
		Ibotenic acid, which causes the uncomfortable and less desirable physical effects (sweating/nausea), is absorbed by the ingesting body, and the Muscimol, the active component that produces the visionary states, passes unadulterated through the urine.
		It is also known that the uncertainty of the Amanita muscaria intoxication is a result of an unknown mixture of Ibotenic acid and Muscimol in the amanita at the point of ingestion.
		Furthermore, it appears that the highest concentration of Ibotenic acid and Muscimol is in the yellow tissue of the cap immediately below the skin, so the practice of peeling off of the red skin may leave behind most of both the Muscimol and the Ibotenic acid.
	www.iamshaman.com /amanita/amanitamyths.htm (2274 words)

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