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Topic: Muscle contraction

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List of muscles of the human body

Muscle fiber

Muscle

Smooth muscle

Skeletal muscle

Power Stroke

Action potential

Gap junction

Buccinator muscle

Myocardium

Shoulder problems

Cardiac action potential

Electrical synapse

Shoulder

Humerus

	Chapter 14 - Muscle Contraction
		The muscle fibers are side-by-side, i.e., in parallel, but the name of the class comes from the fact that the muscle fibers shorten in a direction (double headed arrow, f) parallel to the direction of shortening of the muscle (single-headed arrow, F).
		Muscles are composed of muscle fibers; fibers are composed (in part) of myofibrils; and myofibrils are composed of myofilaments.
		During movement, muscle contraction is probably a mixture of contractions that are isotonic, isometric, and neither, with both length and tension varying.
	www.unmc.edu /Physiology/Mann/mann14.html (10414 words)

	Muscle contraction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For skeletal muscles, the force exerted by the muscle is controlled by varying the frequency at which action potentials are sent to muscle fibers.
		In the case of eccentric contraction, the force generated is insufficient to overcome the resistance placed on the muscle and the muscle fibres lengthen as they contract.
		In the case of concentric contraction, the force generated is sufficient to overcome the resistance, and the muscle shortens as it contracts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muscle_contraction (1310 words)

	Muscle Biochemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The biochemical basis of muscle activity is related to the enzymatic and physical properties of actin, myosin, and the accessory proteins that constitute the thin and thick filaments.
		The molecular event underlying muscle contraction is the regulated binding of the myosin headpieces to actin thin filaments, followed by rapid myosin conformational changes about its hinge points with the bound actin being translocated toward the M line.
		In the absence of CaCM smooth muscles are quiescent, the kinase is inactive, and p-light chains are not phosphorylated.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/muscle.html (3467 words)

	Muscle Contraction
		(1) To evaluate the nervous response needed to cause calcium to be released for muscle to contract.
		Below are two different but similar descriptions of muscle contraction that explain the processes involved in notification, contraction, and relaxation.
		(1) The sequence of events leading to contraction is initiated somewhere in the central nervous system, either as voluntary activity from the brain or as reflex activity from the spinal cord.
	meat.tamu.edu /muscontract.html (530 words)

	Muscle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is anchored by tendons to bone and is used to affect skeletal movement such as locomotion and in maintaining posture.
		Smooth muscle or "involuntary muscle" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, ureters, bladder, and blood vessels, and unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under conscious control.
		Deep muscles, superficial muscles, muscles of the face and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated regions in the primary motor cortex of the brain, directly anterior to the central sulcus that divides the frontal and parietal lobes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muscle (2958 words)

	Muscle contraction
		The contraction of voluntary muscles in all animals takes place by the mutual sliding of two sets of interdigitating filaments: thick (containing the protein myosin) and thin (containing the protein actin) organized in sarcomeres each a few microns long which give muscle its cross striated appearance in the microscope (Fig 1).
		An understanding of muscle contraction is an important example of the success of protein crystallography, in particular when used in conjunction with high resolution electron microscopy.
		If a contracting muscle is released the intensity of the 14.3.5Å meridional reflexion drops within a few ms to a fraction of its initial value.
	www.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de /~holmes/muscle/muscle1.html (1997 words)

	SMOOTH MUSCLE
		Smooth muscle is responsible for the contractility of hollow organs, such as blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, the bladder, or the uterus.
		Muscles which were stretched 1.6 times their resting length did not develop tension, but contracted normally when the stretch was released and the muscles were allowed to return to their rest length.
		Upon contraction of smooth muscle, the exchange of the bound-nucleotide and phosphate decreased and upon relaxation from the contracted state it increased, suggesting that polymerization-deplolymerization of actin is a part of the contraction-relaxation cycle of smooth muscle.
	www.uic.edu /classes/phyb/phyb516/smoothmuscleu3.htm (5492 words)

	Muscle Tissue
		Muscle tissue is characterized by its well-developed properties of contraction.
		Muscle is responsible for the movements of the body and the various parts of the body.
		The sheath is not the equivalent of an endomysium as in striated muscle.
	www.technion.ac.il /~mdcourse/274203/lect6.html (3423 words)

	SIU SOM Histology SSB
		Each muscle spindle consists of an encapsulated cluster of small striated muscle fibers ("intrafusal muscle fibers") with somewhat unusual structure (e.g., nuclei may be concentrated in a cluster near the middle of the fiber's length).
		Synchronization of contraction along the length of the fiber is accomplished by the muscle fiber action potential which zips rapidly along the fiber after being triggered by neurotransmitter release at the motor end plate upon arrival of a motor axon action potential.
		The endomysium permits the forces of contraction to be passed from each muscle fiber toward the ends of the muscle where the fibrocollagenous tissue of endomysium, perimysium and epimysium join together to form tendon, fascia, or direct attachment to bone.
	www.siumed.edu /~dking2/ssb/muscle.htm (1908 words)

	Muscle contraction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A muscle contraction (also known as a muscle twitch or simply twitch) occurs when a muscle cell (called a muscle fiber) shortens.
		There are three general types of muscle contractions, skeletal muscle contractions, heart muscle contractions, and smooth muscle contractions.
		Contractions are initiated by an influx of calcium which binds to calmodulin.
	www.mrsci.com /Muscular-System/Muscle_contraction.php (976 words)

	Human Physiology - Muscle
		As a result, in a relaxed muscle, there is a very high concentration of calcium in the SR and a very low concentration in the sarcoplasm (and, therefore, among the myofibrils and myofilaments).
		Because of this arrangement, when skeletal muscle is viewed with a microscope, the ends of a sarcomere (where only thin myofilaments are found) appear lighter than the central section (which is dark because of the presence of the thick myofilaments).
		A muscle, like the biceps, contracts with varying degrees of force depending on the circumstance (this is also referred to as a graded response).
	www.biology.eku.edu /RITCHISO/301notes3.htm (2619 words)

	Muscle Contraction Information on Healthline
		Muscle contraction is the response a muscle has to any kind of stimuli where the result is shortening in length and development of force.
		While skeletal muscle is resting, there is still a force exerted due to the tension created from the muscle's connection to the bone on each end of the muscle.
		Most smooth muscle contractions of the digestive tract occur as a substance passes through the hollow tube that smooth muscle comprises; therefore, smooth muscle shortens against a decreasing load.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/muscle-contraction (712 words)

	Muscle contraction Summary
		For skeletal muscles, the force exerted by the muscle is controlled by varying the frequency at which action potentials are sent to muscle fibers.
		Typically when a human is exerting a muscle as hard as they are consciously able, roughly one-third of the fibers in that muscle will be firing at once, but various physiological and psychological factors (including Golgi tendon organs and Renshaw cells) can affect that.
		Contractions are initiated by an influx of calcium which binds to calmodulin.
	www.bookrags.com /Muscle_contraction (1492 words)

	Howstuffworks "Cardiac and Smooth Muscle"
		Cardiac-muscle contraction is actin-regulated, meaning that the calcium ions come both from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (as in skeletal muscle) and from outside the cell (as in smooth muscle).
		Otherwise, the chain of events that occurs in cardiac-muscle contraction is similar to that of skeletal muscle.
		The intermediate filaments anchor the thin filaments and correspond to the Z-disks of skeletal muscle.
	www.howstuffworks.com /muscle4.htm (481 words)

	Muscles
		Smooth muscle is found in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body (except the heart).
		As the triceps contracts, the insertion is pulled toward the origin and the arm is straightened or extended at the elbow.
		Nerves of the autonomic branch of the nervous system lead to both smooth and cardiac muscle, but their effect is one of moderating the rate and/or strength of contraction.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Muscles.html (3328 words)

	Muscle Contraction
		(1) To evaluate the nervous response needed to cause calcium to be released for muscle to contract.
		Below are two different but similar descriptions of muscle contraction that explain the processes involved in notification, contraction, and relaxation.
		(1) The sequence of events leading to contraction is initiated somewhere in the central nervous system, either as voluntary activity from the brain or as reflex activity from the spinal cord.
	savell-j.tamu.edu /muscontract.html (530 words)

	Muscle Contraction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Before a muscle cell can contract it must be stimulated by a nerve impulse.
		When an individual muscle cell is stimulated, the actin filament in every sacromere unit slide to the middle of the sacromere.
		Contraction ends when the muscle ceases to be stimulated by a nerve cell.
	www.physioweb.org /contraction.html (681 words)

	NISMAT Exercise Physiology Corner: Muscle Physiology Primer
		The acetylcholine binds with receptors on the muscle membrane which are in close proximity to the neuron (the motor end plate).
		The binding of the acetylcholine to the muscle membrane allows for the initiation of an action potential (which promotes the passing of an electrical current) on the muscle membrane.
		Muscle contraction stops when Ca++ is removed from the immediate environment of the myofilaments.
	www.nismat.org /physcor/muscle.html (1084 words)

	MUSCLE CONTRACTION
		Muscle contraction follows the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.
		the heat produced during muscle contraction is due to the exothermic
		Shortening heat is directly proportional to the shortening of the muscle.
	www.unc.edu /~scmannin/avis3.html (318 words)

	Human Physiology - Muscle
		Some muscles (skeletal muscles) will not contract unless stimulated by neurons; other muscles (smooth and cardiac) will contract without nervous stimulation but their contraction can be influenced by the nervous system.
		As a result, in a relaxed muscle, there is a very high concentration of calcium in the SR and a very low concentration in the sarcoplasm (and, therefore, among the myofibrils and myofilaments).
		Because of this arrangement, when skeletal muscle is viewed with a microscope, the ends of a sarcomere (where only thin myofilaments are found) appear lighter than the central section (which is dark because of the presence of the thick myofilaments).
	people.eku.edu /ritchisong/RITCHISO/301notes3.htm (2619 words)

	MUSCLE CONTRACTION
		Skeletal muscles are composed of smaller subunits called _________, which are in turn composed of still smaller subunits called ________ or myofibrils.
		Muscles are shortened by the proteins sliding along each other so that the fibers become shorter.
		The theory of muscle contraction is called the _____________ __________________ theory of muscle contraction.
	gushwalogy.org /muscle_contraction.htm (383 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Muscle cramps
		Muscle cramps are involuntary and often painful contractions (movements) of the muscles.
		Muscle cramps are common and may be stopped by stretching the muscle.
		Muscle spasms are different than muscle twitches, which are covered in a separate article.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm (323 words)

	Muscle contraction headache - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Detailed information about the causes of Muscle contraction headache including medication causes and drug interaction causes can be found in our causes pages.
		With a diagnosis of Muscle contraction headache, it is also important to consider whether there is an underlying condition causing Muscle contraction headache.
		The prognosis of Muscle contraction headache may include the duration of Muscle contraction headache, chances of complications of Muscle contraction headache, probable outcomes, prospects for recovery, recovery period for Muscle contraction headache, survival rates, death rates, and other outcome possibilities in the overall prognosis of Muscle contraction headache.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /m/muscle_contraction_headache/intro.htm (484 words)

	Introduction to the mechanism of muscle contraction
		Muscle is an organ specializing in the transformation of chemical energy into movement.
		The study of muscle contraction involves the use of a large variety of biophysical techniques, in many laboratories around the world.
		Such techniques range from physiological studies of muscle contraction to biochemical studies of muscle proteins and nucleotide hydrolysis and include protein crystallography, low angle x-ray diffraction, the design of mutant proteins, NMR, electron microscopy, photolysis of caged compounds, in vitro motility assays and others.
	www.ebsa.org /npbsn41/intro_muscle.html (807 words)

	Muscle Contraction
		Within the muscle are many bundles, and within the bundles are many muscle _________________.
		This begins the process of contraction, because the _________ ions attach to a spot on the _____________________________________________ causing it to change shape.
		When it is time for the muscle to relax, molecules in the cell membrane known as _____________________ pumps transport the ______________ out of the cytoplasm and into the ______________________________________.
	gushwalogy.org /muscle_contraction-new.htm (269 words)

	MUSCLE CONTRACTION
		When that muscle is attached to a load, the speed and size to which it contracts decreases.
		where P describes the force generated by a muscle, V is the speed at which a muscle contracts, and a, b, c are constants.
		Correspondingly, the degree of tension in the muscle increases.
	www.tiem.utk.edu /~gross/bioed/webmodules/muscles.html (968 words)

	Lecture Notes-13
		Muscle contraction is a little like climbing a rope.
		Skeletal muscle is stimulated by nerves which contact muscle through a neuromuscular junction.
		In cardiac and smooth muscle the cells are interconnected by special junctions- intercalated disks in cardiac and gap junctions in smooth muscle
	members.aol.com /Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot13.html (772 words)

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