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Topic: Muscle hypertrophy

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	Skeletal muscle hypertrophy
		The muscle is able to adapt by increasing the size and amount of contractile proteins, which comprise the myofibrils within each muscle fiber, leading to an increase in the size of the individual muscle fibers and their consequent force production (1).
		The amount of FGF released by the skeletal muscle is proportional to the degree of muscle trauma or injury (8).
		Specific to skeletal muscle hypertrophy, HGF activates satellite cells and may be responsible for causing satellite cells to migrate to the injured area (2).
	www.unm.edu /~lkravitz/Article%20folder/hypertrophy.html (2215 words)

	Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type
		Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of the cell while hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells or fibers.
		The muscle which is usually examined is the anterior latissimus dorsi or ALD (unlike humans, birds have an anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi).
		Muscle fiber formation and fiber hypertrophy during the onset of stretch-overload.
	home.hia.no /~stephens/hypplas.htm (3026 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Changes in skeletal muscle gene expression following clenbuterol administration
		In skeletal muscle, Yy1 inhibits transcription of the alpha actin gene, and down-regulation of Yy1 is necessary for alpha actin expression and myogenic differentiation to proceed [43].
		The MAP kinase signal transduction pathway is of particular interest to this skeletal muscle model because it is a key mediator of the cellular response to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), a known regulator of myogenic cell proliferation, differentiation, and protein turnover [49,50].
		The ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway is known to be a major contributor to protein degradation in skeletal muscle, and decreases in components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway have been associated with decreased protein degradation leading to muscle hypertrophy [56].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/7/320 (7217 words)

	Age effects on myosin subunit and biochemical alterations with skeletal muscle hypertrophy. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The purpose of this study was to determine whether skeletal muscle mass, myofibrillar adenosinetriphosphatase activity, and the expression of myosin heavy (MHC) and light chain subunits are differentially affected in juvenile (4 wk) and young adult (12 wk) rats by a hypertrophic growth stimulus.
		Hypertrophy of the plantaris or soleus was studied 4 wk after ablation of either two [gastrocnemius (GTN) and soleus or plantaris] or one (GTN) synergistic muscle(s).
		The relative expression of slow beta-MHC in hypertrophied plantaris muscles increased by 470 and 350%, whereas MHC IIb decreased by 70 and 33% in juvenile and adult rats, respectively.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_1534798.html (274 words)

	Siff on Hypertrophy
		Muscle growth may occur as the result of two possible processes: hypertrophy (increase in size of fibers) or hyperplasia (increase in number of fibers).
		Certain Russian research also suggests that increase in muscle mass occurs not only through hypertrophy of muscle fibers, but as a result of an increase in fiber number by means of the splitting of hypertrophied muscle fibers and the development of muscle fibers from muscle “buds” and satellite cells.
		Increase in muscle diameter is due to enlargement of individual muscle fibers by an increase in the number and size of individual myofibrils (Goldspink), accompanied by an increase in the amount of connective tissue (McDonagh and Davies).
	www.weighttrainersunited.com /hypertrophy.html (530 words)

	Muscle Physiology - Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy
		Hypertrophy, an increase in mass or girth, of a muscle can be induced by a number of stimuli.
		As the muscle continues to receive increased demands, the synthetic machinery is upregulated.
		That is, hypertrophy results primarily from the growth of each muscle cell, rather than an increase in the number of cells.
	muscle.ucsd.edu /musintro/hypertrophy.shtml (229 words)

	Training for Size and Strength: Advanced Training Planning for Bodybuilders, Part 2 by Bryan Haycock
		The wounding of the muscle cell after training is characterized by myofibrillar disruption, Z line smearing, discontinuity of sarcomeres and an increase in the porosity, or permeability, of the sarcolemma.
		Whenever a muscle grows in response to functional overload there is a positive correlation between the increase in the number of myonuclei and the increase in fiber cross sectional area (CSA).
		The muscle spindle is found in greater abundance in the muscle belly as apposed to the musculotendonous junction.
	www.thinkmuscle.com /articles/haycock/training-02.htm (4353 words)

	Hypertrophy-Specific Training : : Official Home of HST
		As hypertrophy-specific research progressed in specificity it was clear that traditional training routines had stumbled across many important principles of load induced muscle hypertrophy, but because of their limited perspective (volume and intensity) they failed to capitalize on some critical truths exposed by research at the cellular level.
		In order for the loading to result in significant hypertrophy, the stimulus must be applied with sufficient frequency to create a new "environment", as opposed to seemingly random and acute assaults on the mechanical integrity of the tissue.
		As opposed to hypertrophy, the foundation for the development of strength is neuromuscular in nature.
	www.hypertrophy-specific.com /hst_index.html (1264 words)

	USA Gymnastics Online: Technique: Strength Training Fundamentals in Gymnastics Conditioning
		Increasing the cross sectional area of the muscle, or muscle hypertrophy, is fundamental for maximal improvement of strength (Bührle and Werner, 1984).
		Muscle hypertrophy is most important in body building, but a survey of elite Swedish bodybuilders found no agreement on how to best achieve muscle hypertrophy (Tesch, 1986).
		An increase in the cross-sectional surface area of the muscle is fundamental for the maximal improvement of strength because strength improvement is ultimately limited by muscle size, the muscle cross-sectional area.
	www.usa-gymnastics.org /publications/technique/1996/8/strength-training.html (5299 words)

	Vince McConnell Huge or Strong (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		(hypertrophy) is a process of using the weight as a tool to stimulate your muscles.
		Plain and simple, training for muscle hypertrophy is working to increase one's muscle size without significant regard to getting stronger, while training for muscular (or neural) strength is about maximizing one's absolute strength (or one-rep max) without increasing bodyweight.
		Muscle growth is about the amount of quality work completed within a given time frame.
	www.dolfzine.com /page338.htm (520 words)

	ADAPTATION to Progressive Resistance Exercise
		Muscles increase their strength and size when they are forced to contract at tensions close to their maximum.
		Muscle protein accumulation occurs by increasing the rate of protein synthesis, decreasing the rate of protein degradation, or both.
		Muscle strength is related to the cross-sectional area of the muscle.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/adaptex/adaptex.html (2088 words)

	Mechanisms of nascent fiber formation during avian skeletal muscle hypertrophy. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The relative contributions of these two mechanisms to fiber formation in hypertrophying anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle were assessed by quantitative analysis of their nuclear populations.
		The location of newly formed fibers in wing-weighted and regenerating ALD muscle was compared to determine whether satellite cells in the ALD muscle were unusual in that, if stimulated to divide, they would form fibers in the inter- and intrafascicular space.
		De novo fiber formation is apparently the principal mechanism for the hyperplasia reported to occur in the ALD muscle undergoing hypertrophy induced by wing-weighting.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_1551477.html (359 words)

	SICG Magazine - Training - Hypertrophy
		First, select the specific muscle that is to be trained, then exercise that specific muscle until failure repeatedly.
		Since consistent, nearly identical muscular movements are necessary to stimulate muscle hypertrophy, rock climbing is a relatively difficult method to use.
		Power, or recruitment, is the ability to activate a high percentage of the muscle fibres in a given muscle.
	www.indoorclimbing.com.au /mag/hypertrophy.htm (2186 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - Gene - Behind The Scenes: Hypertrophy!
		The myofibers (muscle fibers) that comprise skeletal muscle are basically muscle cells packed with contractile machinery (myofibrils), rechargeable energy sources (mitochondria), many nuclei (myonuclei), and a cytoplasmic unit (sarcoplasm, over two-thirds of which is water), each competing in a sense for space inside the cell [1].
		Muscle subjected to functional overload mobilizes the mitotically-active satellite cells, in turn increasing myonuclei number of the recipient muscle cells and facilitating hypertrophy [2] -- an adaptation that will allow each nucleus to regulate more cytoplasm [3], and ultimately the enlarged muscles to undergo more forceful contractions (lift heavier loads).
		The mitogenic and myogenic effects of IGF-I are sensitive to the loading state of the muscle, ostensibly as a result of the transient elevations in serum androgen levels [11] and more significantly an upregulation in androgen receptor density [12], two important determinants of which are the intensity and volume of the resistance training bouts.
	www.bodybuilding.com /fun/par26.htm (5377 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - HST - Hypertrophy-Specific Training Program!
		As hypertrophy-specific research progressed in specificity it was clear that traditional training routines had stumbled across many important principles of load induced muscle hypertrophy, but because of their limited perspective (volume and intensity) they failed to capitalize on some critical truths exposed by research at the cellular level.
		In order for the loading to result in significant hypertrophy, the stimulus must be applied with sufficient frequency to create a new "environment", as opposed to seemingly random and acute assaults on the mechanical integrity of the tissue.
		As opposed to hypertrophy, the foundation for the development of strength is neuromuscular in nature.
	www.bodybuilding.com /fun/hst1.htm (1899 words)

	Muscle hypertrophy in rats fed on a buckwheat protein extract. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Muscle hypertrophy in rats fed on a buckwheat protein extract.
		The relative weights (g per kg of body wt) of the gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus muscles were higher in the BWPE-fed animals than in the casein-fed ones, but were unaffected by the dietary level of protein.
		These results demonstrate that BWPE consumption causes muscle hypertrophy, elevates carcass protein and water, and reduces body fat.
	www.cryonet.org /cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=13872 (197 words)

	The Fitness Public Wants Easy Undemanding Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In essence what we are doing is attempting to identify the most important factors in stimulating muscle hypertrophy, or we should rather say, muscle and connective tissue hypertrophy, since training affects the entire muscle complex, not just the muscles.
		12: Muscles rarely are able to produce 100% of their maximum potential, due to a variety of reasons such as protective inhibition by certain reflexes and mental motivation.
		Muscle hypertrophy and strength are determined not only by what happens during exercise, but in the rest or restoration periods between exercises and training sessions.
	www.dolfzine.com /new_page_6.htm (1231 words)

	IGF-1 and Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy by Bryan Haycock
		As a result of these coordinated changes, the DNA-to-protein ratio of the hypertrophied TA was similar to that of the contra-lateral muscles.
		The increase in muscle DNA is presumed to be a result of increased proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells which donate their nuclei upon fusion with damaged or hypertrophying muscle cells.
		All of the attention and discussion of half-hazzardly injecting fat into muscles to increase the girth of a limb is only a symptom of the obsessive nature of bodybuilding.
	www.mesomorphosis.com /articles/haycock/igf-1-and-muscle-hypertrophy.htm (639 words)

	Identification of the Single Base Change Causing the Callipyge Muscle Hypertrophy Phenotype, the Only Known Example of ...
		The C identifies the mutated allele, and individuals with the muscle hypertrophy phenotype are identified as solid fl sheep; those with normal phenotype are identified as gray sheep.
		RNA from fetal longissimus muscle was reverse transcribed with primer 21911 (primer sequence in Fig.
		Jackson, S.P. and Green, R.D. Muscle trait inheritance, growth performance and feed efficiency of sheep exhibiting a muscle hypertrophy phenotype.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/GR-5710Rv1 (6467 words)

	BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life
		Skeletal muscle atrophies with disuse while with increased use and increased load skeletal muscle exhibits hypertrophy, with an increase in the size of existing muscle fibers.
		The mTOR pathway activity increases in response to muscle activity during hypertrophy and decreases in activity during atrophy.
		Mediation of IGF-1-induced skeletal myotube hypertrophy by PI(3)K/Akt/mTOR and PI(3)K/Akt/GSK3 pathways.
	www.biocarta.com /pathfiles/h_igf1mtorpathway.asp (310 words)

	Training for Hypertrophy
		SPLIT ROUTINE: Since in body building (Hypertrophy) the athlete performs 2-3 exercises per muscle groups and since they address every muscle in the body, one may have to be in the gym for at least half of the day if he/she expects to finish the entire program.
		As the muscles are in longer tension the muscles metabolism is stronger activated, stimulating muscle growth beyond the standard norms.
		Another variation may be pre-exhaustion, before a large muscle groups are contracted the small muscles have to be pre-exhausted so that during the actual work the whole load will be taken only by the large muscle groups.
	www.gsu.edu /~wwwfit/hyper.html (581 words)

	Chen, Yun, Smooth muscle hypertrophy and IGF-system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The present study was devoted to smooth muscle hypertrophy and the IGF-system in smooth muscle under different conditions.
		In urinary bladder, smooth muscle hypertrophy, initiated by partial outlet obstruction, was associated with a transient increase in IGF-I mRNA, and pronounced, sustained increases of IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4 mRNA, as well as increased protein contents of IGF-I and IGFBP-2.
		The levels of IGFBP-4 mRNA in different muscle tissues and liver were decreased by diabetes and fasting, while IGFBP-2 mRNA was regulated in an organspecific manner: with a sustained increase in liver and a decrease in aortic smooth muscle.
	www.bibl.liu.se /liupubl/disp/disp96/med500s.htm (409 words)

	Pulmonary hypertension - Heath-Edwards grading system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Hypertrophy of the media of muscular pulmonary arteries.
		Muscle hypertrophy plus proliferation of intimal cells in arterioles and small muscular arteries.
		"Muscle hypertrophy is less apparent; progressive dilatation of small arteries, especially those near vessels with intimal fibrous occlusion.
	www.mcl.tulane.edu /classware/pathology/medical_pathology/New_for_98/Lung_Review/Lung-46.html (100 words)

	muscle hypertrophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy Chronic disease, disuse and aging are all causes of muscle atrophy.
		Furthermore, the rate and extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy was similar in hypophysectomized and normal animals.
		Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of the cell while hyperplasia refers...
	www.international-pharma.com /49/muscle-hypertrophy.html (384 words)

	Anti Aging Weight Training Muscle Fibre Hypertrophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Muscle growth depends on the muscle fibre type activated and the pattern of recruitment.
		Muscle contraction is initiated by an electrical charge from the central nervous system.
		Once they are conditioned, these assisting muscles help you to increase the weight you use in training the target muscles in order to stimulate the most growth in muscle fibres.
	www.antiagingmatrix.com /e_weight.php (1785 words)

	{alpha}1-Syntrophin-deficient skeletal muscle exhibits hypertrophy and aberrant formation of neuromuscular junctions ...
		{alpha}1-Syntrophin-deficient skeletal muscle exhibits hypertrophy and aberrant formation of neuromuscular junctions during regeneration -- Hosaka et al.
		In the hypertrophied muscles of the mutant mice, the level of
		Shiao, T., Fond, A., Deng, B., Wehling-Henricks, M., Adams, M. E., Froehner, S. C., Tidball, J. Defects in neuromuscular junction structure in dystrophic muscle are corrected by expression of a NOS transgene in dystrophin-deficient muscles, but not in muscles lacking {alpha}- and {beta}1-syntrophins.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/abstract/158/6/1097 (422 words)

	Weight Training
		Muscle growth depends on the muscle fibre type activated and the pattern of recruitment.
		Muscle contraction is initiated by an electrical charge from the central nervous system.
		The objective of these exercises is to develop the large muscles of the body in an explosive action which requires the use of many joints and muscle groups in a coordinated movement.
	www.brianmac.demon.co.uk /weight.htm (1706 words)

	Lift slow or lift fast, that is the question.
		With the slower movement, momentum is sharply reduced, technique is quite different; primarily you are moving the bar with the strength of your muscles and not depending upon outside forces.
		Muscle fibers are activated in order of their size, but the key stimulus determining how many fibers are activated and fatigued is intensity of effort.
		EMG analysis in my study showed the approximate percentage of the recruitment of muscle fiber types in the quadriceps of a trained athlete during execution of a one repetition squat with progressively increasing loads.
	www.cbass.com /SLOWFAST.HTM (5104 words)

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