
	Where results make sense

Topic: Muscle spindle

Related Topics

Motor unit

PNF stretching

Acetylcholine

Motor neuron

In the News (Thu 17 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Muscle spindle
		Muscle spindles are found within the fleshy portions of muscles, embedded in so-called extrafusal muscle fibers.
		Muscle spindles are encapsulated by connective tissue, and are aligned parallel to extrafusal muscle fibers, unlike Golgi tendon organs, which are oriented in series.
		When a muscle is stretched, primary sensory fibers (Group Ia afferent neurons) of the muscle spindle respond to both the velocity and the degree of stretch, and send this information to the spinal cord.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Muscle-spindle (1844 words)

	Muscle spindle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A muscle spindle is a specialized muscle structure innervated by both sensory and motor neuron axons.
		Muscle spindles are found within the fleshy portions of muscles, embedded in so-called extrafusal muscle fibers.
		Muscle spindles are encapsulated by connective tissue, and are aligned parallel to extrafusal muscle fibers, unlike Golgi tendon organs, which are oriented in series.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muscle_spindle (550 words)

	Chapter 11 - Muscle Receptors
		Stretching the equatorial region of the muscle spindle, the adequate stimulus for the receptor, may be accomplished by gamma-motoneuron activation and intrafusal muscle contraction.
		The response of a primary spindle afferent fiber is shown in the second trace, that of a secondary spindle afferent fiber in the third.
		The greater the muscle length, the greater is the stretch on the spindle and the greater is the static discharge of either type of spindle afferent fiber.
	www.unmc.edu /Physiology/Mann/mann11.html (4903 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Lumbar position sense acuity during an electrical shock stressor
		As the muscle spindle may be influenced by sympathetic modulation, we hypothesized that a state of high sympathetic activity as during mental stress would affect the proprioceptive output from the muscle spindles in the back muscles leading to alterations in proprioception and position sense acuity.
		The muscle spindle afferents play a major role in the sensation of position and movement [13-15] and factors altering the muscle spindle sensitivity may affect the proprioception.
		The hypothesis of stress induced disturbances of the sensitivity of the muscle spindle via sympathetic regulation originates from animal studies [18,19,32,33] demonstrating sympathetic fibres penetrating into the muscle spindle capsule [16] and the presence of adrenergic receptors inside the muscle spindle [17].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2474/6/37 (4583 words)

	Muscle spindle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Muscle spindles are found within the fleshy of muscles embedded in so-called extrafusal muscle fibers.
		Muscle spindles are encapsulated by connective and are aligned Parallel_(geometry) to extrafusal muscle fibers unlike Golgi organs which are oriented Series_(geometry).
		When a muscle is stretched primary sensory (Group Ia afferent neurons) of the muscle respond to both the velocity and the of stretch and send this information to spinal cord.
	www.freeglossary.com /Muscle_spindle (729 words)

	Proprioceptors
		The central region is wrapped by the sensory dendrites of the muscle spindle afferent.
		When the muscle lengthens and the muscle spindle is stretched, this opens mechanically-gated ion channels in the sensory dendrites, leading to a receptor potential that triggers action potentials in the muscle spindle afferent.
		The sensory dendrites of the Golgi tendon organ afferent are interwoven with collagen fibrils in the tendon.
	courses.washington.edu /conj/bess/spindle/proprioceptors.html (498 words)

	The Connections : tracing symptoms to organic diseases
		We have concluded in Chapter IV that the association between muscles may be ipsilateral, contralateral, or a combination of both, depending on the activity and functional needs of the body at that particular time.
		Other receptors are found in the muscles (muscle spindle receptors, which transmit signals to the spinal cord and cerebellum) and others in all the tissues of body (free nerve endings).
		Muscle reflexes, which may be elicited by the stimulation of afferent nerve endings covering the body, have proven to be by far more reliable in the elaboration of a map of the cutaneous areas that are related to organs.
	www.neurokinesiology.org /The_Connections/tracing_symptoms_to_organic_diseases.html (2542 words)

	The Muscle Spindle Stretch Reflex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These tiny capsules embedded in the muscle are called "muscle spindles." The thin muscle fibers inside the muscle spindles are called intrafusal muscle fibers.
		In nuclear chain muscle fibers, the nuclei are spaced fairly evenly along the length of the central nuclear compartment such that the fiber is relatively thin throughout its length.
		Functionally, muscle spindles respond to stretch and are the receptors for the "two-neuron stretch reflex," or the knee jerk reflex.
	faculty.etsu.edu /currie/muscstretch.htm (1404 words)

	MUSCLE - NERVE
		Smooth muscle is also found in a layer just under the epithelium as well as in the walls of many blood vessels.
		The basal lamina of the muscle cell, that thin fuzzy coat which lies on the surface of the cell, encloses both the satellite cell and the muscle cell.
		The fact that it is striated muscle is evident from the hexameric arrangement of thick and thin filaments (six thins surrounding a thick).
	medocs.ucdavis.edu /CHA/402/labsyl/01/05.htm (2383 words)

	ASB: MUSCLE SPINDLE FUNCTION IN DIABETIC NEUROPATHY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Muscle vibration at a frequency of 80 Hz and with a small (0.5 mm) amplitude is known to specifically stimulate the muscle spindle primary endings.
		The vibrated muscle is perceived to be longer than it actually is, leading to a perception of motion in excess of the actual movement (Sittig et al., 1987).
		The effect of muscle vibration only occurs when the muscle spindles and their nerve supplies are intact.
	asb-biomech.org /onlineabs/abstracts96/vanduersen.html (964 words)

	References Module 2: Professor Carrick
		Afferent activity from muscle spindle primary endings in the finger extensor muscles was recorded from the radial nerve, along with the EMG activity of these muscles, and kinematics of the relevant metacarpo-phalangeal joint.
		In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that muscle spindle afferents signaling the length of hind-leg flexor muscles are involved in terminating extensor activity and initiating flexion during walking.
		Spindle discharge was usually correlated with the EMG activity in the masseter muscle and the tension reflexly developed by jaw muscles.
	www.dendrites.com /mod2ref.html (19341 words)

	Blue Histology - Muscle
		The muscle surrounding the upper one-third of the oesophagus is skeletal muscle.
		If the muscle is stretched, the muscle fibres in the muscle spindle are stretched, sensory nerves are stimulated, and a change in contraction of the muscle is perceived.
		Intercalated discs invariably occur at the ends of cardiac muscle cells in a region corresponding to the Z-line of the myofibrils (the last Z-line of the myofibril within the cell is "replaced" by the intercalated disk of the cell membrane).
	www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au /mb140/CorePages/Muscle/Muscle.htm (3429 words)

	PainOnline - Muscle Pain
		As already emphasized, the muscle pains of Central Pain can be extremely severe but are often overlooked because the examiner is fascinated by, or the patient is fixated on, the dysesthetic burning.
		The physiological connections between the spindle and the posterior columns is poorly understood.
		It must generally be done by hand, pushing into the muscle to fatigue the muscle and damp the spindle, followed by elongation parallel to the direction of the muscle fibers.
	www.painonline.org /muscle.htm (3204 words)

	Muscle Spindle CAL
		Classical stretch reflex 'the capacity of a muscle to resist extension' is sum of these spindle projections to muscle.
		As strength increases a muscle response with monosynaptic latency is obtained (Hoffman or H reflex) due to excitation of some Ia afferents.
		During the silent period the muscle is in tension above the voluntary level and the spindles are unloaded..
	www.kcl.ac.uk /teares/gktvc/vc/lt/mspindle/sreflex.htm (751 words)

	Example: Muscle Spindle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The muscle spindle you see here as a double tapered object, lying between and among myofibers, is an important proprioceptor.
		The muscle spindle's job is to determine how much tension is being generated by the myofibers that surround it; to then report that back to the CNS, and to "reset" the detection threshold level as ordered by the CNS.
		The muscle spindle is actually a modified form of skeletal muscle fiber, and in this field you can see the nerve fiber that serves it.
	education.vetmed.vt.edu /Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab10/Examples/exspindl.htm (217 words)

	Behavior of Jaw Muscle Spindle Afferents During Cortically Induced Rhythmic Jaw Movements in the Anesthetized Rabbit -- ...
		The regulation by muscle spindles of jaw-closing muscle activity during mastication was evaluated in anesthetized rabbits.
		2 kHz for the EMGs, and 20 kHz for the spindle discharges.
		Lund, J. Richmond, F.J.R., Touloumis, C., Patry, Y., and Lamarre, Y. The distribution of Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles in masseter and temporalis muscles of the cat.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/82/5/2633 (4709 words)

	NeuroSoma® - A Limited Pressure Muscle Spindle Myotherapy - Muscle Malfunction
		Although skeletal muscle is contracted voluntarily, this aspect of skeletal muscle contraction is automatic – we don’t have to think about it in order to contract it.
		But when the spindle cell becomes inundated with lactic acid, a by-product of the metabolism which is caustic enough to burn a living cell when poured onto it in a test tube, the toxic lactic acid distorts and sickens the flower-spray feedback nerves to the cerebellum, weakening their signal.
		The cerebellum interprets the weak signal to mean the skeletal muscle (upon which the spindle is reporting) is relaxing; that there aren’t enough fibers contracting in that particular muscle to maintain a proper amount of muscle tone (pre-set requirement).
	www.neurosoma.com /malfunction.html (424 words)

	Muscle Spindle CAL
		Muscle spindles are found within the belly of muscles and run in parallel with the main muscle fibres.The spindle senses muscle length and changes in length.
		In this region on either side of the central area the intrafusal fibres are able to contract if their motor supply is active.
		This is the basis of the classical STRETCH REFLEX in which extension of the muscle (and thus its spindles) cause a reflex contraction.
	www.kcl.ac.uk /teares/gktvc/vc/lt/mspindle/spin1.htm (544 words)

	Activation of GABAB receptors causes presynaptic inhibition at synapses between muscle spindle afferents and ...
		Activation of GABAB receptors causes presynaptic inhibition at synapses between muscle spindle afferents and motoneurons in the spinal cord of bullfrogs -- Peng and Frank 9 (5): 1502 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		Activation of GABAB receptors causes presynaptic inhibition at synapses between muscle spindle afferents and motoneurons in the spinal cord of bullfrogs
		muscle sensory afferents or the motoneuronal membrane resistance.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/9/5/1502 (449 words)

	Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have Characteristic Topographic Distributions -- Dessem et al. ...
		and palpation in the region of the posterior temporalis muscle.
		Vme neurons are secondary jaw-elevator muscle spindle afferents.
		, A. Responses of rat jaw-elevator muscle spindle afferents to passive muscle stretches in the presence of succinylcholine.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/77/6/2925 (7704 words)

	Muscle Structure & Function: Part 4
		One of the reasons for holding a stretch for a prolonged period of time is that as you hold the muscle in a stretched position, the muscle spindle habituates (becomes accustomed to the new length) and reduces its signaling.
		This is the dynamic component of the stretch reflex: a strong signal to contract at the onset of a rapid increase in muscle length, followed by slightly "higher than normal" signaling which gradually decreases as the rate of change of the muscle length decreases.
		A Strain is an injury of a muscle which has been stretched too far, too fast resulting in a tear of the muscle itself and the tissue that supports it.
	www.scnf.org /riley4.html (2152 words)

	NeuroSoma® - A Limited Pressure Muscle Spindle Myotherapy - More About Muscle
		As the level of muscle tone/irritation increases, endorphins – the body’s natural painkillers – are triggered so that your level of sensitivity is actually decreased.
		Decreased sensitivity allows the spreading irritation of the hardened muscles to increase covertly; in other words, even though the irritation is actually increasing, decreased symptomatic sensitivity allows you to believe you are remaining the same or even improving.
		But relaxation – which eventually will decrease muscle irritability – can begin only after your sensitivity to and conscious awareness of your primary problem has been increased (even though the problem itself is actually improving).
	www.neurosoma.com /muscle.html (553 words)

	Erbb2 regulates neuromuscular synapse formation and is essential for muscle spindle development -- Leu et al. 130 (11): ...
		In muscle in mutant mice (D), myotubes contacted by sensory nerve terminals were still frequently observed close to nerve bundles but muscle spindle differentiation appeared halted.
		) and muscle spindles are absent in NT3-deficient mice (Farinas
		muscle is unaltered (H.R.B., M.L., and U.M., unpublished).
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/130/11/2291 (6694 words)

	CiteULike: Further evidence for synaptic actions of muscle spindle secondaries in the middle lumbar segments of the cat ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Further evidence for synaptic actions of muscle spindle secondaries in the middle lumbar segments of the cat spinal cord.
		Spindle afferents were activated by contractions of intrafusal muscle fibres which were induced by electrical stimulation of fusimotor axons in the distal parts of transected ventral roots by one to three stimuli at 150-500 stimuli/s.
		Effects of activation of spindle afferents following stimulation of fusimotor axons were then compared with effects evoked by electrical stimulation of group II afferents of anterior tibial or extensor digitorum longus nerves and by small stretches of these muscles.
	www.citeulike.org /user/jcohenadad/article/912605 (698 words)

	Muscle Spindle CAL
		E: contribute to the postural tone of surrounding muscles.
		B: stimulation of the alpha motoneurones to the muscle distal to the section.
		C: stimulation of the fusimotor fibres to the muscle distal to the section.
	www.kcl.ac.uk /teares/gktvc/vc/lt/mspindle/mcq.php (178 words)

	The Temple You Live In - Your Body
		The simple explanation is that a muscle pulls on a bone, and the bone moves.
		To demonstrate on the forearm and hand, the muscles of the forearm are the motors.
		She is the developer of the Julstro techniques that have been designed to quickly find the spasms that are holding the muscles tight, and to release and stretch the muscles.
	www.painbustersclinic.com.au /body/body-2.htm (1444 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A live muscle spindle viewed as 1 um steps through the z-axis.
		This view was obtained with a laser scanning confocal microscope using a 40x 1.0 NA water immersion objective.
		Most prominent are the annulo-spiral endings of the sensory bag nerve fibres and the myelinated axon, which clearly branch to forms an inverted y-connection with the lower bag fibre.
	confocal.med.unc.edu /wwwBioConfocal/MuscleSpindleZ.html (74 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)