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Topic: Muscular hydrostat

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	MUSCULAR HYDROSTAT Articles A muscular hydrostat is a biologica
		A muscular hydrostat is a biological structure found in animals.
		The principle behind the hydrostatic skeleton is that water is effectively incompressible at physiological pressures.
		What makes the muscular hydrostat unique is that it relies on the same principle, but there is no water-filled cavity.
	www.amazines.com /Muscular_hydrostat_related.html (0 words)

	Muscular Hydrostat
		What makes the muscular hydrostat special is that it relies on the same principle, but there is no water-filled cavity.
		Therefore, instead of a cylinder wrapped with muscle and connective tissue that changes its shape, a muscular hydrostat is a cylinder made of muscle.
		Muscular hydrostat is a term coined by Dr. William M. Kier in 1982 to characterize the arms of octopuses and the arms and tentacles of squid.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/muscular_hydrostat (269 words)

	gift Muscular_hydrostat - gift-report.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The principle behind the hydrostatic skeleton is that water is effectively incompressible at physiological pressures.
		Muscular hydrostat is a term coined by Dr. William M. Kier in 1982 to characterize the arms of octopuses and the arms and tentacles of squid.
		In a paper published in 1985, he showed that other organs, such as mammal and reptile tongues, and elephant trunks, fit in the category as well, although a difference worth noting is that while Octopus has no internal or exoskeleton, the Genioglossus muscle of the human tongue does originate from a bony prominence.
	www.gift-report.com /Muscular_hydrostat (435 words)

	Muscular - Qwika
		From Pudendal plexus To MeSH {{{MeshNumber}}} The Muscular Branches are derived from the fourth sacral...
		Muscular hydrostat A muscular hydrostat is a biological structure, found in...
		Muscular system is sovokuprost' of capable of the reduction the muscular fibers, united into the beams, which...
	www.qwika.com /find/Muscular (491 words)

	Muscular hydrostat (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A muscular hydrostat is a biological structure, found in animals.
		It is used to manipulate items (including food), or to move its host about, and is made mainly of muscles, with no skeletal support.
		What makes the muscular hydrostat special is that it relies on the same principle, but there is no water-filled cavity.
	www.toolhost.com /Muscular_hydrostat.html (230 words)

	325lab2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A fluid filled space running throughout the inside of an animal's body has the potential to function in transport of chemicals (oxygen, carbon dioxide, proteins, ammonia) and also of gametes (sperm and eggs) and this role in transport was one of the coelom's primitive (original) functions.
		The term muscular hydrostat is coined by Kier and Smith (1985) for this sort of movement mechanism.
		The basis of the operation of a hydrostat is a mass of solid muscle with fibres oriented in different ways within it.
	www.erin.utoronto.ca /~w3bio325/325lab2.html (3098 words)

	Bio 322 Biomechanics
		In the region of the curve where diameter is starting from a small value, any further small decrease in diameter leads to a very large elongation.
		It is a hydrostatic system where the fluid is contained in muscle cells, not in some internal cavity.
		Contraction of the muscles in one dimension causes expansion of the hydrostat in an orthogonal direction.
	www.wfu.edu /~rossma/bio322/hydrostats2.html (0 words)

	SICB - 2001 meeting- Abstract Details
		The muscular tongue of amniote vertebrates is traditionally described as a composite of two muscle types: extrinsic muscles originate outside the tongue and insert within it; intrinsic muscles arise and insert completely within the tongue.
		Current models of the tongue as a muscular hydrostat suggest that it functions as an integrated functional unit and that the traditional atomistic, dichotomous view of lingual muscles is inaccurate and misleading.
		The notion of individuated "muscles" is inapplicable within the tongue and should be replaced by reference to "fiber systems." This view of the tongue highlights the weakness of an atomistic approach to complex form and calls into question the application of traditional character concepts and character analyses to integrated functional units.
	www.sicb.org /meetings/2001/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=521 (226 words)

	3.24.2005 - Octopuses occasionally stroll around on two arms, UC Berkeley biologists report
		Like a weird sea monster, the octopus Octopus aculeatus walks along the floor of a tank while maintaining its camouflage as a piece of algae.
		An octopus is basically a water-filled balloon, but with the fluid contained in muscle cells rather than an open cavity.
		It keeps its shape not with an internal or external skeleton but by hydrostatic pressure, sometimes called a hydrostatic skeleton or muscular hydrostat.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml (1217 words)

	Muscular_hydrostat (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A muscular hydrostat is a biological structure that contains muscles, but has no skeletal support.
		It also achieves its hydraulic movement without fluid in a separate compartment as a hydrostatic skeleton does.
		Common examples of muscular hydrostats include tongues, elephant trunks, the bodies of many worms and the arms of cephalopods such as octopodes and squid.
	www.yournursery.com /search.php?title=Muscular_hydrostat (56 words)

	The muscular machinery of tentacles, trunks and tongues: scientists discover a new way for muscles to work Science News ...
		It is prompting biologists to hunt for other animals possessing cephalopod-like muscular arrangements, which may have been overlooked in the past, and it has already changed how physiologists view the beating of the human heart.
		The traditional view, he says, has been that blood pressure in the veins re-inflates the heart, even though scores of physiology students know that when a dissected frog's heart is disconnected from its blood flow and is taken out of the body, it keeps on beating.
		As important as muscular hydrostats can be, they have their disadvantages.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n13_v133/ai_6542789?lstpn=article_results&lstpc=search&lstpr=external&lstprs=other&lstwid=1&lstwn=search_results&lstwp=body_middle (883 words)

	Animal biomechanics - Biomch-W
		These structures are composed mainly of muscle, but need to be coordinated and controlled during movement much like the forelimbs and hindlimbs of tetropods.
		Tetropods control their limbs using two sets of principles; the kinetic link principle and theories regarding motor control such as the point-equilibrium hypothesis and the unconstrained manifold hypothesis).
		Since the muscular structures in question do not have distinct anatomical segments, these principles do not apply directly.
	www.biomch-w.org /wiki/index.php/Animal_biomechanics (1007 words)

	Telemetered cephalopod energetics: Swimming, soaring, and blimping Integrative and Comparative Biology - Find Articles
		The funnel, which directs the water, is a sheet of highly deformable muscular hydrostat composed of helically striated fibers in a three-dimensional array like the fins (Kier, 1989).
		The divergence and success of modern coleoid cephalopods in a wide array of marine habitats can be viewed as an exploration of how many ways a sheet of muscular hydrostat can move water and how fast and sophisticated the movements of such a sheet can become.
		The most obvious example is the mantle, a spherical bag of hydrostat in an octopus and a cylinder closed at one end in a squid.
	www.looksmartscience.com /p/articles/mi_qa4054/is_200211/ai_n9154490 (918 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Cephalopod
		The cephalopods (Greek plural Κεφαλόποδα (kephalópoda); "head-foot") are the mollusk class Cephalopoda characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a modification of the mollusk foot, a muscular hydrostat, into the form of arms or tentacles.
		Oxygenated water is taken into the mantle cavity to the gills and through muscular contraction of this cavity, the spent water is expelled through the hyponome, created by a fold in the mantle.
		The penis in most male Coleoidea is a long and muscular end of the gonoduct used to transfer spermatophores to a modified arm called a hectocotylus.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Cephalopoda (1205 words)

	Tongue - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Inside the tongue, there are four pairs of intrinsic muscles that can alter the shape of the tongue for talking and swallowing.
		Since it contains no supporting skeletal structures for the muscles, the tongue is an example of a muscular hydrostat, like an octopus arm.
		The dorsum (top side) of the tongue can be divided into two parts, an oral part that lies mostly in the mouth, and a pharyngeal part (posterior third of the tongue) which faces backwards to the oropharynx.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Tongue (607 words)

	[No title]
		Tongue as a “Muscular hydrostat”; ie Constant volume and density; shortening one dimension causes a compensatory expansion in at least one other dimension.
		The primary muscular component is the cricopharyngeal sphincter, or cricopharyngeus muscle, which arises from the cricoid cartilage and circles the superior opening of the esophagus with posterior attachments at the median raphe.
		Kent (1997) : UES as a muscular valve.
	www.spth.canterbury.ac.nz /people/huckabee/lecturethree.doc (2904 words)

	Pharyngula::Cephalopod gnashers
		I'll spare you the details, except to say that the LMMs seem to be a pivot point for rotation of the upper beak, and also act as a hydrostat to help open the beak.
		The AMM is a beak closer, while the PMM has complex functions, depending on the contraction state of other muscles: it can bring the posterior portions of the beak closer together, opening it, or it can close the beak by bringing the anterior parts together.
		They lunge forward or reach out with their arms, grasp their prey with suckers, and then deliver the coup de grace with a savage snap of their horny and muscular beaks.
	www.pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/cephalopod_gnashers (1413 words)

	abs.htm
		Introduction: The tongue is a muscular organ which plays a critical role in human swallowing.
		It is composed of regions of interwoven muscle fibers which contribute to variations of shape and position.
		Our results, coupled with knowledge of the 3D myoarchitecture of the tissue [6], demonstrated that simple positional variation is due solely to intrinsic muscle activity.
	www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu /~vitaly/swallow/absismrm98.htm (702 words)

	Biomechanical basis for lingual muscular deformation during swallowing -- Napadow et al. 277 (3): 695 -- AJP - ...
		Biomechanical basis for lingual muscular deformation during swallowing -- Napadow et al.
		, the tongue undergoes a stereotypical sequence of muscular deformations.
		The tongue is a muscular organ that is instrumental in the manipulation, configuration, and delivery of the ingested bolus
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/277/3/G695 (2783 words)

	Octopuses - info and games
		These arms are a type of muscular hydrostat.
		In 2005 it was reported that some octopuses can walk on two arms on a solid surface, while at the same time imitating a coconut or a clump of seaweed.
		They swim by expelling a jet of water from a contractile mantle, and aiming it via a muscular siphon.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /content/animals/animals/invertebrates/octopus.htm (960 words)

	Applied Science - Message Board - ezboard.com
		The tongue, like the tentacles of an octopus or trunk of an elephant, is a muscular hydrostat, which means that when a portion of the tongue contracts to shorten, another part of the tongue becomes wider, and vice versa.
		Muscular hydrostats (MH) are muscular structures that are surrounded by a connective tissue sheath.
		Similarly, contraction of muscles that are oriented in the cross sectional plane of the muscular hydrostat will narrow the MH and simultaneously lengthen it.
	p218.ezboard.com /fdebaclefrm14.showMessage?topicID=26.topic (3754 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: )
		How is the coelom of a segmented worm different from a muscular hydrostat?
		Forces are translocated because a contracting muscle does so against the incompressible muscles themselves.
		Other muscles provide the translocation of forces and serve as a hydrostatic skeleton.
	www.erin.utoronto.ca /~w3bio325/ttcomment.htm (661 words)

	Po^sup 2^-dependent Changes in Intrinsic and Extrinsic Tongue Muscle Activities in the Rat American Journal of ...
		consistent with the muscular hydrostat theory of tongue motor control (15).
		Evidence of intrinsic tongue muscle activities in hypercapnia indicates that these muscles also have the potential to contribute to lingual stiffness and airway reopening by virtue of their extensive interdigitation with extrinsic tongue muscles (9, 16).
		Remarkably, we demonstrate coactivation of intrinsic and extrinsic tongue retractor muscles under these conditions, providing additional support for the muscular hydrostat model of tongue muscle function proposed by Kier and Smith (15) more than 20 years ago.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4085/is_200506/ai_n13644603 (865 words)

	Elephant - Wild India
		After their size, an elephant's most obvious characteristic is the single trunk, a type of muscular hydrostat, that is a much elongated combination of nose and upper lip.
		The trunk is a useful and muscular appendage that enables an elephant to reach food in high places and lift obstacles weighing up to 400 kg.
		Elephants are able to pull up to 11.5 liters (3 gallons) of water into the trunk to be sprayed into the mouth for drinking or onto the back for bathing.
	www.wildindia.org /wiki/Elephant (1806 words)

	muscular hydrostat
		A selection of articles related to muscular hydrostat
		muscular hydrostat is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		muscular hydrostat: Encyclopedia II - Anatomy of the human arm
	www.experiencefestival.com /muscular_hydrostat (286 words)

	A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of tongue flicking in Python molurus -- de Groot et al. 207 (5): 827 -- Journal ...
		The proposed mechanism of hydrostatic elongation of tentacles and
		Chiel, H. J., Crago, P., Mansour, J. and Hathi, K. Biomechanics of a muscular hydrostat: a model of lapping by a reptilian tongue.
		Kier, W. and Smith, K. Tongues, tentacles and truncs: the biomechanics of movement in muscular hydrostats.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/207/5/827 (6234 words)

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