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Topic: Muskogean languages

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Muskogean

Hokan languages

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	Muskogean languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Muskogean languages are generally divided into two rough branches, Eastern and Western, though these distinctions are the subject of some debate.
		Muskogean languages have been tenatively linked to the Natchez language of Lousiana.
		Muskogean verbs have a complex ablaut system wherein the verbal stem changes depending on aspect (almost always), and less commonly depending on tense or modality.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muskogean_languages (375 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Languages of Georgia Indians
		A language family is a group of languages that are clearly related and have a common ancestor, or mother tongue.
		The accepted classification of the languages in the Muskogean family was presented in 1941 by linguist Mary Haas.
		All of the Georgia Muskogean languages are part of what she termed Eastern Muskogean, as opposed to the Western Muskogean languages of Choctaw and Chickasaw spoken in what is now Mississippi.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?path=/HistoryArchaeology/ArchaeologyandEarlyHistory/CultureofGeorgiaIndians&id=h-2752 (993 words)

	Articles - Language isolate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language.
		Neither should isolates be confused with isolating languages, languages in which morphemes generally exist in the form of full-fledged words, as opposed to synthetic languages.
		Some linguists have claimed similarities with various languages of the Caucasus, especially because of their ergative case system, but such resemblances are superficial, as a quarter of the world's languages are ergative.
	www.techize.com /articles/Language_isolate (1450 words)

	Language family - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Although deaf sign languages have emerged naturally in deaf communities alongside or among spoken languages, they are unrelated to spoken languages and have different grammatical structures at their core.
		There has been very little historical linguistic research on sign languages, and few attempts to determine genetic relationships between sign languages, other than simple comparison of lexical data and some discussion about whether certain sign languages are dialects of a language or languages of a family.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/language_families_and_languages (1115 words)

	Native American languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related historically in that they are all descended from a single ancestor language, either known or assumed to have existed.
		Native American languages cannot be differentiated as a linguistic unit from other languages of the world but are grouped into a number of separate linguistic stocks having significantly different phonetics, vocabularies, and grammars.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/NatvAmlang.html (3048 words)

	LANGUAGE ISOLATE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A language isolate is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language.
		Language isolates may be seen as a special case of unclassified languages, being languages which remain unclassified even after extensive efforts.
		The term "genetic relationship" is meant in the genealogical sense of historical linguistics, which groups most languages spoken in the world today into a relatively small number of families, according to reconstructed descent from common ancestral languages.
	www.taketherake.com /language_isolate (1387 words)

	Classification schemes for indigenous languages of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article is a list of different language classification proposals developed for indigenous languages of the Americas.
		An early attempt at North American language classification was attempted by A.
		Gallatin's classifications are missing several languages which are later recorded in the classifications by Daniel G. Brinton and John Wesley Powell.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Classification_schemes_for_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas (787 words)

	Native American Languages
		When such correspondences are discovered, the languages being compared are judged to have a historical connection, either genetic--because of descent from a common ancestor--or through language contact and the consequent "borrowing" of words.
		While most languages have accusative case systems like that of English (opposing grammatical categories of subject and object), active systems in which the same morpheme is used to indicate the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a stative verb are not uncommon.
		Alaskan languages and some as far south as California have Russian loans, for instance, dating from the time of extensive trade with Russia, and borrowings from Spanish are common throughout California, the Southwest, and, of course, Latin America.
	www.indians.org /welker/americas.htm (1965 words)

	Choctaw language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Choctaw language, traditionally spoken by the Native American Choctaw tribe of the southeastern United States, is a member of the Muskogean family.
		It is very closely related to Chickasaw and some linguists consider the two dialects of a single language, although recent reports indicate that speakers of Choctaw find Chickasaw to be unintelligible.
		Chahta anompa: An introduction to the Choctaw language (3rd ed.).
	www.wikipedia-mirror.co.za /c/h/o/Choctaw_language.html (548 words)

	Lesson Two (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Muskogean languages are related in structure, vocabulary, and built-in worldview.
		The Mikasuki language is still spoken regularly by a large group of people--it is the primary language of both the Mikasuki and Seminole tribes of Florida.
		The language of the Oklahoma Creeks, the language of the Oklahoma Seminoles, and the language called Apalachicola are all commonly called "Muskogee," "Creek," or "Muskogee Creek," since they are all really just dialects of the same language.
	www.tfn.net /Museum/language/lesson2.html (767 words)

	Ethnologue: USA
		Language is dying out in many areas, but is still spoken on Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron by most adults and some younger ones.
		Language use is vigorous in the west and south.
		Language use is vigorous in some locations, in others only the older ones speak the language.
	www.christusrex.org /www3/ethno/USA.html (8257 words)

	American Indian - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about American Indian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		There are 175 American Indian languages still spoken, and although about half of the American Indian population still speak their native language in addition to English, only about 20 of the languages are being passed along to the next generation.
		Salish and the Wakashan language Kwakiutl are unclassified into the larger groupings.
		Their communities were hierarchically organized and they had an elaborate system of names and titles with mythological genealogies to validate the claims of rich and powerful chiefs.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /American%20Indian (3949 words)

	South Carolina Indians - Language
		A language family–or stock, as it is sometimes referred to–is a group of similar languages or dialects.
		When a group of languages shows similar vocabulary items, with regular correspondences of sounds, the group is said to have a genetic relationship; that is, the languages are "sister" languages, descended historically from a single origin.
		At present, the classification of Native American language families in terms of phyla is a matter of intense controversy.
	www.sciway.net /hist/indians/language.html (800 words)

	[No title]
		______ 1941 The Classification of the Muskogean Languages.
		______ 1994 Implications of Plural Reduplication, Infixation, and Subtraction for Muskogean Subgrouping.
		Rand, Earl 1968 The Structural Phonology of Alabaman, a Muskogean Language.
	www.wm.edu /linguistics/wahala/bibliography.doc (3162 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Muskogean
		You have reached the page on Muskogean languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		The following are Muskogean languages: Alabama, Biloxi, Chicasaw, Choctaw, Creek (not to be confused with Cree, an Algonkian-Mosan language), Koasati, Mikasuki, Natchez, Ofo, and Seminole.
		SI Dorsey, James Owen, 1848-1895 2.3: A dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo languages.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/muskogh.htm (988 words)

	Native American Language Net: Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages
		We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to the survival of Native American languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology.
		Actually, Native American languages do not belong to a single Amerindian family, but 25-30 small ones; they are usually discussed together because of the small numbers of natives speaking most of these languages and how little is known about many of them.
		These are linguistically diverse languages deserving of individual attention, and it is very difficult to make accurate generalizations about them as a group.
	www.native-languages.org (1052 words)

	muskogee_sounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		All in all, the Spanish language and occupation of the southeastern United States had little effect on the surviving Muskogean languages, other than a few loan words, that didn't become extinct due to the death of its speakers by enslavement, disease or migration.
		He did speak the Muskogee language well and was familiar with and supportive of the Moravian work.
		You should also be aware that the sounds of all languages vary constantly, from sentence to sentence, word to word, and speaker to speaker.
	www.tfn.net /Museum/language/muskogee_sounds.html (1044 words)

	MSI: Southeastern Indian Languages
		All Things Cherokee: Language History Discusses the Cherokee language with information regarding the composing of the Syllabary and when it was and when it was adopted.
		The Roots of Lumbee Language Unpublished report regarding the three main Native American language families present in N. Carolina during the historic period.
		Red Earth, Customs and Legends of the Chickasaw Nation Breakdown of the Muskogean languages and excerpts on how they are related in structure.
	www.kennesaw.edu /sga/language.html (660 words)

	Dr. Broadwell's Research
		It gives a nice overview of prominent phonological, morphological, and syntactic properties of the language, and is intended for a general linguist with no special knowledge of Muskogean or Native American languages.
		In it, I look at lexicostatistical data for the modern Muskogean languages (Choctaw, Chickasaw, Alabama, Koasati, Mikasuki, Creek, Seminole) and make arguments for the correct subgrouping of the languages, for the approximate date of Proto-Muskogean, and for some features of the Proto-Muskogean environment (particularly the flora and fauna).
		This is an unpublished manuscript which surveys tone in Macuiltianguis Zapotec verbs, focussing on the interaction between a floating H tone associated with the 1st person singular and other H tones in the language.
	www.albany.edu /anthro/fac/broadwell/research.htm (811 words)

	SEMINOLE a hunt is on for a family member of 1912
		The Seminole Language is a part of the Muskogean Language family.
		Muskogean Language Family Sorry, we haven't completed work on the Muskogean languages yet.
		We have included for you a linguistic tree of the language family, and a link to another take on the language family by the Ethnologue of Languages.
	journals.aol.com /a2002v2002/NAMoments/entries/812 (602 words)

	The Siouan Languages Bibliography
		Dorsey, J. The Degiha language, the speech of the Omaha and Ponka tribes of the Siouan linguistic familay of North America Indians.
		proceedings of the 1992 Mid-America Linguistics Confernce on Siouan and Caddoan languages, university of Missouri, Columbia.
		Taylor, A. “On verbs of motion in Siouan languages.” IJAL 42: 287-96.
	puffin.creighton.edu /lakota/siouan_language.html (6970 words)

	[No title]
		American Indian Languages Spoken at Home by American Indian Persons 5 Years and Over in Households: 1990 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Release date: August 1995 (Data are estimates based on a sample) United States United Region Region States Northeast American Indian languages...............
		More detailed languages are available from the report mentioned below.
		Source: Racial Statistics Branch Population Division Bureau of Census Washington, DC 20233 The data in this table are consistent with those published in 1990 CP-3-7, 1990 Census of Population, "Characteristics of American Indians by Tribe and Language," issued July 1994.
	www.census.gov /population/socdemo/race/indian/ailang3.txt (246 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Hokan Siouan
		You have reached the Hokan-Siouan language family page, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Hokan-Siouan is one of the families of North American Indian languages.
		It was originally proposed by the linguist Edward Sapir, as one of his "superstocks." It includes a number of languages, distributed among the following branches: Hokan, Iroquoian, Muskogean, Siouan-Yuchi, and Tunican.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/hoksoxlh.htm (140 words)

	Muskogean languages: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Muskogean languages make up a group of North American Indian languages (Native american languages are the indigenous languages of the americas, spoken by native americans from alaska...)
		The Muskogean languages are generally divided into two rough branches, Exception Handler: No article summary found.
		Muscogee (Creek) (The creek language is a muskogean language spoken by the muscogee (creek) nation and seminole indians...)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/muskogean_languages (197 words)

	HighBeam Research: Library Search: Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Muskogean languages of the Houma, Yamasee, and Natchez are now extinct...
		A small family of languages native to parts of the south-eastern USA, from Texas to Florida.
		the Muskogean language used as a lingua franca in the Creek Confederacy; MuskogeeCopyright...
	www.highbeam.com /library/search.asp?refid=ency_botresults&q=Muskogean (380 words)

	[No title]
		Subject: languages in Florida In response to Allan C. Wechsler re: Seminole: Seminole is listed as a dialect of Muskogee (along with Creek & similar to Mikasuki, at the S. tip of Florida) in Grimes, B.F. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 12th edition.
		The Seminoles displaced the original languages of Florida, Timucua in the north and Calusa in the south [2, 4, 5, 6].
		Muskogean has two branches, a Western branch containing only Choctaw (and, presumably, Chickasaw, although Ruhlen does not mention it as a separate language -- this may contribute to [4]'s opinion of Ruhlen), and an Eastern branch.
	www.umich.edu /~archive/linguistics/linguist.list/volume.3/no.1001-1015 (8865 words)

	Muskogean Words
		Our language family vocabulary sets are under construction.
		We hope to add a set of 100 common words for each language eventually, but for now we are adding them a bit at a time.
		If you need to know a Muskogean word that is not currently on our page, you can take part in our American Indian translations fundraiser or visit our main Muskogean languages site for more free resources.
	www.native-languages.org /fammus_words.htm (112 words)

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