
	Where results make sense

Topic: Muslim Caliphs

Related Topics

Ali, Almohad Caliph

Ummayad Muslim Caliphs

Fulani Caliph

Islamic caliphate

Caliphate of Cordoba

Muslim Caliphs

Four Righteously Guided Caliphs

Ummayad Caliphs

Four Rightly guided Caliphs

Yaqub, Almohad Caliph

Righteously Guided Caliphs

Rightly Guided Caliphs

In the News (Tue 17 Nov 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Caliph - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam.
		But by 940 the power of the caliphate under the Abassids was waning as non-Arabs, particularly the Turkish (and later the Mamluks in Egypt in the latter half of the 13th century), gained influence, and sultans and emirs became increasingly independent.
		The role of mosques and the religious establishment was substantially reduced in most Muslim countries, leading to the emergence of political and military elites that viewed Islam as a personal matter and not a basis for political unity or a viable foundation for a modern state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caliph (2809 words)

	Four Caliphs - 30-Days Muslim World Prayer Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Muhammad’s successors (the four caliphs) were appointed by the Muslim community to carry out the leadership and rule of Islam throughout the Arabian peninsula and other parts of the world.
		The Muslim armies defeated the armies of the Sassanian (Persian) and Byzantine empires.
		The Shiites, the followers of Ali, the fourth caliph and first convert to Islam, became strong opposers of the Umayyads (the tribe from which the third caliph came).
	www.30-days.net /islam/caliphs.htm (416 words)

	NU HIST 2805: The Failures of the Abbasids
		Caliphs lasted in Baghdad until 1258, and caliphs have been located in other places right up until the twentieth century, but it just has not been the same since.
		Further, the caliphs were not military men, in close touch with their camps and troops; they were closed up in their palaces.
		Caliphs could gain in the short term by giving special privileges to people who were not part of the old establishment -- but the decentralization of power obviously affected their own position.
	www.nipissingu.ca /department/history/MUHLBERGER/2805/ABBASID2.HTM (2083 words)

	Caliphs - All About Turkey
		Caliph was the person acting in Muhammad's place after his death, i.e.
		The Caliph carried other titles, that were less modest, as they were not relative to Muhammad, but to the Muslim community.
		This time, the caliphate of Ali, came with the two schismas that has impregnated Islam ever since, when first there was a break between the majority and a group now known as Kharijis, and later between the group now known as Shi'is and the Sunnis.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /halife.htm (1103 words)

	New Page 1
		The fact that certain of the caliphs were stabbed in the mosque during the call to prayer, being expected (by the assassins to be there) at the prayer times, shows that the caliphs personally led the prayer and were not represented by others.
		When there was a religious caliphate, the caliph entrusted the function, since it was a religious office, only to Arabs or to clients-allies, slaves, or followers-who shared in their group feeling and upon whose ability and competence to execute the tasks they could rely.
		The early Muslims, as well as pious and austere Muslims, on the other hand, represented the religious law in (all its aspects) and were identified with (all of) it and known to have had a thorough (practical) knowledge of its ways.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter3/Ch_3_29.htm (4598 words)

	USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
		As successor to the Prophet, the Caliph was the head of the Muslim community and his primary responsibility was to continue in the path of the Prophet.
		The general social and moral tone of the Muslim society at that time is well-illustrated by the words of an Egyptian who was sent to spy on the Muslims during their Egyptian campaign.
		Those non-Muslims who took part in defense together with the Muslims were exempted from paying Jizya, and when the Muslims had to retreat from a city whose non-Muslim citizens had paid this tax for their defense, the tax was returned to the non-Muslims.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/politics/firstfourcaliphs.html (5344 words)

	Abu Bakr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Abu Bakr was born in Mecca, a Quraishi of the Banu Taim clan.
		Muslim scholars of the Sunni sect argue that it is highly unlikely that the electors of the first Caliph would have disregarded such a public endorsement, had it been factual.
		Muslim scholars agree that the first woman to adopt Islam was Khadijah, Muhammad's first wife.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/A/Abu-Bakr.htm (1150 words)

	Abbasids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		They were the first Muslim rulers to become leaders of an Islamic civilization and protectors of the religion rather than merely an Arab aristocracy imposing an Arab civilization on conquered lands.
		Under their caliphate Baghdad replaced Medina as the center of theological activity, industry and commerce developed greatly, and the Islamic empire reached a peak of material and intellectual achievement.
		The 8th- and 9th-century caliphs Harun ar-Rashid and his son Abdullah al-Mamun are especially renowned for their encouragement of intellectual pursuits and for the splendor of their courts.
	www.damascus-online.com /se/hist/abbasids.htm (437 words)

	The Divine Right to Rule
		Caliph al-Ma'mun (813-33) demanded that those in important positions (such as judges and court officials) should publicly declare their belief that the Koran was the created word of God, not His uncreated word.
		Caliph al-Mamun was the first caliph to make use of the title 'Imam' so that in practice the public declaration of loyalty almost certainly meant more power for the caliph's ministers and secretaries.
		The Muslims themselves realized at an early date that many of their hadiths were spurious, and they developed a whole science of criticism to distinguish those hadiths which were genuine from those which were forged by pious or impious fraud.
	www.solbaram.org /articles/islam03.html (8875 words)

	Mamluk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The local warriors were often more loyal to their tribal sheiks, their families or nobles other than the sultan or caliph.
		In later centuries mainly Georgians, and some Caucasian tribemen were the main Mamluk recruits as Muslims on the Russian steppe were not eligible for enslavement.
		In 1211, the Mamluk commander of the Muslim forces in India, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, proclaimed himself sultan, becoming, in effect, the first independent Sultan-e-Hind.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mamluk (2286 words)

	Arabs and Slave Trade
		Back in the days of the caliphs [early Muslim leaders], having a slave for a mother was not a stigma for a Muslim man. Due to polygamy, this was quite common.
		At first the caliphs maintained a kind of aristocracy among themselves, making it imperative that the mother of a caliph was from one of the Arab tribes.
		While, however, the life of the slave in Muslim society was no worse, and in some ways was better, than that of the free poor, the processes of acquisition and transportation often imposed appalling hardships.
	answering-islam.org.uk /ReachOut/slavetrade.html (1608 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Are the Terrorists Failing?
		And Baghdad, the traditional seat of the Muslim caliphs, is under foreign occupation.
		Kepel argues that the insurgents' brutal tactics in Iraq -- the kidnappings and beheadings, and the car-bombing massacres of young Iraqi police recruits -- are increasingly alienating the Muslim masses.
		He noted that French Muslims took to the streets to protest against the kidnappers and to proclaim their French citizenship.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A55504-2004Sep27?language=printer (792 words)

	Caliph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Caliph carried other titles which were less modest, as they were not relative to Muhammad, but to the Muslim community.
		This time, the caliphate of Ali, came with the two schismas that have impregnated Islam ever since, when first there was a break between the majority and a group now known as Kharijis, and later between the group now known as Shi'is and the Sunnis.
		Important Muslim countries did not participate, and the resolutions agred upon did not result in real actions, even if they expressed to be in favour of a Caliphate.
	i-cias.com /e.o/caliph.htm (1050 words)

	Caliph, Caliphs, Imam, Imams, Muslim Early History Chart
		From about the 13th century various monarchs throughout the Muslim world, particularly the Ottoman sultans, assumed the title caliph indiscriminately without regard to the prescribed requirements of the caliphate.
		In the 19th century, with the advent of Christian powers in the Near East, the sultan began to emphasize his role as caliph in an effort to gain the support of Muslims living outside his realm.
		After the war, Turkish nationalists deposed the sultan, and the caliphate was finally abolished (March 1924) by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/calip00.htm (271 words)

	Abbasids
		The regime reasserted the theocratic concept of the caliphate and continuity with orthodox Islam as the basis of unity and authority in the empire.
		The office of the caliph was nonetheless maintained as a symbol of the unity of Islam, and several later Abbasid caliphs tried to revive the power of the office.
		The Abbasid caliphs officially based their claim to the throne on their descent from Abbas (AD 566-652), the eldest uncle of Muhammad, in virtue of which descent they regarded themselves as the rightful heirs of the Prophet as opposed to the Umayyads, the descendants of Umar.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/abbasid.htm (2390 words)

	Asia Times
		This situation endured for the first orthodox caliphates (the governments of the first four orthodox caliphs), but after the Ottoman caliphate, the mosque lost its governmental role and centrality as the caliphs of the other families started performing government functions through their palaces.
		The Muslim monarchs then used the mosques to strengthen their rule; they appointed the paish imam (the man who leads prayers in the mosque) and the moazan (the man who delivers the azan - call to pray), and the monarchs bore all expenses in this regard.
		The day-to-day affairs of a mosque fell under the jurisdiction of a committee that was elected from the local populace.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/South_Asia/EB19Df02.html (2113 words)

	Muslim Rule in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Muawiyah, the founder of the Ummayad Caliphate, was a cousin and Abbas, the founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, an uncle of Muhammad.
		Besides, the way in which Caliphal envoys and investitures were received, indicates that this was not just lip subservience, and the extra-territorial allegiance to the Caliph provided a very strong moral and legal basis of political power to the Muslim regime in India.
		For the Muslim rule in India remained army rule and the army of the Mughal emperors (1526-1707-1857) was a continuation the Sultanate’s with its merits and weaknesses.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/tlmr/ch4.htm (13145 words)

	ABHA COMMUNITIES CENTER - Tolerance in Islam (4)
		The Muslim Caliphs, who ruled after the Prophet (pbuh), followed his teachings concerning the treatment of non-Muslims.
		When the Muslim army was sent to Persia, Omar advised Saad Ibn Abi Waqas to keep the soldiers away from the villages of the people of Souluh, with whom they were in peace, and the Zimmi.
		The judge who saw the case asked Ali, the Caliph of the Muslims, if he had any proof that the shield was his.
	www.islamunveiled.org /eng/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=35 (919 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As customary with Muslim Caliphs, the first important building they erected was the Mosque.
		Its construction continued for a number of years as each succeeding Caliph added his contribution to the mosque in the form of restoration and extension, yet the building still preserved its unity and harmony as if it was built by one single person.
		A brief historical background on the Muslim architectural achievement concentrating on important historical and architectural monuments.
	www.muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=262 (783 words)

	Muslim Caliphs
		Right after the death of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) Muslims felt a great need of a determined leader to guide them through the path of faith.
		First four Caliphs are considerded more prominent and are respected all around the world.
		Click on the Caliph about which the information is required.
	ourislamonline.tripod.com /caliphs.htm (78 words)

	HizmetBooks
		His attempt to interpret wrongly the hadith stating that Muslim rulers are zill-Allah (Allahu ta'ala's shade) and his considering Muslims so stupid as to suppose that Allahu ta'ala is a material being that makes a shade cannot rescue him from the ditch in which he has fallen.
		He turned caliphate into sultanate.' On the subject about praying in congregation, Ibn 'Abidin says, 'It is necessary for a Muslim who is to be caliph to be elected by the notables of scholars and administrators or to be designated by the former caliph as his successor.
		Muslims have always followed one of the right madhhabs, for they have believed that the imam of the madhhab reported the religion coming from Rasulullah ('alaihi 's-salam) correctly.
	www.hizmetbooks.org /Religion_Reformers_in_Islam/ref-44.htm (9421 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Chronicles \| Hospitals of yore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The commonly-held view which persists to this day was that bimaristans were an asylum for the insane after they fell into disrepair and were abandoned by all their patients with the exception of the mentally ill. But Issa's studies say they also served as a place for instruction in the sciences and medicine.
		Chief among them was the personal physician of the caliph, who tended to the caliph daily and who "sat on the benches in the chamber in the palace known as the Golden Hall presiding over four other physicians.
		Gabrael Bin Bakhtishau, he writes, was a skilful physician who bequeathed to medicine many books, among which was a letter to the Caliph Al-Ma'moun on food and drink, an introduction to the practice of medicine, a work on sexual potency, the fundamental principles of medicine and a manual on the manufacture of incense.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2002/582/chrncls.htm (2905 words)

	Sick of Bush (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		From al-Qaeda's point of view, the political unity of the Muslim world was deliberately destroyed by a one-two punch.
		Most Muslims have been convinced of the naturalness of the nation-state model and are proud of their new nations, however small and weak.
		If the Muslim world can find a way to combine the sophisticated intellectuals and engineers of Damascus and Cairo with the oil wealth of the Persian Gulf, it could well emerge as a 21st century superpower.
	sickofbush.com /2004/09/bush-our-own-worst-enemy.html (1506 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		In the below map, blue indicates heavy Muslim populations, green means medium, and yellow means the Muslims are a significant minority.
		Al-Qaeda wanted to build enthusiasm for the Islamic superstate among the Muslim populace, to convince ordinary Muslims that the US could be defeated and they did not have to accept the small, largely secular, and powerless Middle Eastern states erected in the wake of colonialism.
		Bin Laden's dream of a united Muslim state under a revived caliphate may well be impossible to accomplish.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=3463907&postID=109487993311862124 (1486 words)

	Lit.Org : Press Releases : Muslim expert gives serious question to the authenticity and validity of the Qu'ran : ...
		To justify, among other things, such an ungodly deed, the Muslim caliphs committed the single most dangerous forgery in history which was to set in motion a war of civilizations that would not stop short of the utter destruction of mankind.
		The Qu'ran which condemns non-Muslims to death commands all Muslims to rise in jihad to fight, terrorize, kill, take the land and homes, rape the women and children of Christians and Jews.
		Muslim Expert: there was no way to stop 9/11.
	www.lit.org /view/11563 (665 words)

	Arabs and Slave Trade
		Such parentage ceased to be either an obstacle or a stigma.
		What is regretable now is that this practice among Muslims is seldom openly discussed - as if slavery was exclusively a Western phenomenon.
		This deliberate silence enables Islamic propagandists in America to represent Muslims as liberators of the people of African origin, contrary to historical fact.
	answering-islam.org /ReachOut/slavetrade.html (1608 words)

	Umayyad Spain
		The caliphate of al-Hakam II (961-976) marked the high point of Islamic civilization in Muslim Spain (initiated by the exiled Umayyad caliph Abd al-Rahman in 756).
		Another high point in the twelfth century was the collaboration of two scholars, one Christian and the other Muslim, on a series of translations of dozens of works from Arabic into Latin (by way of Spanish).
		Of all the major Muslim Andalusian cities, only Granada held on until it, too, was captured by Christians in 1492.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/umayyad_spain.htm (1233 words)

	Thomas P.M. Barnett :: Weblog: David Ignatius cracks the code on the Big Bang strategy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ignatius' op-ed is mostly a recounting of a recent speech by a French Arabist, Gilles Kepel, in a book-promotion tour (for The War for Muslim Minds).
		Kepel argues that the insurgents' brutal tactics in Iraq—the kidnappings and beheadings, and the car-bombing massacres of young Iraqi police recruits—are increasingly alienating the Muslim masses.
		I think this sort of analysis only underscores my point that radical Islam is not our enemy, but the enemy of moderate, modernizing Islam.
	www.thomaspmbarnett.com /weblog/archives1/000908.html (593 words)

	Reality of Jehad
		One of the biggest misconceptions prevails with the regard to the duty Jihad in Islam.
		Discussing the first kind of jihad, jihad against a visible enemy of Islam means a person or more who stand against the preaching of Islam or who tries to hares the all ready Muslim.
		2) It is strictly forbidden for the Muslims to treat the prisoners un-humanitarianly or break a promise.
	members.fortunecity.com /ourislam/jehad.htm (543 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)