
	Where results make sense

Topic: Muslim Spain

Related Topics

Muslim brotherhoods

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

early Muslim philosophy

Muslims by nationality

Muslim League

Bosnian Muslims

List of Muslims

Sunni Muslims

Black Muslim

Abu Muslim

List of notable Muslims

Languages of Muslims

In the News (Mon 6 Oct 08)

Eli Manning

Josh Beckett

Sage Rosenfels

South Ossetia

Super League

Angelina Jolie

West Bengal

Wayne Rooney

Howard Stern

Beth Ostrosky

	Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spain is bound to the east by Mediterranean Sea (containing the Balearic Islands), to the north by the Bay of Biscay and to its west by the Atlantic Ocean, where the Canary Islands off the African coast are found.
		Spain and Portugal disagree on the interpretation of the outputs of the Congress of Vienna (1815), which according to Portugal stated the return of the territory to Portugal.
		Spain became a unified crown with the union of Castile and Aragon in 1492 and the annexation of Navarre in 1515.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spain (5513 words)

	2. Muslim Spain. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Muslims soon reached the Pyrenees (719), having driven the remnants of the Christians into the mountains of the north and west.
		At the battle of Tours the Muslims, having crossed into France, were defeated by Charles Martel and the Franks.
		In agricultural development, the Muslims introduced the cultivation of rice, sugarcane, oranges, lemons, grapefruits, eggplants, carrots, and, after the 11th century, cotton; these crops, together with new methods of field irrigation and crop rotation, led to “a green revolution” in Spain.
	www.bartleby.com /67/419.html (854 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Other 1492 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Spain was a focus of attention in the quincentennial year, in part because it was Columbus's point of departure, and as host of the universal exposition EXPO '92 in Seville and the summer Olympic Games in Barcelona.
		The event was the fall of the Muslim city of Granada (Gharna-tah in Arabic), on the second day of 1492, to the forces of the Catholic kings of Castile, ending nearly eight centuries of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula and closing one of the most turbulent and glorious chapters in Islamic history.
		Muslims and people of Muslim origin had lived relatively unmolested in Christian areas before the fall of Granada and continued to do so immediately after; the city's inhabitants received generous terms of submission and a large degree of religious freedom.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199301/the.other.1492.htm (2622 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Ibn Abd-el-Hakem: The Islamic Conquest of Spain
		In 711 the Berber Tarik invaded and rapidly conquered Visigothic Spain.
		It became one of the centers of Moslem civilization, and the Umayyad caliphate of Cordova reached a peak of glory in the tenth century.
		Spain, called "al-Andulus" by Muslims remained was at least partially under Muslim control until 1492 when Granada was conquered by Ferdinand and Isabella.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/conqspain.html (1689 words)

	Muslim Spain. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It was one of the noble clans, the Witiza family, that, at the beginning of the 8th century, caused the decline of the Visigoth kingdom, by appealing for aid to Muslim and Berbers warriors from across the Strait of Gibraltar to fight the royal usurper.
		Muslim Spain produced a flourishing culture, aboce all after the Caliph Al-Hakam II (961-976) came to power.
		This progressive weakening meant that by the middle of the 13th century, Islamic Spain was reduced to the Nasrid Kingdom in Granada.
	www.sispain.org /english/history/muslim.html (715 words)

	AllRefer.com - Spain : History : Spain before the Muslim Conquest, Spain & Portugal (Spanish And Portuguese Political ...
		A.D. 409, Spain was overrun by the first wave of Germanic invaders, the Suevi and the Vandals.
		They were followed by the Visigoths, who forced the Vandals to emigrate into Africa and established (419) their kingdom in Spain and S Gaul, with Toulouse as capital.
		When, in 711, a Muslim Berber army under Tarik ibn Ziyad crossed the Strait of Gibraltar into Spain, Roderick, the last Visigothic king, was defeated, and his kingdom collapsed.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Spain-history.html (686 words)

	Spain: History
		To the Christian nobles of N Spain, particularly of Castile and León, the flourishing cities and countryside to the south were a constant temptation.
		Spain also expanded its international role; it was admitted into NATO in 1982 and became a member of the European Community (now the European Union) in 1986.
		Spain continued to enjoy economic growth as a result of increased domestic and foreign investment in the 1980s and 90s, but had one of the highest unemployment rates in W Europe.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0861231.html (4328 words)

	Muslim influence in Spain still felt in daily life - ii, The Milli Gazette, Vol. 2 No. 21
		The excellent land-watering system constructed by the Muslims throughout Al-Andalus is attested to by the Spanish language, rich in Arabic loan words in the field of irrigation from names of the waterways to the laws and administration of the system irrigation ditch (acequia-al-saqiya), pool (alberca-al-birka) and irrigating duty (alfarda or farda-alfarda).
		In the Valencian huerata, after the expulsion of the Muslims, the cultivation of sugarcane was almost extinguished and the yields of citrus fruits declined drastically.
		Muslim Spain, which covered a little more than 50 percent of the Iberian Peninsula, by its advanced farming techniques supported a population of 30 million-more than the inhabitants of all the European countries in that era.
	www.milligazette.com /Archives/01112001/03.htm (1286 words)

	Restoring the legacy of Muslim Spain
		From the eighth century to the end of the 15th century, Spain was under the control of Muslims from north Africa.
		He said the medieval period in Spain is often referred to as a "golden age," but the term may in fact be a misnomer.
		Whether or not Spain under the Muslims was truly a golden age is a matter for scholars.
	www.guidedones.com /issues/regions/spain/legacy.htm (1523 words)

	The Legacy of Al-Andalus: Muslim Spain
		Muslims also established rule in parts of France, but they were soon defeated by Charles Martel in 756, in which remains today one of the greatest victories for Christian Europe for bringing a halt to Islam's expansion.
		Muslim Cordoba was described as the "jewel of the tenth century." It was compared with Constantinople and Baghdad.
		Muslim Spain is hardly spoken of, while the works of Muslims in Al-Andalus until this day remain unknown and underappreciated.
	hispanicmuslims.com /andalusia/andalusia.html (4770 words)

	AllRefer.com - Spain : History : Muslim Spain and the Christian Reconquest, Spain & Portugal (Spanish And Portuguese ...
		The rulers of Asturias, who were descended from the semilegendary Pelayo, conquered large territories in NW Spain and consolidated them with Asturias as the kingdom of LeOn.
		A major reason for the Christian victory was that Christian Spain was in a stage of dynamic expansion and religious enthusiasm while Moorish Spain, having attained a high degree of civilization and material prosperity, had lost its military vigor and religious zeal.
		To the Christian nobles of N Spain, particularly of Castile and LeOn, the flourishing cities and countryside to the south were a constant temptation.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Spain-history-muslim-spain-and-the-christian-reconquest.html (1282 words)

	Muslim Spain: Brief Reflections
		Spain became a great nation, in which Islamic culture was to reach one of its greatest moments.
		Muslim rule over Spain is considered to be one of the greatest eras in the history of the world.
		Spain was modern when the Muslims ruled her, and became medieval only when they had forgotten to practice the true teachings of Islam, and lost it to the barbaric West.
	www.bismrabbik.org /MuslimSpain_en.html (1994 words)

	Chapter One: Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain
		The fact that Córdoba did not fall to the Muslims until the second decade of the eighth century, a time when Muslim jurists in the east were already implementing such regulations, may explain why its Muslim conquerors did not hesitate to settle within the city itself.
		For one thing the Muslims in a given city were almost always outnumbered by the non-Muslim indigenous population, a balance which in many areas was not altered for centuries after the original conquest.
		Muslim conquerors often found it to their advantage to leave local administrative structures intact, staffing them with native non-Muslims who were familiar with their workings.
	libro.uca.edu /martyrs/cm1.htm (7280 words)

	Muslim Spain (from Spain) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The unification of the peninsula was the recurring theme in the history of Christian Spain from the Islamic invasion in the 8th century to the coming of Ferdinand and Isabella in the late 15th.
		Between 1471 and 1510 the line of confrontation between the Muslims of the Maghrib and the Christians of the Iberian Peninsula shifted from Spain to the Maghrib itself.
		The beginning of the 16th century was as crucial in the history of the Muslim East as in that of the Western Hemisphere.
	0-www.britannica.com.library.unl.edu /eb/article-214590 (845 words)

	Medieval Dates
		5th Century, CE Spain ceases to be a part of the Roman Empire (which splits in two with its better, richer half moving its capital east to Constantinople) and experiences a series of invasions by the Vandals, Suevi, and Alani, and then is dominated by Visigothic rule.
		The Sixth Century, CE The Visigoths continue to strengthen their empire in Spain with the adoption of Roman Catholicism as the religion of the state and the establishment of Toledo as the capital of the Visigothic Empire (henceforth called the "Imperio toledano").
		Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula begins in the summer of this year with Tariq's expedition of roughly 1,700 men and is complete by 713.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /santiago/timetext.htm (2127 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Manuscripts of Muslim Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Whenever anyone thinks of the art of Islamic Spain it is usually the great architectural monuments which come to mind; the Alhambra must be as familiar to most Europeans as the Parthenon.
		Yet the Muslim craftsmen of Islamic Spain—Al-Andalus—were equally skilled in the arts of metalwork, pottery, woodcarving, tilework and—as the museums of Spain and Europe testify—the art of manuscript illumination.
		The great Dutch historian of Muslim Spain, Reinhart Dozy, declared that during the days of the Andalusian caliph 'Abdul-Rahman III (912-961), nearly everyone could read, and although doubtless this was an exaggeration, it is fair to assume that the country contained an unusually large percentage of literate people.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/197206/manuscripts.of.muslim.spain.htm (749 words)

	Overview of Islamic Gardens: MUSLIM SPAIN
		Muslims from North Africa invaded Spain as early as 710 CE.
		Muslim occupied Spain was referred to as al-Andalus and Cordoba was it’s capital.
		Perhaps because the invaders were aware of these influences and because of the fact that the Ummayads were competing with the Abbasids in Baghdad for legitimacy, the Arabs made sure to emphasize a strong Arab culture in al-Andalus and gardens and architecture were a personification of this attempt.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/arabic_islamic_architecture/22279 (443 words)

	Sephardim
		The era of Muslim rule in Spain (8th-11th century) was considered the "Golden Age" for Spanish Jewry.
		The Golden Age for Jewry in Muslim Spain declined after the Almovarides gained power in 1055 and continued to deteriorate after the Almohads came to power in 1147.
		Similar to Spain and Portugal during the Golden Era, the Sephardic upper class in the Ottoman empire were employed as translators.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html (1930 words)

	Dhimmi Watch: Islam's Claim on Spain
		Many of Spain's Muslims long for an Islamic revival to reclaim their legendary history, and inaugurating the Great Mosque last year was the most visible gesture.
		Spain has a long, rich and complex history interwoven with the Muslim and Arab world, from its position as the center of Islamic Europe in the last millennium to today's confrontation with a vast influx of Muslim immigrants.
		Muslims were expelled or exterminated in the Inquisition that followed, but the legacy of the Moors is seen throughout Andalusia, Spain's southern tier, in its language, palaces like the Alhambra, and food.
	www.jihadwatch.org /dhimmiwatch/archives/004693.php (2184 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		By the time 'Abd al-Rahman reached Spain, the Arabs from North Africa were already entrenched on the Iberian Peninsula and had begun to write one of the most glorious chapters in Islamic history.
		After their forays into France were blunted by Charles Martel, the Muslims in Spain had begun to focus their whole attention on what they called al-Andalus, southern Spain (Andalusia), and to build there a civilization far superior to anything Spain had ever known.
		In fact, by emigration to North Africa and elsewhere, many Muslims carried remnants of the Spanish era with them and were thus able to make important contributions to the material and cultural life of their adopted lands.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Sec5.htm (1016 words)

	Quotations on Moorish (Islamic) Civilization
		The Muslims of the Iberian Peninsula, who ruled Spain between 711 and 1492 C.E., are commonly known as the Moors.
		Muslim control of Toulouse, Narbonne, Lyon and nearby territories varied from time to time, as some of the territories were lost, regained, and then lost.
		They appeared in Spain to fill her suddenly with their activity and the fruit of their genius, and endowed her with a glorious glamour which enveloped her from the Pyrenees to Gibraltar and from the oceans to the Barcelona.
	www.cyberistan.org /islamic/quote3.html (1147 words)

	Moorish Spain
		With the defeat of the last great Moorish City of Granada in 1492 (a big year in Spanish History) the Catholics had finally completed their “Re-conquest” and had finally ended over 700 years of Arab political influence on the Iberian Peninsula.
		Despite the quintessential Spanish scene, there are whispers of Muslim roots; the churches bell tower was once a minaret.
		A popular legend is that as the Muslim leader was crossing over the final pass in the mountains he turned and looked at his beloved city one last time and wept.
	asia.geocities.com /kevinrpatterson/Moorishspain.html (536 words)

	Muslim Spain and European Culture
		ABD AL-RAHMAN I, a survivor of a family of caliphs of the Arab empire, reached Spain in the mid-700's.
		By the beginning of the ninth century, Moorish Spain was the gem of Europe with its capital city, Cordova.
		In Northern Spain the various Christian kingdoms united to expel the Moors from the European continent.
	www.xmission.com /~dderhak/index/moors.htm (1734 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Muslim Spain and Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This is the first study in English of the political history of Muslim Spain and Portugal, based on Arab sources.
		His intentions are to give the Muslim side of the story (an aspect which has been seriously considered by so-called "western" scholars only in the last half century, and which is sparking increasing interest especially in North, Central and South America).
		For the beginner who just needs to know more about Muslim Spain, this is a reliable source, but don't get discouraged by the density of its contents, take it one chapter at a time, and you can greatly benefit from it.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0582495156 (698 words)

	History (from Spain) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		A mountain chain of southwestern Europe, the Pyrenees stretch 270 miles (430 kilometers) from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Bay of Biscay on the west.
		He was several times Conservative prime minister of Spain and was author of the constitution of 1876.
		The first was Spain's banner, from 1519 to 1685.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-214578 (803 words)

	Islamic History and Culture - Art and Architecture in Islam - Architecture of Muslim Spain and North Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Islamisation of North Africa and Spain transformed their socio-cultural and economic structures from poverty and darkness to prosperity and enlightenment.
		Historic evidence revealed that Constantine the African, who played a leading role in the transfer of Muslim Medicine into Europe and the establishment of Salerno School of Medicine, was staying at Monte Cassimo monastery at the time it was under reconstruction in 1080, when the pointed arch was employed for the first time in Europe.
		A Christian from Tunisia, where the pointed arch was used since the 9th century, Constantine and his Muslim servant must have showed the Amalfitan builders the advantages and how to build the pointed arch.
	www.islamic-paths.org /Home/English/History/Art_Arch/Architecture_Spain.htm (506 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)