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	Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal
		The Muslim Brotherhoods of Senegal (and of The Gambia) are currently active Muslim organizations founded in past centuries by alleged "messengers" or "prophets" of Al'lah.
		The Xaadir (Qadriyya)[?], the oldest, originally founded by the Sufi mystic Abdul Qadir al-Jilani[?] in the 12th Century, now pan-Islamic, spread to Senegal in the 18th Century.
		The Mourides, the richest and most active, founded by marabout Amadou Bamba[?] (1850-1927) of French West Africa, now Senegal.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/mu/Muslim_brotherhoods_of_Senegal.html (93 words)

	Senegal - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Republic of Senegal is a country south of the Senegal River in West Africa.
		Senegal is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south.
		In January 1959, Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on June 20, 1960, as a result of the independence and the transfer of power agreement signed with France on April 4, 1960.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /senegal.htm (1023 words)

	Senegal Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Senegal (French: le Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa.
		Senegal is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south.
		Senegal is a republic with a powerful presidency; the president is elected every seven years, amended in 2001 to every five years, by universal adult suffrage.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Senegal (3379 words)

	Senegal - 1location, size, and extent, 2topography, 3climate, 4flora and fauna, 5environment, 6population, 7migration
		Senegal has a flourishing fishing industry, and Dakar is one of the most important Atlantic tuna ports.
		Senegal has about 6.2 million hectares (15.3 million acres) of classified forest, most of it in the Casamance region.
		Senegal is highly vulnerable to declining rainfall and desertification.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Africa/Senegal.html (371 words)

	Amazon.com: Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal: Books: Lucy C. Behrman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		She introduces her study with analyses of the historical conditions under which the Muslim brotherhoods emerged as a political force and of the ways in which the pattern of relations was established.
		She also shows that, although the Muslim leaders occupy such a privileged position in Senegalese society, they do not actually control the government, which is secular and modern in form and is led by Western-educated men devoted to a program of industrialization and agricultural and social reform.
		Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal is truly one of a kind.
	www.amazon.com /Muslim-Brotherhoods-Politics-Senegal-Behrman/dp/158348437X (896 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		Senegal -> History Early History The Tukolor settled in the Senegal River valley in the 9th cent., and during the period from the 10th to 14th cent.
		Muslim League Muslim League, political organization of India and Pakistan, founded 1906 as the All-India Muslim League by Aga Khan III.
		Muslim Brotherhood Muslim Brotherhood, officially Jamiat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun [Arab.,=Society of Muslim Brothers], religious and political organization founded (1928) in Egypt by Hasan al-Banna.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Muslim+brotherhoods+of+Senegal (545 words)

	Indigenous cultures, kingdoms and ethnic groups of Senegal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Senegal has a very varied cultural landscape and a history of kingdoms, empires, brotherhoods and colonial struggles (between and against colonizing powers).
		The Kingdom of Tekrur was founded by the Tukulor in the middle valley of the Senegal River.
		Separate from the institutions of the state, and from the kingdoms, is the important system of Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal, including the Xaadir (Qadriyya), the Tijanes (Tidianes) and the Mourides.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indigenous_cultures,_kingdoms_and_ethnic_groups_of_Senegal (448 words)

	Senegal, country, Africa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1895, Senegal was made a French colony, with its capital at Saint-Louis; it was part of French West Africa, headquartered from 1902 at Dakar.
		In 1946, Senegal, together with the rest of French West Africa, became part of the French Union, and French citizenship was extended to all Senegalese.
		Politics in Senegal were led by its two deputies in the French national assembly, Lamine Gueye, whose base was in the coastal cities, and Léopold Sédar Senghor, whose political strength was derived from the rural areas of the interior.
	www.bartleby.com /65/se/Senegal.html (1872 words)

	Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a list of Muslim groups in Senegal (and also The Gambia).
		They are active Muslim organizations that can also be found in many other parts of Africa and the Islamic world.
		The Xaadir (Qādiriyya), the oldest, originally founded in Baghdad by the Sufi mystic Abdul Qādir al-Jilānī in the 12th Century, now pan-Islamic, spread to Senegal in the 18th Century.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muslim_brotherhoods_of_Senegal (147 words)

	Muslim
		Muslim A Muslim is a believer in or follower of God.
		Muslim Association of Britain The Muslim Association of Britain is a 1997.
		Muslim Brotherhood The Muslim Brotherhood (jamiat al-Ikhwan al-muslimun, literally Society of Muslim Brothers) is an Ott...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/muslim.html (423 words)

	Sufism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At a time when Iraq was the centre of the Muslim Caliphate and an intellectual crucible and crossroads of various influences, there were mystical circles in cities such as Basra and Baghdad, and Sufism appears in the historical record as a discipline and school bearing this name.
		In west Africa, the Mourides of Senegal don't observe the Islamic prayer or other traditional Islamic rituals, as they are instead encourage to do work in the service of their murshid (spiritual guide).
		Muslims hold Tasawwuf to be the science of the heart (as distinct from Fiqh which are the matters of practice and Aqidah which are matters of the intellect).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sufism (3488 words)

	LMT Tech Resource Store: Books : Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		She introduces her study with analyses of the historical conditions under which the Muslim brotherhoods emerged as a political force and of the ways in which the pattern of relations was established.
		She also shows that, although the Muslim leaders occupy such a privileged position in Senegalese society, they do not actually control the government, which is secular and modern in form and is led by Western-educated men devoted to a program of industrialization and agricultural and social reform.
		Muslim Brotherhoods and Politics in Senegal is truly one of a kind.
	www.elise.com /lmtstore/0674594908/Muslim_Brotherhoods_and_Politics_in_Senegal.html (354 words)

	Encyclopedia: Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Categories: Senegal Qadiriyyah, one of the oldest Sufi tariqa, derives its name from Abd al-Qadir al-Djilani (or Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani some spell it Kaylani) (1077-1166), a native of the Iranian province of Gilan.
		The Tidjani, aka Tijaans, Tidianes, is a Muslim brotherhood of West Africa, particularly Senegal.
		The Mouride brotherhood is a large Islamic brotherhood organization in Senegal and The Gambia, with headquarters at the holy city of Touba, Senegal.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Muslim_brotherhoods_of_Senegal (392 words)

	senegal
		The Republic of Senegal is a country in western Africa south of Senegal River.
		This reform began with a 50% devaluation of Senegal's currency, the CFA franc, which was linked at a fixed rate to the former French franc and now to the euro.
		Most Senegalese (94%) are Muslim, with a minority of some 5% adhering to Christian faiths (mostly Roman Catholic), as well as a small (1%) group that follows indigenous beliefs.
	www.fact-library.com /senegal.html (899 words)

	sufi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		They make extensive use of parables and metaphors, in such a way that the meaning is only reachable through a process of seeking for the utmost truth and knowledge of oneself.
		A large part of Muslim literature comes from the Sufis, who created great books of poetry (which include for example 1001 Arabian Nights, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, the Conference of the Birds and the Masnavi), all of which contain the profound, and hardly graspable, teachings of the Sufis.
		There is a major line of Sufi thought that sees Sufism as predating Islam and being in fact universal and therefore independent of the Quran and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammed.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Sufi.html (1791 words)

	Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		By the end of the eighteenth century, however, the African orders were faced, as was the Muslim world in general, with the steady growth of European imperialism in the Near East, dramatically symbolized by the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt.
		The sufi’s fear that their world was endangered combined at this point with the evident political and military weakness of the Ottoman Turks and with a pervasive and general sense of cultural decline to bring about a religious revival under the aegis of the Muslim brotherhoods.
		He focuses on eight sufi brotherhoods and their leaders; five moderates who taught mysticism, carried on jihads, or instituted social reforms; and one conservative sufi leader very little affected by the changing world of the nineteenth century.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /aus/catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521210623&print=y (304 words)

	CiteULike: Tag senegal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Transmission of Islamic Knowledge in Moorish Society from the Rise of the Almoravids to the 19th Century
		Evolutionary correlation between control region sequence and restriction polymorphisms in the mitochondrial genome of a large Senegalese Mandenka sample.
		Slavery and Emancipation in Senegal's Peanut Basin: The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
	www.citeulike.org /tag/senegal (401 words)

	Muslim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam.
		The word Muslim means one who submits and implies complete submission to the will of God (Allah).
		Muslims believe that nature is itself Islamic, since it follows natural laws placed by God.
	www.kiwipedia.com /en/muslim.html (85 words)

	Muslim Council of Britain - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Muslim Council of Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Muslim Council of Britain - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Muslim Council of Britain.
		The 'Muslim Council of Britain' (MCB) is an organisation founded in 1997 to defend the rights of Muslims, improve relations between Muslims and wider society and to "promote cooperation, consensus and unity on Muslim affairs" in the United Kingdom.
		It is based at Boardman House, 64 Broadway, Stratford, London E15 1NT.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Muslim-Council-of-Britain.html (183 words)

	muslim hate in Senegal
		Christians in Senegal worry that they may be witnessing the first indications of the creeping growth of shari'a, whose gradual expansion in countries like Pakistan and Nigeria has brought much suffering for religious minorities whose rights and freedoms have been reduced.
		However with this clear Islamisation of the North, some Muslim leaders are now calling for shari'a to be applied (supposedly only to Muslims, though the practice is always different) in other states across the whole nation, even in the predominantly Christian South.
		A Muslim mob led by a local politician stormed a church, drove out the Christians with knives and stones, and then refused to leave the building.
	www.truthandgrace.com /muslimsenegal.htm (619 words)

	Marabout - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The marabout is often a scholar of the Qur'an, and many make amulets for good luck, preside at various ceremonies, and in some cases actively guide the life of the follower.
		In the Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal, the marabouts are organized in elaborate hierarchies; the highest marabout of the Mourides, for example, has been elevated to the status of a ruler, almost a demigod, by the faithful.
		Often there is an obligation to support the marabout that has accumulated over generations within a family.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marabout (143 words)

	Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal Info - Bored Net - Boredom
		The Muslim Brotherhoods of Senegal (and of The Gambia) are currently active Muslim organizations founded in past centuries by alleged "messengers" or "prophets" of Al'lah.
		The Xaadir (Qadriyya), the oldest, originally founded by the Sufi mystic Abdul Qadir al-Jilani in the 12th Century, now pan-Islamic, spread to Senegal in the 18th Century.
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/m/mu/muslim_brotherhoods_of_senegal.html (113 words)

	Brotherhoods - SteinerBooks - Secret Brotherhoods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Brotherhoods Bikies consider themselves "the last free people in society", unconstrained by the regulations that rule ordinary citizens.
		The most famous and widespread of the early Sufi brotherhoods was undoubtedly the The brotherhoods adapted themselves to every level of Muslim society.
		The first Muslim Brotherhood was founded in Egypt in 1928; Muslim Brotherhoods have since been founded in other countries, including Syria and Jordan.
	allindexes.com /alid/brotherhoods.htm (474 words)

	AIDS takes hold in pilgrim town of Touba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		TOUBA, 4 Apr 2005 (IRIN) - Senegal has one of the lowest HIV infection rates in Africa, but the central town of Touba, a Muslim shrine where over one million people gathered last week, is a hotspot where prevalence rates have shot well above the national average.
		Touba, 180 km east of the capital Dakar, is a shrine for followers of Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba, a Muslim cleric and hero of Senegal's struggle against French colonial rule who founded the Mouride Islamic brotherhood there in the late 19th century.
		The Mourides, who preach the virtues of hard work and self discipline, have grown to be the largest of several Muslim Brotherhoods in Senegal.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=46449 (939 words)

	Shi'a Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Shi'a Islam (follower; English has traditionally used Shiite or Shi'ite) is the second largest Islamic denomination; some 10-15% of all Muslims are said to follow a Shi'a tradition.
		Sunni Muslims believe that Abu Bakr, the first caliph to hold power after Muhammad, held his office legitimately.
		This difference of opinion regarding an event in 632 CE may seem like a minor matter to some, but this schism shaped two Muslim traditions which differ sharply in many of their beliefs and practices.
	www.kiwipedia.com /en/shiite-muslim.html (219 words)

	Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal Authored by John Hunwick, Khadim Mbacke Translated by Eric Ross
		Islam in Senegal is characterized by the strong intrenchment of a certain number of Sufi brotherhoods.
		He describes the brotherhoods that are currently active in Senegal and depicts the means and manner of their diffusion, the lives of their founding figures, their basic teachings, their internal organization, the links they maintain with each other, and the role they play in the country’s cultural, economic, social and political life.
		JOHN HUNWICK, Northwestern University, is the author of Shari’a in Songhay and Timbuktu in the Songhay Empire and co-author of The African Diaspora in the Mediterranean Lands of Islam.
	www.markuswiener.com /catalog/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=133 (465 words)

	Sociology of Development Research Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The central focus of interest are newly emergent social forces such as peasant organisations, women's groups etc. with regard to their capacity of structuring society and definition of development concepts as well as their potential to overcome the fundamental crisis of society.
		Fieldwork, together with a student study group has been executed in summer 1994 in rural areas in Senegal (Sine Saloum and Eastern Senegal) as well as in two areas (coacoa central region and North).
		In Senegal, with a longstanding peasant movement, it has been shown that professionalization and institutionalization are taking place, including political influence on the central level, and in the villages, especially women can secure their livlihoods through these organizations.
	www.uni-bielefeld.de /sdrc/research/completedproject3_e.htm (518 words)

	Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Tijaans (Tidianes), the largest in membership, founded in Fez, Morocco by the Algerian born marabout Al-Tijaniyya.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Muslim_brotherhoods_of_Senegal (158 words)

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