Muslim conquest of Syria

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Topic: Muslim conquest of Syria

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	Other Middle Eastern Countries
		With the loss of Syria to Muslim conquest in the seventh century, Anatolia became the frontier of the empire.
		Damascus was made the major transit point for Mecca, and as such it acquired a holy character to Muslims because of the baraka (spiritual force or blessing) of the countless pilgrims who passed through on the hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca.
		For 600 years after the Arab conquest in 641, Egypt was part of the Arab caliphate, but was then seized by the Mamluks in 1250 and the Ottoman Turks in 1517.
	www.palestinefacts.org /pf_faq_palestine_other_countries.php (8810 words)

	SYRIA - CHRISTIAN DAMASCUS
		The supremacy of Christianity in Damascus lasted till the conquest of Damascus by the Muslim Army of the Arabs, who converted the great church of St John the Baptist into a mosque.
		Damascus, as the capital of Greater Syria under the Byzantine Empire, was naturally an important centre of religious worship and theological study.
		Damascus of Islam and the Unknown Damascus of Christianity
	weecheng.com /mideast/syria/dama2.htm (8810 words)

	History in Review - Roman Syria and the Near East, by Kevin Butcher
		In Roman Syria and the Near East, Kevin Butcher provides a fascinating account of the ancient history of this region that concentrates on the period from 64 BC, when Selucid Syria was annexed by Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius), to around 650 AD when the the conquest of the area by Arab Muslims was consolidated.
		In looking at Roman Syria, Butcher has taken a two-prong approach, showing the impact that Roman Syria had on the Roman Empire as a whole, and how Roman rule impacted the cultural and political development of the region.
		Based upon the historical and archeological evidence, this book provides an intensive survey of Roman Syria, detailing the military, political, religious, and cultural significance of the Roman occupation, and the changes that occurred in each category during the occupation.
	www.largeprintreviews.com /kbutcher.html (617 words)

	History of SYRIA AND PALESTINE
		Two years later the entire peninsula has been brought to the faith, and the Arab nomads are Muslim in the desert to the east of Palestine and Syria.
		Syria begin a century at the centre of affairs, a position reflected in the superb Umayyad mosque in Damascus.
		One of the most dramatic and sudden movements of any people in history is the expansion, by conquest, of the Arabs in the 7th century (only the Mongol example in the 13th century can match it).
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1566&HistoryID=ab29 (790 words)

	Battle of Yarmuk
		Military history of the Muslim invasion 633 and the fall of Byzantine Syria described superbly in David Nicolle's campaign book Battle of Yarmuk 636Ad, the Muslim Conquest of Syria.
		Yarmuk 636AD, The Muslim Conquest of Syria by David Nicolle
		Straddling the modern UN ceasefire line between Israel and Syria, the battlefield of Yarmuk is a rugged, ancient landscape.
	www.militaryart.co.uk /yarmuk.htm (790 words)

	Rise Of Islam
		In the year 636 CE, the Muslim armies overran the Transjordanian highlands and won a decisive battle against the Byzantines on the banks of the Yarmouk River, which marks the modern border between Jordan and Syria.
		However, after having unified Syria and Egypt under his control, the Muslim commander Salah Eddin al-Ayyubi (Saladin) defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hittin in 1187 CE.
		This victory opened the way to the conquest of Syria, and the remaining Byzantine troops were forced to retreat into Anatolia only a few years later.
	members.tripod.com /jor_guide/id5.html (1259 words)

	Prophesies of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم Which Came to PASS
		The proofs (of miracle and/or prophesy came true) are Syria, Yemen and entire Persia as Muslim countries some of them even adopted the Arabic language as their mother tongue.
		The shortest sentence of the prophesy (forecast) containing three events is significant for consideration (1) The integrity of the Caliphate of Umar رضى الله عنه with the compliance of the word of Hadeeth/prophesy (2) The conquest of Persia and (3) Survival (living) of Saraqa till that time, he died in 28 Hijrah, few years later.
		This prophesy is found the Ahadeeth books of Musnad Imaam Ahmad and Sahih Muslim as reported from Abu Hurayrah رضى الله عنه and in Sunan Abu Dawud as reported from Mauz Ibn Jabul رضى الله عنه in context of victory of Constantinople (Qustun-tunia {today’s Istanbul/Turkey}).
	www.islam-is-the-only-solution.com /hp.htm (1959 words)

	Halsall/Introduction to the Medieval World/ Class 6
		Ummayyad Spain -Conquest of Spain 711 -Muslim Rule -The Ummayyad Emirate -Cordova -The Caliphate Abd-ar-Rahman III -Poetry -Tolerance for Jews and Christians -Collapse -The Reconquista B.
		Fatamid Egypt -More Shia -Ismaili Shia - broke from Twelvers after no. 6 -Rival Caliphate -Cairo -Conquest of Syria and Palestine -Faced with Resurgent Byzantium -Hakim III and the Holy Sepulcher -The Crusades C.
		Civil War II Muawiya- led war - proclaimed Caliph in Jerusalem, 660 Kharajites tried to kill both Ali and Muawiya, Killed Ali, but Muawiya survived Ummayyad Caliphate in Syria Ali's sons bought off.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/lect/med06.html (1959 words)

	A-Z-jonathan-Riley-Smith.html
		Syria: and Cyprus 295; and disintegration of Seljuk empire 213, 215-16; and Egypt 239, 240-2, 246; and military orders 135, 183, 184, 186-7, 189-90, 194, 203, 298; and Mongols 238-9; and Ottoman Turks 5, 284, 297; and Shi'i Muslims 214; and Venice 316
		Richard I of England (1157-97): capture 94-5, 108; and conquest of Cyprus 125, 147, 248; and conquest of Spain107; in Crusade-songs 94-5, 107-8; and financing of Crusades 55, 63-4; nineteenth-century interest in 379; and Philip II of France 59, 61, 107-8; and Saladin 231; and supplies 63; and Third Crusade 38, 59, 132, 382, 384
		Holy Places: and Crimean War 372, 384; and First Crusade 37, 138, 139; and First World War 380-2; and Frankish settlers 122; modern travel to 365-9; Muslim conquest 147, 148; and national rivalries 368; and nineteenth-century Crusade ideals 371; pilgrimage to 29; and rebuilding 142-3; and recovery Crusade 259-65; reoccupation (1229) 150
	www.allcrusades.com /INDEX/A-Z-Jonathan-Riley-Smith.html (1959 words)

	Military Leaders Sun Tzu The Art of War and Strategy Site by Sonshi.com.
		Arabic in full Sala h Ad-din Yusuf Ibn Ayyub (“Righteousness of the Faith, Joseph, Son of Job”), also called Al-malik An-na sir Sala h Ad-din Yusuf I Muslim sultan of Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Palestine, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and the most famous of Muslim heroes.
		Also spelled Tarik Ibn Zeyad general who led the Muslim conquest of Spain.
		Byname Sif, or Sayf, Allah (Arabic: “Sword of God”) one of the two generals (with ‘Amr ibn al-‘A s) of the enormously successful Islamic expansion under the Prophet Muhammad and his immediate successors, Abu Bakr and ‘Umar.
	www.sonshi.com /militaryleader.html (1959 words)

	Shattered Christian Minorities in the Middle East
		After the Arab military victory, there was the conquest and victory of Islam as a religion when many Christians in Syria and other lands converted to Islam to escape their oppressive and humiliating conditions.
		This school according to Itamar Rabinovich is sceptical of Arab and Muslim willingness to tolerate a Lebanese Christian entity in their midst, and believed in the need to develop that entity's resources, the establishment of an alliance with Israel, the mobilization of the Lebanese Christian Diaspora, and the obtainment of American support
		As a result of a fifteen-year Muslim boycott of the Lebanese state during the French mandate, there was always considerable disequilibrium in the civil service, which was made up largely by Christians.
	phoenicia.org /christiansmea.html (1959 words)

	TIMELINE 7th CENTURY page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
		Islamic History of the 7th Century 637 Arabs capture Antioch The Byzantine Empire in the 7th Century 637: Conquest of Syria.
		Islamic History of the 7th Century 638 Ekthesis imposes Monotheletism The Byzantine Empire in the 7th Century 638: Conquest of Jazirah.
		Cynegils and Cwichelm fought at Bampton, and slew two thousand and forty-six of the Welsh." [ASC] 615: Persecution of the Muslims by the Quraish.
	www.magicdragon.com /UltimateSF/timeline7.html (7930 words)

	AllRefer.com - Abd ar-Rahman I, emir of COrdoba (Spanish And Portuguese History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		The great mosque at COrdoba, which Abd ar-Rahman started, was continued by his son and successor, Hisham I. See R. Collins, Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity (2 vol., 1983–87); S. Lane-Poole, The Moors in Spain (1984); D. Taha Abdulwahid, Muslim Conquest and Settlement of North Africa and Spain (1988).
		Despite the jealousy of the Arab aristocracy and the turbulence of the Berbers, he reorganized and consolidated the state and tried to unite the various Muslim groups.
		The only survivor of the Abbasid massacre (750) of his family in Damascus, he fled from Syria and eventually went to Spain.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/AbdarRah1.html (7930 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		Zengi's career is important because of his conquest of Edessa, but it is important even more for the fact that he couched his actions against the Christians in terms of a Muslim holy war.
		This made Zengi the most powerful Muslim commander in Syria, though the Turks to the north were a constant threat to his position.
		This victory made Zengi famous, for he was responsible for the elimination of one of the four Crusader states.
	the-orb.net /textbooks/crusade/islam.html (6267 words)

	Muawiyah I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mu'awiyah did become a Muslim before the conquest of Mecca but hid his faith rather like Muhammad's uncle Abbas.
		Mu'awiyah is mostly remembered for his career in Syria, which began shortly after the death of the Prophet, when he, along with his brother Yazid, served in the tribal armies sent from Arabia against the Byzantine forces in Syria.
		By 647 Mu'awiyah had built a Syrian tribal army strong enough to repel a Byzantine attack and, in subsequent years, to take the offensive against the Byzantines in campaigns that resulted in the capture of Cyprus (649) and Rhodes (654) and a devastating defeat of the Byzantine navy off the coast of Lycia (655).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muawiyah (6267 words)

	The Heritage of World Civilizations, Fifth Edition Chapter 14 -- Instructor's Manual
		Between 1379 and 1405, Tammerlane savagely swept all before him in a frenzy of conquest: Iran, Armenia, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Syria, and northern India; his contributions were minimal and his legacy was destruction and political chaos.
		This situation prepared the way for a Turkish-Mongol conquest from Transoxiania by the Muslim convert, "Timur the Lame" or Tammerlane.
		The lasting legacy of the Mongol invasions was to divide northern India Transoxiania from areas west of Egypt.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/craig3/chapter14/custom2/deluxe-content.html (6267 words)

	THE CRUSADES TO THE HOLY LAND
		When the secular regent of Syria died, Saladin and the Saracens (Muslim warriors) captured Damascus in a bloodless coup.
		While Saladin, the new Sultan of Syria and Egypt, was uniting the Moslem world, the Crusader states were in a power struggle after the death of the peaceful King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, who died at age 24 of leprosy in 1185.
		Baldwin of Boulogne, Godfrey's younger brother, went through Armenia, and, setting out on his own conquest, ended up capturing Edessa.
	www.biblescripture.net /Crusades.html (6267 words)

	AllRefer Encyclopedia - Abd ar-Rahman I, emir of COrdoba (Spanish And Portuguese History, Biographies) - Encyclopedia
		The great mosque at COrdoba, which Abd ar-Rahman started, was continued by his son and successor, Hisham I. See R. Collins, Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity (2 vol., 1983–87); S. Lane-Poole, The Moors in Spain (1984); D. Taha Abdulwahid, Muslim Conquest and Settlement of North Africa and Spain (1988).
		The only survivor of the Abbasid massacre (750) of his family in Damascus, he fled from Syria and eventually went to Spain.
		Despite the jealousy of the Arab aristocracy and the turbulence of the Berbers, he reorganized and consolidated the state and tried to unite the various Muslim groups.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/AbdarRah1.html (6267 words)

	Crusades in the Levant (1097-1291)
		The disunion of the Syrian emirs and the division between Abbasids and Fatimites, helped make possible the conquest of the Holy City and the foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
		Theobald found division among the Latin communities in Palestine, and within the Muslim Ayyubid dynasty -- two factions, one at Damascus and one at Cairo were at war.
		Nureddin dies with only child as heir at Aleppo, who is supported by Raymund, count of Tripoli against Saladin.
	xenophongroup.com /montjoie/crusade2.htm (6267 words)

	"Kingdom of Heaven" movie review.
		Kingdom of Heaven does not tell you that the Crusades were defensive in nature, a reaction to the Muslim conquest, pillage, and enslavement of two thirds of Christendom.
		It does not even hint at the fact that, a few generations earlier, Christianity had covered, outside Europe, the ancient Roman province of Asia, extending across the Caucasus to the Caspian Sea, Syria with the Holy Land, and a wide belt of North Africa all the way to the Atlantic Ocean.
		The caliphate's authority was purely notional: Egypt was under the rule of the Fatimids, a Shi'ite sect, while the Sunni Turks from central Asia were gaining the upper hand in Shi'ite Persia, as well as Iraq, Syria, and Palestine.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-religion/1408428/posts (3410 words)

	'Abbasid, Buyid, and Seljuq Empires 750-1095 by Sanderson Beck
		Seljuq's grandsons Tughril-Beg and Chaghri-Beg led the conquest of Khurasan in 1037, defeating the Ghaznavid Mas'ud in 1040.
		With revolts in Syria and North Africa as well as in Khurasan, Harun became increasingly paranoid and even suspected his two sons of plotting against him.
		Abu 'Ali was reappointed governor of Khurasan in 948, and he, instigated by the Ziyarids of Tabaristan, attacked the Buyids; but his compromise with the Buyids in Ray caused him to be deposed.
	www.san.beck.org /AB14-IslamCulture750-1095.html (3410 words)

	Pelusium: Gateway to Egypt
		In 619 Pelusium was attacked and conquered by a Persian army under Khuzran, and in 640 it fell into the hands of Amr Ibn al-As, an Arab soldier who had fought with Muhammed in the conquest of Palestine and, in 642, would become the first Muslim governor of Egypt.
		For Pelusium this was a period of prosperity and expansion, but also of war with the Seleucid dynasty, Alexander's successors in Syria.
		The cult of Zeus Kassios, Pelusium's main deity, seems to have originated in Syria as a Graeco-Roman adaptation of the Semitic god Baal Zephon.
	www.archaeology.org /online/features/pelusium (3410 words)

	Shattered Christian Minorities in the Middle East
		The creation of Greater Lebanon set a time bomb by forcing Muslims, whose allegiance was to Syria and to the Arab nation, to be citizens of the new state.
		After the Arab military victory, there was the conquest and victory of Islam as a religion when many Christians in Syria and other lands converted to Islam to escape their oppressive and humiliating conditions.
		Nationalism can be considered as one cause of the rise and fall of Christianity in Lebanon.
	www.phoenicia.org /christiansmea.html (3410 words)

	Islamic Medical Manuscripts: Glosssary of Terms
		At the time of the First Crusade at the end of the 11th century Jerusalem was taken from its Fatimid govenor, but by that time the Fatimid influence in Palestine and Syria had dwindled to essentially just the coastal towns.
		The name of the most important dynasty to control the Iranian plateau and Iraq between the early Arab conquest and the Turkish conquest of the 11th century.
		Under Fatimid rule the society and the arts prospered, and there was considerable commercial contact with non-Muslim Mediteranean regions.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/arabic/glossary.html (3410 words)

	Sanliurfa - All About Turkey
		It was at Edessa that the great scientific works of late antiquity were translated, with commentaries, into Syriac/Aramaic, from whence they made their way into Arabic after the Muslim conquest, only to find their way back to the west following the re-conquest of the city by the Byzantines and then the Crusaders.
		Urfa remained an important garrison town into Roman times, and was one of the first centers of the early church, but one given over to the monophysite heresy.
		A city of some 1,300,000 (1997), Urfa is earmarked to be one of Turkey's largest metropolitan areas after the nearby Ataturk Dam 50 miles (75 km) north of town comes on-stream in the 1990s.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /urfa.htm (2462 words)

	Conquest and division in the time of the rashidun caliphs
		Abu Bakr first of four caliphs who led community from 632 — 61 — known as Rashidun or “rightly guided” to distinguish them from Umayyads — great Islamic conquests begun and outlines Muslim state decided.
		Early on Abu Bakr backs Usama’s expedition to Syria — stress commitment to same policy of Muhammad — “expansion of state towards Syria. Raid was not a great success — showed caliph’s sense of purpose and determination.
		Home : University : History : Islam : The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates : Conquest and division in the time of the rashidun caliphs
	www.revision-notes.co.uk /revision/469.html (2462 words)

	Lebanon and The Crusades
		The dynasties which succeeded the Ayyubids until the conquest of Egypt by the Ottomans have been called Mameluke dynasties because their sultans were drawn from the enfranchised slaves who constituted the court and were officers in the army.
		The dynasties which succeeded the Ayyubids until the conquest of Egypt by the Ottomans are often called Mameluke dynasties because their sultans were drawn from the enfranchised slaves who constituted the court and officered the army.
		Among the tens of thousands of combatants of the Muslim army was Abu'l-Fida', a young emir of sixteen.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Parliament/2587/crusleb.html (2462 words)

	The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191—1374 - Cambridge University Press
		In the thirteenth century the island was closely linked to the Latin states in Syria and the Holy Land by political, social and economic ties and, with the fall of the last Christian strongholds to the Muslims in 1291, it became the most easterly outpost of Latin Christendom in the Mediterranean.
		The island of Cyprus was conquered from its Byzantine ruler by Richard I of England in 1191 during the Third Crusade, and remained under western rule until the Ottoman conquest of 1570—1.
		This new study, which is based on original research, traces the fortunes of Cyprus under its royal dynasty and its role in the Crusades and in the confrontation of Christian and Muslim in the Near East until the 1370s.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521268761&print=y (2462 words)

	Caesarea Obelisk
		The obelisk fell down sometime between the 7th and 13th centuries, after the fall of the Roman Empire and the Muslim conquest of the region around the year 640 A.D. It was discovered in 1980s broken in three separate pieces.
		(Note) This town is often called "Caesarea Maritima" or sometime "Caesarea Palestine (Caesarea Palaestinae)", "Herodian Caesarea" in order to distinguish it from Caesarea Philippi in Syria.
		Caesarea is a town facing the Mediterranean Sea, 50 km north of Tel Aviv.
	members.aol.com /Sokamoto31/caesarea.htm (397 words)

	Cradle of Humanity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The radius of 1,000 miles from Eden as the limit of the Cradle of Humanity may have been "fixed" by early Arab Christians who were the dominant inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt from the second century well into the ninth century, even after Muslim conquest of the region.
		It is important to note that the term "Cradle of Humanity" is not necessarily interchangeable with or identical in meaning to the expressions "Cradle of Civilization", "origin of man", or "birthplace of mankind" for those who use these phrases.
		The expression "Cradle of Humanity" is frequently used by persons opposed to the expression "Middle East" when that term would seem too ambiguous in their opinion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cradle_of_Humanity (2183 words)

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Topic: Muslim conquest of Syria

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In the News (Sat 26 Dec 09)