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	Islamic philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Islamic philosophy (الفلسفة الإسلامية) is a part of the Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between faith, reason or philosophy, and the religious teachings of Islam.
		Muslims in the 'east' continued to do philosophy, as is evident from the works of Ottoman scholars and especially those living in Muslim kingdoms within the territories of present day Iran and India, such as Shah Waliullah and Ahmad Sirhindi.
		1640) and the Transcendent Philosophy ملاصدرا و حكمت متعاليه
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Islamic_philosophy (3124 words)

	Early Islamic philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As the Sunnah became published and accepted, philosophy separate from Muslim theology was discouraged due to a lack of participants.
		The rise of the Mutazilites, which built on Greek philosophy to challenge the kalam, integrate Plato and Aristotle in particular, and expand the use of ijtihad ("independent thought") to open questions of science and society, and what we today call modern philosophy.
		The Asharites put an end to philosophy as such in the Muslim world, but permitted these methods to continue to be applied to science and technology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Early_Muslim_philosophy (640 words)

	Muslim Philosophy
		Philosophy as defined by ancient thinkers is the Science of wisdom.
		Arabian philosophy at the outset of its career in the 9th A.D. century was able without difficulty to take possession of these resources for speculative thought which Latins had barely achieved at the close of the 12th century by the slow process of rediscovering the Aristotelian Logic from the commentaries and verses of Boethius".
		His philosophy is the necessary link between the philosophy of Farabi and Ghazali on one hand and that of Ibn Rushd (Averroes) on the other.
	www.netmuslims.com /info/philosophy.html (2267 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: Philosophy
		Baul philosophy developed towards the close of the 15th century and flourished in the second half of the 17th century, is a mystic philosophy.
		The essence of Rammohun's philosophy was to free religion from the shackles of rigid and meaningless rites and employ it for the welfare of humanity.
		Govinda Dev's dream and the essence of his philosophy was that the universality of religion and philosophy would generate love among people, that love would be combined with the power of science, and that all the people of the world, irrespective of religion, caste or creed, would be able to live happily.
	banglapedia.org /HT/P_0157.htm (8246 words)

	Athenaeum Reading Room - A HISTORY OF MUSLIM PHILOSOPHY - FULL TEXT - In Sixteen WebPage Parts - Part One - Preface and ...
		As this is the first major work on the history of Muslim philosophy it is bound to have many deficiencies, but a beginning had to be made and it has been made with the hope that it will pave the way for future improvements.
		This revival of the Muslim culture was partly due to the infusion into it earlier of the fresh blood of the Turkish slaves and mercenaries and later that of the Mongol conquerors, for they themselves came into the fold of Islam bringing with them the vigour and vitality of their nomadic ancestors.
		In both periods of its rise Muslim culture was marked by its religio-political and architectural ascendancy; but while in the first period its glory lay also in its commercial, industrial, scientific, and philosophical fields, in the second it distinguished itself chiefly in the fields of poetry, painting, secular history, travels, mysticism, and minor arts.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /muslim_philosophy01.htm (6157 words)

	Muslim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Muslims consider the Arabic Qur'an as the direct revelation of God; though translations do exist in other languages but are not regarded as literal word of God.
		Early Muslim philosophy is one possible bridge between classical Greco-Roman civilization and the Europeans of The Renaissance.
		Muslim culture began to revive after World War I, and some consider 1979 to be a crucial year when several events (peace between Israel and Egypt, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and Iranian revolution) conspired to be a "wake up" call to the ummah.
	www.muslimmatrimonial.com /Muslim-16 (1773 words)

	A History of Muslim Philosophy
		A detailed discussion of the fundamental principles of Islam led Muslim scholars in the second and thir/eighth and ninth centuries of Hijrah to philosophical reasonings on the nature and attributes of God and His relation to man and the universe.
		The orthodox Muslims opposed the Mu'tazilite movement from the very beginning and tried to refute their doctrines by the traditional method.
		They exercised profound and lasting influence on the subsequent development of Muslim philosophy and theology and were considered to be the fathers of the three schools of thoughts named after them.
	www.al-islam.org /historyofmuslimphilosophy/16.htm (6621 words)

	Islamic Philosophy
		The philosophy of the Arabians is not distinguished by its originality; in point of fact, it is merely an interpretation of Greek philosophy and, even as an interpretation, adds little to the interpretations already given by Plotinus, Proclus, Simplicius, and the Syrian neo-Platonists.
		Avicenna's philosophy, like that of his predecessors among the Arabians, is Aristoteleanism mingled with neo-Platonism, an exposition of Aristotle's teaching in the light of the Commentaries of Thomistius, Simplicius, and other neo-Platonists.
		One of the results was that kalam raised new problems for philosophy, and philosophy helped in widening the scope of kalam, in the sense that dealing with many philosophical problems came to be considered necessary in kalam.
	www.ottobw.dds.nl /filosofie/islamic_philosophy.htm (10066 words)

	Groundwork on Islamic Philosophy - M. Aftab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The rigor of intellectual thought in Islam has been lost and contemporary Muslim thinkers are faced with the enormous challenge of re-interpreting and integrating the tremendous intellectual achievements of the West with that of earlier Islamic thinkers and the Quran (the Muslim holy book).
		Ibn Rushd admits that philosophy may have its harms as a discipline, but these harms are no greater than those resulting from the study of medicine or law.
		Since, the study of philosophy is commanded by God Himself, it is obligatory, although it is possible to misuse the science for other purposes.
	www.ais.org /~maftab/philosophy.htm (10847 words)

	Islamic Philosophy
		Muslims say Ishmael went to the place that was to become Mecca, and thus Muslims see themselves as the descendants of Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Hagar.
		One of the five pillars of Islam is charity, and Muslims have a religious duty to give a portion of their wealth to aid the less fortunate.
		Muslim societies claim not to have problems with desperately poor or homeless people, since charity is mandated.
	www.westvalley.edu /ph/islam.html (2944 words)

	History of Muslim Philosophy: Al-Ghazali Life and works
		The teachings of this remarkable figure of Islam pertaining either to religion or philosophy, either constructive or critical, cannot, however, be fully understood without knowing the story of his life with some measure of detail, for, in his case, life and thought were one: rooted in his own personality.
		In the history of Muslim thought his is the first instance of a theologian who was thoroughly schooled in the ways of the philosophers; the doctors of Islam before him either had a dread of philosophy, considering it a dangerous study, or dabbled in it just to qualify themselves for polemics against the philosophers.
		Muslim philosophers’ subscription to this view according to al-Ghazālī is the clearest evidence that their verbal avowal of creation is a mere dissimulation and duplicity.
	www.ghazali.org /articles/hmp-4-30.htm (13545 words)

	under\|progress: On philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Philosophy would seem to arrive at a 'truth' which was the opposite of a 'religious truth'.
		But, if philosophy is the search for ultimate answers (in tiny steps), and you already BELIEVE in an ultimate embodiment of truth, namely God, then your epistemology and linguistic analysis is going to become nothing more than a creative way by which to link the analysis with God.
		Philosophy, if it is known by its other name, free-thinking, is going to want to challenge the hypothesis that all things lead back to God.
	underprogress.blogs.com /weblog/2004/07/on_philosophy.html (1607 words)

	PREFACE
		This may be due to their preoccupation with, and interest in, Indian (Hindu) philosophy or a misconception that Muslim scholars of India were only the passive followers of philosophic systems which developed in the Middle East and to a greater degree in Muslim Spain.
		In these circumstances, the strictly Muslim systems of thought and ideology suffered confusion and paved the way for certain schools of thought which apparently leaned on philosophy to project and sustain the atheistic element in their movements.
		Claiming secularism, the British regime never shook off its complex against the Muslims and this worked favourably and to the advantage of the Hindus who were full of hatred and revenge for Muslims and tried all possible means to win the favour of the British rulers at the cost of the Muslims.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series02/IIA-3/preface.htm (3233 words)

	CHAPTER IX
		Muslim philosophy, on the other hand, would comprise the philosophical speculations of the one who is a Muslim by convention: these speculations themselves might well be nihilistic and un-Islamic in character.
		In Muslim philosophy the characteristic terminology of philosophy in vogue at a particular period in history is visibly the dominant factor, because it is in that terminology that the meaning of the Qur‘an is to be expressed and conveyed to others.
		Due to this the traditional problem of the reconciliation between philosophy and religion is, and has been, a problem of ‘Muslim philosophy’, rather than of ‘Islamic philosophy’.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series02/IIA-3/chapter_ix.htm (4696 words)

	Islamic Philosophy
		What we call Islamic or Arabic philosophy is then a continuation and revival of the late Greek philosophical tradition undertaken by people who were nominally Muslims and who used Arabic instead instead of Greek and Syriac.
		The practical branches of philosophy, that is, ethics, economics, and politics, deal with the means by which all humans in a society can achieve this perfection, free themselves from the world of matter, and thus attain to supreme happiness after death.
		As might be expected many Muslims were not willing to accept this idea of the philosophers that revealed religion was merely an allegorical or metaphorical version of philosophy and that any passage in scripture that did not agree with philosophy could be interpreted allegorically to agree with philosophy.
	faculty.washington.edu /heer/philosophy.htm (4573 words)

	A_CUBED_P1
		Philosophy is a complex intellectual discipline like mathematics, literature, or medicine, and unless we study it, we can make a lot of mistakes trying to figure it out on our own.
		That's the branch of philosophy that studies what it is that makes something "good" or "not good." The branch of philosophy that studies how humans acquire knowledge is called "epistemology," and that's what Plato and Aristotle argued about.
		The Muslim bureaucrats were not actively opposed to learning (yet), and scholarship continued to thrive in these areas for about another two and a half centuries or so.
	www.6thcolumnagainstjihad.com /a_cubed_p1.htm (7898 words)

	A History of Muslim Philosophy
		Muslims generally speak of Wasil's party as the Mu'tazilites, but the latter call themselves People of Unity and Justice (ahl al‑tauhid wal `adl).
		Thus their system of philosophy, in spite of their claiming it to be monism, ended in dualism.
		Many Muslim thinkers of the time believed that the attributes of God are eternal and inherent in His essence.
	www.al-islam.org /historyofmuslimphilosophy/13.htm (9157 words)

	Islamic Philosophy Online
		Islamic Philosophy by M. Saeed Sheikh (This book has been published under four different names--this is the original!) (pdf format) It is a very brief introduction to main areas of the discipline.
		Philosophy of the Muslim World: Authors and Principal Themes, J. Kenny, O. (link).
		Philosophy, Theology and Mysticism in Medieval Islam: Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalam, Richard M. Frank, Ashgate Variorum, Burlington, 2005.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com (1397 words)

	Athenaeum Reading Room - A HISTORY OF MUSLIM PHILOSOPHY - FULL TEXT -In Sixteen WebPage Parts - Part Fourteen ...
		At this critical period of the history of Muslim theology there appeared, in three parts of the Muslim world, three eminent scholars: al-Maturidi in Central Asia, al-Ash'ari in Iraq, and al-Tahawi in Egypt.
		Mahmud al-Kufawi mentioned him as "leader of guidance, the model of the Sunnite and the guided, the bearer of the standard of ahl al-sunnah w-al jama'ah, the uprooter of misguidance arising from disorder and heresies, leader of the scholastics, and rectifier of the faith of the Muslims.
		But how profoundly the educated Muslims of today are influenced by the system of al-Maturidi may easily be realized from the fact that the `Aqa'id of al-Nasafi (d.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /muslim_philosophy014.htm (6672 words)

	Islamic History, Philosophy, and Scientific Thought
		Islamic Philosophy by the well-respected scholar of Islamic philosophy, Prof.
		Major Points in Islamic Philosophy, written by an American non-Muslim teacher of Philosophy, Wallace Provost, this article deals with a few of the issues that Muslim philosophers were concerned with.
		Islamic Medicine Edited by Shahid Athar, M.D., a Muslim physician and scholar, this is a collection of highly informative essays by a variety of physicians and scholars.
	www.uga.edu /islam/philosophy.html (995 words)

	Philosophy Now
		At that date and in that world the only religion of which the philosophy of religion needed to take account was Christianity.
		It is because, just as soon as I had seen its title, I realized that this is a work which ought to be noticed in Philosophy, the journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy, and in Philosophy Now, to reach the wider philosophical public.
		It is of course for Muslim philosophers to produce a definition of the word ‘Allah’ suitable for Muslim philosophy of religion.
	www.philosophynow.org /issue52/52flew.htm (702 words)

	Wahabism Islamic Principles Fundamentalist Muslim Philosophy Religion News Service -- Beliefnet.com
		This missive, found in a Houston mosque, was identified by the Washington-based human rights organization Freedom House as an example of Wahhabism, a fundamentalist Muslim philosophy that is the state religion of Saudi Arabia.
		Shiite Muslims believe that 12 imams, or spiritual leaders, were direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad who had the ability to interpret the Quran infallibly.
		For Wahhabi Muslims, the central issue is the belief in uncompromised monotheism.
	www.beliefnet.com /story/166/story_16646_1.html (638 words)

	:: Monroe Library \| Recommended Internet Resources -- Philosophy
		Philosophy News Service Postings about the latest news in philosophy.
		Philosophy Pages by Garth Kemerling, with sections dictionary, history, study guide, timeline, logic and philosophers.
		Voice of the Shuttle: Philosophy A structured and briefly annotated guide to high quality online resources; operated by the University of California, Santa Barbara, English Department.
	library.loyno.edu /web/philosophy.htm (310 words)

	Culture and Ethnicity in Philosophy
		A word about philosophy, religion, and culture: Clearly, the line between religion and philosophy in many traditions is not as stark as in Western philosophy.
		I cannot, for instance, list "Muslim philosophy" and "Arabic philosophy" under the same heading, as if all things Muslim are Arabic and vice versa.
		Is Intercultural Philosophy a New Branch or a New Orientation in Philosophy?
	pegasus.cc.ucf.edu /~janzb/philcult (1795 words)

	Philosophy Islam Religion and Spirituality Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		and be part of a powerful country, said Kakahama Askary, professor of philosophy and religion...
		incorporating disciplines of the human sciences such as history, philosophy and sociology as...
		The definition of fascism: "A philosophy or system of government that's marked by stringent...
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/Philosophy (479 words)

	The Jamaat-e-Islami Hind is an ideological and principled organisation. It has been working in India for more than last ...
		The Ethical Philosophy of Miskawaih, Aligarh Muslim University Press, Aligarh, India, 1964.
		The Moral Philosophy of al-Farabi, Aligarh, India, 1965.
		“Duties and Responsibilities of Muslims in non-Muslim States”, by Abdur Rahman Doi, in The Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol.
	www.jamaateislamihind.org /maansari.htm (1183 words)

	Philosophy Now
		First, medieval philosophy came from a period when philosophy was under attack: the proponents of religious faith felt that the claims of the philosophers concerning the superiority of reason were false and this led to medieval philosophers such as Aquinas and Averroes having to defend the purpose and the existence of philosophy from first principles.
		In the Muslim and Jewish world, interest centred on the nature of the soul and the possibility of meaningful contact with the Almighty.
		Mark Daniels is minister at Croydon Synagogue in London and was on the Philosophy Now staff in the 1990s, during which time he edited or co-edited several issues of the magazine.
	www.philosophynow.org /issue50/50daniels1.htm (928 words)

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