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	Harvard University Press: The Flowering of Muslim Theology by Josef van Ess
		Josef van Ess is the world's most distinguished scholar of classical kalam, the Muslim theology that was the precursor to, and foundation for, modern Islam.
		He examines the different ways in which early Muslim thinkers appropriated atomism, a natural philosophy that was originally materialistic and atheistic, for their own theological purposes.
		He explores the explosive mix of theology and political thought, in an analysis of the development of ideas about the role and authority of a ruler.
	www.hup.harvard.edu /catalog/VANFLO.html (288 words)

	Muslim Sects
		Muslims are required to commend good and reprimand evil; to abstain from gambling, alcohol, pork, and meat that is not ritually slaughtered (‘halal,’ similar to kosher).
		Not all Muslims follow this practice, but almost all Muslims respect and admire Mohammed for his influence and role in the shaping of Islamic religion and culture for his influence and role in the shaping of Islamic religion and culture.
		Muslims wrote almost all of the primary source information available on Mohammed and much of it is from after his death in 632 AD.
	www.neo-libertarian.com /muslimsects.html (5401 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna, an Egyptian seeking to overthrow Egypt's monarchy, expel western influences and establish an Islamic theocracy.
		The Muslim Brotherhood no longer openly conducts terrorist operations; it is primarily a political organization that supports terrorism and terrorist causes.
		The Muslim Brotherhood's theology is based on the doctrine of salafiyya: the belief that present-day Muslims have been corrupted and must return to the pristine form of Islam practiced at the time of the Prophet Muhammad.
	www.adl.org /terrorism/symbols/muslim_brotherhood_2.asp (470 words)

	Development of Muslim Theology: III: Theology: Chapter I
		BEFORE entering upon a consideration of the development of the theology of Islam, it will be well to mark clearly the three principles which run continuously through that development, which conditioned it for evil and for good and which are still working in it.
		It was, therefore, the duty of all Muslims to acknowledge their sovereignty and to postpone until the secrets of the Last Day all judgment or condemnation of any sins they might have committed.
		With the fall of the Umayyads and the rise of the Abbasids, the intellectual centre of the empire moved to the basin of the Euphrates and the Tigris.
	www.sacred-texts.com /isl/dmt/dmt10.htm (8403 words)

	Development of Muslim Theology: III: Theology: Chapter I
		BEFORE entering upon a consideration of the development of the theology of Islam, it will be well to mark clearly the three principles which run continuously through that development, which conditioned it for evil and for good and which are still working in it.
		It was, therefore, the duty of all Muslims to acknowledge their sovereignty and to postpone until the secrets of the Last Day all judgment or condemnation of any sins they might have committed.
		With the fall of the Umayyads and the rise of the Abbasids, the intellectual centre of the empire moved to the basin of the Euphrates and the Tigris.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ip/dmt/dmt10.htm (8403 words)

	Christian Muslim Relations: Articles & Essays
		The Necessity of Interfaith Dialogue: A Muslim Perspective, by Fethullah Gulen.
		Professor of Muslim Dogmatic Theology at the University of Tunis.
		Christian Witness to the Muslims: Introduction to the Issues From the 1995 Commission on Theology Report to General Synod.
	www.bigbrother.net /~mugwump/muslim-christian_relations (986 words)

	Man and His Destiny
		Muslim tradition tells us that they were drawn out of their ancestor’s loins in the form of small ants endued with understanding.
		Muslim theology has not specifically wrestled with this problem, and the only hint that we have of Islam’s awareness of such a problem is to be seen in the attempt to relate the eternal decree to the detailed working-out of the decree.
		Moreover, no Muslim could dare to hope to share in Allah’s holiness, since this is the very condition of exalted superiority which marks Him off from man. This clearly indicates one of the main tasks of the Christian preacher as he speaks to his Muslim friend.
	www.answering-islam.org /Books/Spencer/God/chap4.htm (6140 words)

	Christian Doctrine from Bible Theology Ministries Muslim Forum Repsonses
		Only if the Muslims were harassed and forbidden to practice their religion and prosecuted in a certain country may they be forced to take such extreme measures.
		The problem is some bigoted Muslims refuse to use their heads and logic; if you resort to rationality then these bigots respond by saying that you are worshipping your intellectuality/mind, and hence committing "shirk".
		No, Muslim should not incite hatred against a country in which they are guests, because this would amount to a sort of betrayal, which is considered a despicable act disliked immensely by Allah.
	www.christiandoctrine.net /forums/muslim_forum/muslim_responses_web.htm (7534 words)

	Muslim Philosophy
		His compromise with Muslim theology did not find favour in orthodox circles and his philosophical works were burned in Baghdad.
		This philosophy was considered to be irreligious in Muslim Spain where the society was formulated on true Arabiclines.
		Being a rational philosopher, his ideas were incompatible with the religious sentiments oforthodox Muslims and he was accused of being an atheist.
	www.netmuslims.com /info/philosophy.html (2267 words)

	Parableman: Losing Salvation in Islam
		She knows a whole lot more about the history of Islam and Muslim theology than anyone I even know, and she presents a historical introduction to various Muslim positions on salvation.
		Muslim thought on salvation, the losing of it, and the grounds of it as there are in Christianity, and some of these positions are remarkably parallel to some in Christianity.
		Certainly theology as a science is the product of Muslim creativity; the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) did not sit down and write a complex theological creed for Muslims to uniformly follow, any more than did Jesus (peace be upon him).
	parablemania.ektopos.com /archives/2005/06/losing_salvatio.html (1424 words)

	Muslim Scholars Who Acknowledge Muslim Antisemitism - Campus Watch
		Anti-Semitism has become an entrenched tenet of Muslim theology, taught to 95 per cent of the religion's adherents in the Islamic world, a U.S. scholar said yesterday at an international conference in Montreal.
		In an interview after his talk, Mohammed, a Muslim who is assistant professor of religion at San Diego State University, said anti-Semitic sentiments have become endemic in Muslim religious teachings.
		which Muslims have made to be part and parcel of Islamic teaching, you cannot respect the Jew, the Jew is God's enemy until the end of time.
	www.campus-watch.org /article/id/1074 (362 words)

	IslamiCity.com - Mixing Politics with Theology
		The one billion Muslims in the world appear seemingly helpless in preventing or addressing the incessant loss of Muslim life, the decimation of Muslim countries, and the ongoing political turmoil in many Muslim societies.
		Muslims living in the United states who have seized countless photo opportunities over the years to lull us into a false sense of political influence.
		Thus, the attempt to control both the theology and the politics of American Muslims by Muslims who have limited experience in American plurality is a debacle in progress.
	www.islamicity.com /articles/Articles.asp?ref=IC0608-3062 (1954 words)

	Fr. Thomas Michel, SJ - Presenting One’s Faith to Another: A Witness
		Whereas Christian theology in Arabic was already highly developed by the Ninth Century, on a par with theological thought in Byzantium and Western Europe, Turkish-speaking Christians had not produced parallel theological efforts in Turkish.
		When the other Faculties of Theology in Turkey (there were eight at the time) learned that there was a professor of Christian theology at Ankara, several extended invitations to give guest lectures or to present short courses of 1-4 weeks.
		Living among committed Muslims during the fasting month of Ramadan, breaking the fast with them after sunset, rising in the early hours before dawn, taught me the sense of communal solidarity that is reinforced in the time of Ramadan.
	www.sedos.org /ariccia03/michel.htm (2074 words)

	A History of Muslim Philosophy
		A detailed discussion of the fundamental principles of Islam led Muslim scholars in the second and thir/eighth and ninth centuries of Hijrah to philosophical reasonings on the nature and attributes of God and His relation to man and the universe.
		At this critical period of the history of Muslim theology there appeared, in three parts of the Muslim world, three eminent scholars: al‑Maturidi in Central Asia, al‑Ash'ari in Iraq, and al-Tahawi in Egypt.
		They exercised profound and lasting influence on the subsequent development of Muslim philosophy and theology and were considered to be the fathers of the three schools of thoughts named after them.
	www.al-islam.org /historyofmuslimphilosophy/16.htm (6621 words)

	Theology & Religion News: Muslim Education in Europe
		Bustami Khir attended a conference on Muslim Education in Europe organised by the Association of Muslim Social Scientist in UK.
		At the turn of the new millennium, it might be needed to rethink its provision in the face of new major changes and challenges.
		Contemporary circumstances, such as Globalisation, postmodernism, post colonialism and the presence of a sizeable Muslim minority in Britain particular and in Europe in general, may call for a thorough review of how the subject is taught.
	www.theology.bham.ac.uk /news/khir.htm (326 words)

	A Muslim Woman Views Christian-Islamic Dialogue - Catholic Online
		There are many women studying in pontifical universities, but very few are Muslim like Demiri, who agreed to speak about how she sees Christianity and Islam and the dialogue between believers of the two religions.
		As a religion, Islam is neither violent nor oppressive to women, says Demiri, who obtained her bachelor's and master's degrees in Muslim theology at the University of Marmara, in Istanbul.
		As a result, after I had studied Muslim theology in Istanbul, I decided to immerse myself in study of Christian theology, and as I said earlier the best place to do this, is Rome.
	www.catholic.org /featured/headline.php?ID=1022 (1310 words)

	Contradictions in the Qu'ran and Muslim Theology
		The Muslim cannot adhere to this surah in truth, because if they believed in the books given to Moses, Jesus, and the prophets from their Lord, Muslims would not reject the teachings of the Bible.
		Of course, a Muslim wouldn't consider that passage of Scripture, because they would have to admit that Jesus Christ Is everything that the Qur'an is against.
		The Muslim, through his lack of understanding might point to this as proof that God had the angels worship a man, but let's consider who this One is. Adam never created anything.
	members.tripod.com /crosscountry4jesus/id55.htm (3081 words)

	MUSLIM-ANSWERS.org - Main Page
		In conjunction with presenting the pure teachings of Islam, we are involved in an ongoing effort to respond to the misinformation, lies and distortions that have been heaped upon Islam by its enemies.
		Even though Islam and Muslims have their fair share of bigoted critics, the negative stereotypes and bad press that commonly malign Islam these days are ultimately the fault of Muslims since they've allowed themselves to be seduced by nascent modern interpretations of Islam that are often unduly militant, subtly self-righteous and spiritually arid.
		Unfortunately, today many Muslims have been duped into abandoning their rich spiritual legacy in favor of various simplistic and shallow forms of what is fittingly referred to as "Protestant Islam".
	www.muslim-answers.org (1234 words)

	Muslim Theology and Islamic Mysticism I/II - Abdal Hakim Murad (T. J.... - DVD's, DVDs, Videos - Islamic Goods Direct
		Home » Product Catalog » DVDs, Videos » DVD's » Muslim Theology and Islamic Mysticism...
		Muslim Theology and Islamic Mysticism I/II - Abdal Hakim Murad (T. Winter)
		After thoroughly addressing the first dimension of Islam in his first four lectures of this series, Abdal Hakim uniquely explores the final two dimensions in Islam of Iman and Ihsan.
	www.islamicgoodsdirect.co.uk /product_info.php/products_id/2740 (427 words)

	Ibn Rushd, Philosopher and Theologian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The last of the great Muslim thinkers, his beliefs were to have an affect on the minds of many Middle Ages intellectuals, living well beyond the borders of Moorish Spain.
		In the Muslim world, Ibn Rushd is known above all for his "Tahâfut al-Tahâfut al-Falâsifa" [The Collapse of the Philosophers] and "Mabâdi 'l-Falâsifah" [The Beginning of Philosophy].
		In spite of the fact that many Muslim scholars found his approach too rationalistic, his writings were a mine of ideas and information for Christian philosophers, creating turmoil in the minds of many medieval European intellectuals.
	www.aljadid.com /features/IbnRushd-TheGreatMuslimPhilosopher.html (3088 words)

	De-Cal Requirements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This course is intended to provide students with an exposure to classical texts (in translation) in Muslim theology, philosophy, and thought from various traditionalist, rationalist, and spiritual currents showing the complexity and diversity of the Islamic intellectual tradition with a concentration on Sunni doctrine, but also with an introduction to Shi'i beliefs as well.
		These theologians worked to reconcile, for the most part, the conclusions of the traditionalists with rational thought, and used philosophical arguments to refute the claims of Muslim philosophers such as Ibn Rushd, and Ibn Sina, (known to the west as Averroes and Avicenna, respectively) as well as other schools of theology.
		Students will be exposed to theology in the larger context of the Islamic tradition, and gain an appreciation of the various branches of Islamic knowledge, how they interact with each other, and how Muslim belief relates to Islamic law and spirituality.
	www.ocf.berkeley.edu /~fghori/description.htm (426 words)

	Daily Herald - Europe-Islam'sIntegra 04-08 0748 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		That's what Muslim leaders from across Europe described Saturday as part of broad visions that touched on everything from Islamic law to lesson plans for school children -- all aimed at forging a clear European Muslim identity that retains traditions but does not clash with Western values.
		Muslim communities in Europe have been under intense pressure to work with terrorism investigations following the 2004 Madrid train bombings and the blasts last year on London's transit system.
		But the upheavals facing European Muslims may have shaken some leaders into action, said Yousif Alkhoei, a director of the Al-khoei Foundation, a Muslim aid society with offices around the world.
	www.heraldextra.com /content/view/174279 (776 words)

	Muslim Theology
		God has a hand, God settles Himself on His throne; so it must be held "without inquiring how and without comparison." They profess to be the only true Muslims, applying to themselves the term Muwahhids and calling all others Mushriks, assignees of companions to God.
		A seeking of salvation in the study of canon law is another.
		Canon law is still the field to which an enormous proportion of Muslim theologians turn.
	www.muhammadanism.org /MacDonald/Development/p284.htm (503 words)

	CAIR statements on the events of September 11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		And therefore we as Muslims have to ask the question, ``How is it that our religious leadership has failed to reach these people with the true message of Islam?'' Because the acts of these criminals have indicted an entire religion in the hearts and minds of millions.
		When I myself studied theology at Al-Azhar, we were told that Wahhabism was heretical - not only because of issues such as its insistence that the Koranic talk of God's likeness to humanity was to be taken literally, but also because it implied a radical rejection of all Muslim scholarship.
		Muslims none the less have to face the challenge posed by the new heresies.
	www.cair.com /html/911statements.html (12727 words)

	Madrasa Education: Present Scenario & The Muslim Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		He spoke not only on madrasa education, but simultaneously put forward deeper issues like expansion of modern education among the Muslim community; modernisation of madrasa education; progress among the Muslims and their role; as well the fight against divisive trends and maintaining the unity of our country.
		In general, the point is of acquainting the Muslim community, what constitutes one-fifth of the total population in one state, with Muslim theology.
		Some sceptics view this as a move to aim minorities votes but it needs to be mentioned that no development or progress is possible keeping twenty one per cent of the population in the dark and out of the mainstream.
	pd.cpim.org /2002/march10/03102002_madrasas.htm (2330 words)

	Theology and Religion: Theological Studies
		Under this broad umbrella, students are able to research a variety of specific topics across major religions including Hinduism, Judaism, Sikhism, Islam and Christianity, though it is recognized that students may also be interested in alternative areas of spirituality that are not connected to institutional religions.
		The Department of Theology and Religion has had an interest in the interaction of gender with religion for many years.
		The hermeneutical principles and methodologies of feminist, womanist and mujerista engagement with scriptural traditions and with theology;
	www.theology.bham.ac.uk /postgrad/women.htm (617 words)

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