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Topic: Mussel

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	Natural Heritage Program - Dwarf Wedge Mussel
		Freshwater mussels again began to be harvested commercially and the shells exported to Japan.
		At the end of the parasitic stage, the juvenile mussels detach themselves from their host, leaving the fish unharmed, and sink to the bottom of the stream where they continue to develop.
		The decline of the Dwarf Wedge Mussel is mainly due to degradation of its habitat.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /wildlife/dwm.asp (850 words)

	Blue Mussel
		Mussel aquaculture involves placing small ("seed") mussels (3/4 to 2 inches long) in an area where growing conditions are optimum and where the culturist has exclusive rights to the harvest.
		These mussels grow very fast and are of the highest quality, but the process is labor intensive and the mussels are vulnerable to storms and ice damage.
		Mussel regulations were implemented in 1988 by the Department of Marine Resources in response to concerns within the industry and legislature that the intensity of the fishery that existed at that time was leading towards resource problems and conflicts between users.
	www.state.me.us /dmr/rm/bluemussel.html (1286 words)

	Mussel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The freshwater mussels (several allied families, the largest being the Unionidae) and saltwater mussels (family Mytilidae) are not closely related, and are grouped in different subclasses, despite some similarities in appearance.
		The freshwater Zebra mussels and their relatives (family Dreissenidae) live attached to rocks in a manner similar to marine mussels, but are classified with the Heterodonta, the taxonomic group including most bivalves referred to as "clams".
		Marine mussels in the wild are eaten by starfish, while living freshwater mussels are a favored source of food for muskrats, otters, raccoons and other mammals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mussel (1101 words)

	BLUE MUSSEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Mussel popularity and the need for aquaculture are more in the U.S.; however, successful commercial farms already exist in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Washington.
		Mussels are cultured by three basic methods, rope culture (plastic ropes or mesh tubes hanging from rafts), bouchot culture (using posts instead of ropes), and beach culture (bottom culture).
		The mussels that caused the outbreak were found to contain demonic acid, a toxin not previously found in shellfish.
	www.ocean.udel.edu /mas/seafood/bluemussel.html (502 words)

	Mussels
		A conspicuous organism in the benthos of the Connecticut River is the freshwater mussel.
		The gross anatomy of North American freshwater mussels is characterized by the presence of an anterior adductor muscle (AA), a posterior adductor muscle (PA), a labial palp (P) for transporting food to the mouth, and a large muscular foot (F) which is used for digging and anchorage.
		The Unionidae are characterized by the possession of gill septa in the demibranchs and a complex diaphragm.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/conn.river/fwmussel.html (640 words)

	Dwarf Wedge Mussel Fact Sheet
		The dwarf wedge mussel is a small freshwater mussel that rarely exceeds 1.5 inches (38 mm) in length.
		The dwarf wedge mussel is sexually dimorphic, with separate sexes, unlike some mussels which are hermaphroditic, with individuals having both male and female reproductive organs.
		Dwarf wedge mussels appear to select or are at least tolerant of relatively low levels of calcium in the water.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/dfwmr/wildlife/endspec/dwmufs.html (689 words)

	Mussel Biodiversity
		Mussels serve critical trophic and non-trophic roles in the functioning of riverine ecosystems.
		The Oklahoma Biological survey is surveying freshwater mussels, and the macroinvertebrate fauna associated with assemblages of mussels, in rivers throughout the Ouachita Mountains Physiographic Subprovince in central and western Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma, U.S. with funding from the Biotic Surveys and Inventories Program of the National Science Foundation.
		Mussel and benthic macroinvertebrate voucher specimens are being deposited in appropriate museums and mussel tissue samples are being deposited with the U.S.G.S. Leetown Science Center genetic tissue repository and the Texas Parks and Wildlife Heart of the Hills Research Station.
	www.biosurvey.ou.edu /mussel.html (641 words)

	The Common Mussel (Mytilus edulis)
		Mussels however continuously accumulating silt are in danger of rising themselves over the water surface.
		When the loss due to mussel predators grows to high the mussel bank is brought to dry areas, though there the mussels are exposed to decimation by birds.
		Mussel cultivation in Germany and Denmark did not begin significantly when in the Netherlands a parasite decimated the Dutch stocks and the market could not be coped with.
	www.weichtiere.at /Mollusks/Muscheln/miesmuschel.html (1239 words)

	Statewide Mussel Survey - Division of Ecological: Minnesota DNR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Freshwater mussels are important components of aquatic ecosystems and are increasingly being regarded as the aquatic "canaries in the coal mine".
		Mussels have evolved a unique parasitic reproductive strategy that primarily involves the use of fishes as hosts for their larval stage.
		Mussels are primarily sedentary in nature and often spend their entire life in a small area of the stream bed, filtering food and oxygen from the water.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /ecological_services/nhnrp/mussel_survey/index.html (1491 words)

	Mussel Glossary Term
		The meat of the mussel has a moderately firm texture with a sweet flavor similar to lobster and can be found in food stores that are well stocked with a variety of fish or in fish markets.
		Mussels are harvested along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, clinging to sea walls, rocks, gravel, and any other surface to which they can attache themselves.
		Wild mussels must be thoroughly cleaned to eliminate the possibility of paralytic poisoning caused by toxic blooms of algae, which is a result of the pollution they are exposed to.
	www.recipetips.com /glossary-term/t--33529/mussel.asp (256 words)

	Results and Discussion, Freshwater Mussel Report in Bear Creek Basin
		Mussels in segment BC3 were predominantly located in fine gravel, and in segment BC5 all the mussel beds were in sand.
		Mussel beds in segment CLC3 were predominantly located in medium to coarse gravel (76 percent) and in CLC5 were predominantly located in fine gravels (65 percent).
		Of the four segments that had the lowest numbers of mussels and mussel beds present, the substrate in mussel beds in three of those segments was 100 percent sand.
	dnr.metrokc.gov /wlr/waterres/mussels/reports/musselreport/Results_Discussion.htm (1482 words)

	Zebra Mussels
		An adult zebra mussel filters up to a quart of water per day, which multiplied by millions of mussels means that the mussels may be filtering all the water in a lake or stream in a day.
		The animals and algae that are the food of zebra mussels are also the food for larval fish and other native species, so a large zebra mussel population may cause a decline in other animals, including native fish, mollusks, and birds.
		The filter-feeding activity of zebra mussels causes a related and frequently dramatic increase in water clarity in infested lakes and rivers.
	nationalatlas.gov /articles/biology/a_zm.html (1172 words)

	MUSSEL Project \| Home
		The MUSSEL Project (MUSSELp, for short) is an on-going study aimed at the global revision of the classification of the Unionoida, otherwise known as freshwater mussels.
		Preliminary Reevaluation of the Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida) of the Congo Region, Africa.
		Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionoida) of the Angola Region.
	clade.acnatsci.org /mussel (438 words)

	Mussel Inn - Seafood Restaurant
		Mussels have been cultivated for almost 800 years in Europe, and have been used as a food source for more then 20,000 years.
		Mussels are sedentary and fix themselves to substrata such as rocks by byssal threads or "beards".
		The mantles of lady mussels are orange while gents' are creamy white.
	www.mussel-inn.com /shellfish/amazing-facts-about-mussels.asp (363 words)

	eastern lamp mussel
		While this mussel is not on the Endangered Species list in Virginia, it is considered a "Special Concern" species.
		When they are old enough, in Spring or early Summer, the mother mussel sticks them outside her shell on a soft part of her body, called the mantle.
		This means that scientists can study mussels from a stream or river and learn how polluted it is. This information will help the mussels and other animals that live in the water.
	www.fcps.k12.va.us /StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/eastern_lamp_mussel.htm (748 words)

	California Mussel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The California mussel is one of the most common creatures on California's rocky shores and in tide pools.
		Colonies of mussels are often hurt badly by big waves on the open coast.
		Mussels are quarantined in California between May 1 and October 31.
	bonita.mbnms.nos.noaa.gov /Visitor/TidePool/VRTidepool/Gen_Critters/Mussel/mussel.html (273 words)

	Zebra mussel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is a bivalve mussel native to freshwater lakes of southeast Russia.
		Zebra mussels are edible, but most experts advise against eating any found in polluted waters since the mussels accumulate contaminants and toxins from the water as they filter.
		Zebra mussels are greatly impacting the freshwater mussel population.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zebra_mussel (1178 words)

	Mussel Mystery
		Mussels are harvested and pieces of the shell shaped into beads, then inserted into live pearl oysters or even other freshwater mussels.
		The use of mussel shell in the Japanese cultured pearl industry put mussels in the spotlight in Texas in the early 1990s.
		Freshwater mussels are unique in that their larvae, called glochidia, must live for a time as a parasite on a fish.
	www.tpwd.state.tx.us /fishboat/fish/didyouknow/inland/mussel.phtml (1388 words)

	Mussel Intro
		On these pages we aren't as interested in Venus as we are in her mussel she stands upon, but the painting demonstrates the unique and ancient connection humans have to these fascinating but unassuming animals.
		As riverside environments are restored, mussel populations seem to be rebounding.
		The National Park Service is working with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources to identify the kinds and numbers of mussels that make this part of the river their home.
	www.nps.gov /miss/features/mussels/index.html (375 words)

	The Mussel Cooking Connection
		This website is a collaboration of mussel recipes from various places on the world wide web, as well as other sources.
		Mussels are included, being part of the seafood family.
		Mussels are a great way to broaden everyone's taste for fine cuisine.
	www.geocities.com /musselcc (291 words)

	EEK! - Alien Profile: Zebra Mussel
		However, some individual mussels have been found that are all-white, all-fl, or have stripes going the other direction.
		The young zebra mussels reach sexual maturity during their first year and are ready to continue the cycle.
		Zebra mussels seem to be able to survive everywhere, but they are rarely found in still water or fast-moving water.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/caer/ce/eek/critter/invert/zebramussel.htm (844 words)

	EEK! - Critter Corner - Quagga Mussel
		The ventral (bottom-side where the 2 shells attach) side of the quagga mussel is convex which makes the quagga mussel topple over when you try to stand it up on a flat surface.
		A quagga mussel feeds all year, even in winter when its cousin the zebra mussel is dormant.
		Quagga mussels stick to vegetation, so be sure to remove all plants from the boat and trailer as well.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/caer/ce/eek/critter/invert/quaggamussel.htm (544 words)

	Mussel Life Cycle Lesson -- Illinois State Museum
		This breathing organ is used by the mussel as the means to expel the larvae.
		Mussel larvae do receive protection and nutrition from their hosts, but dispersal is more important.
		It is interesting to note that zebra mussels, a non-native exotic species, which have free-floating (Veliger) larvae that do not attach themselves to hosts, are quite successful in nature (with the aid of humans) even though their larvae are exposed to predators after being expelled from the parent.
	www.museum.state.il.us /ismdepts/zoology/mussels/mussel_lifecycle_lesson.html (728 words)

	Mussel Enhancement - The Boston Globe
		Cover with the lid and steam the mussels over high heat for 6 to 8 minutes, shaking the pan several times, or until they open.
		Divide the mussels among 4 deep bowls, and spoon the vegetables and cooking juices over them, discarding the lemon grass.
		They are made from thick slices of crusty bread that have been toasted until golden, and they're a perfect accompaniment to the mussels with sausage.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/magazine/articles/2005/10/30/mussel_enhancement (971 words)

	Mussels
		At Kingston beach, Shoreham-by-Sea, the Common Mussels attain a length of 70 mm, (a largish specimen measured 68 mm) but the above specimen at 52 mm is the normal size near low water mark.
		Mussels feed by drawing water into the shell, filtering out the edible particles, and pumping the waste water out again through a different opening.
		You have to approach carefully, or the mussels detect unusual water movement and shadows as you approach, and close the shell in case you are a predator looking for dinner!
	www.glaucus.org.uk /Mussels.htm (286 words)

	Mussels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Mussels attach themselves to hard substratum with the help of byssal threads from the byssal glands.
		These proteinous threads are very strong, a defense mechanism for the mussel.
		Many mussels attach themselves to rocks that are in the intertidal region; therefore, they are under a lot of physical stress from possible dessication, wave action, exposure to ariel prey, as well as competition for space with barnacles, algae, and other mussels.
	www.cyhaus.com /marine/mussels.htm (70 words)

	VDGIF > Wildlife > Zebra Mussel Eradication at Millbrook Quarry
		Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are freshwater bivalves (clams) native to the Caspian, Black, and Azov seas of eastern Europe.
		Elsewhere in North America and Europe, zebra mussel populations that colonize open or large water bodies are merely managed to reduce economic and ecological impacts, usually at great financial cost and accompanied by long-term loss of natural resources.
		To kill the zebra mussels through exposure to potassium, the entire quarry was injected with 174,000 gallons of potassium chloride solution over a 3-week period from January 31 to February 17, 2006.
	www.dgif.state.va.us /zebramussels (1582 words)

	USFWS - Freshwater Mussels of the Upper Mississippi River System - Species Identification and Location
		Freshwater mussels (Family: Unionidae) are bivalved (two-shelled) mollusks that live in the sediments of rivers, streams, and lakes.
		Unlike many regions of the country, most mussels of the Midwest can be identified using a combination of written descriptions, photographs, and range maps found in field guides.
		Since some species of mussels look alike, you may need a basic understanding of mussel anatomy to make correct identifications.
	www.fws.gov /midwest/mussel/species.html (337 words)

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