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	Kemal Atatürk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mustafa studied at the military secondary school in Selânik, where the additional name Kemal ("perfection") was bestowed on him by his mathematics teacher in recognition of his academic brilliance.
		Kemal Pasha spent the next several years consolidating his control over Turkey and instituting a variety of wide-ranging political, economic and social reforms.These reforms caused some opposition in Republican People's Party which was founded by Mustafa Kemal in September 9th 1923.
		Mustafa Kemal regarded the fez (which Sultan Mahmud II had originally introduced to the Ottoman Empire's dress code in 1826) as a symbol of feudalism and banned it, encouraging Turkish men to wear European attire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk (2525 words)

	Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal
		Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938) was the founder of the Republic of Turkey and the consummator of the Armenian Genocide.
		Kemal established headquarters in Ankara, amnestied CUP members who joined his movement, and regrouped the remaining Ottoman army and other irregular units under his general command.
		With this exodus from the mainland, Mustafa Kemal completed what Talaat and Enver had started in 1915, the eradication of the Armenian population of Anatolia and the termination of Armenian political aspirations in the Caucasus.
	www.armenian-genocide.org /encyclopedia/kemal.htm (582 words)

	Kemal Atatürk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–November 10, 1938), Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and anti-imperialist statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey.
		In October 1918 the Ottomans capitulated to the Allies, and Kemal Pasha became one of the leaders of the party which favoured a policy of defending the Turkish-speaking heartlands of the Empire, while agreeing to withdraw from all the non-Turkish territories.
		The government sent Kemal Pasha to Samsun in North-Central Anatolia to take command of the nineteenth Army, a formation which, in accordance with the restrictions placed on the empire by the Allies in the Treaty of Sevres, was supposed to be disbanded.
	americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%FCrk (1747 words)

	Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal) [Australian War Memorial]
		Kemal returned to Gallipoli in 1915 as commander of the 19th Division, the main reserve of the Turkish Fifth Army, and was thus on hand to oppose the ANZAC landing in April.
		After commanding in the Caucasus, Kemal was at the head of Seventh Army in Palestine during the final allied offensive which defeated Turkey in 1918.
		Colonel Mustafa Kemal (fourth from left) with officers and staff of the Anfarta group, Gallipoli Peninsula, 1915.
	www.awm.gov.au /encyclopedia/ataturk.htm (431 words)

	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mustafa Kemal's career flourished as he won his heroism in the far corners of the Ottoman Empire, including Albania and Tripoli.
		On October 29, the Republic was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal Pasha was unanimously elected President of the Republic.
		Mustafa Kemal Pasha emerged as the national liberator of the Turks when the Ottoman Empire, carved up by the Western Powers, was in its death throes.
	www.turkses.com /Ataturk (1063 words)

	Mustafa Kemal Pasha
		Mustafa Kemal's career almost ended soon after his graduation when it was discovered that he and several friends were meeting to read about and discuss political abuses within the empire.
		Mustafa Kemal and Ali Faut were sent to the 5th Army in Damascus, where Mustafa Kemal was angered by the way corrupt officials were treating the local people.
		During the battle, Mustafa Kemal was hit by a piece of shrapnel, which lodged in the watch he carried in his breast pocket and thus failed to cause him serious injury.
	ozigci.8k.com /photo3.html (4318 words)

	Mustafa Kemal
		Born Mustafa Rizi to a minor Turkish customs officer in Salonika, Greece, on March 12, 1881, the future Ataturk recognized that a career in the military would be the most advantageous route of advancement for a young man of his origins in the Ottoman society.
		Because of these activities, when Kemal graduated from the staff college as a captain in 1905, he was posted to a remote post in Syria, and from there his military career continued to be fairly routine.
		In 1915, Kemal took command of the Nineteenth Division, with the rank of colonel, at Rodosto on the peninsula of Gallipoli.
	www.carpenoctem.tv /military/kemal.html (1054 words)

	Turkey: In Depth : History : Mustafa Kemal Ataturk & the Republican Period \| Frommers.com
		Kemal's vision for the Republic was Westernization, modernization, solidarity, secularization, and equality for all Turks.
		Kemal's flurry of reform angered many Muslims, and in 1926 a plot to assassinate the president was uncovered (although it is unclear whether or not the plot was actually contrived by Kemal himself to rid himself of his opponents).
		Mustafa Kemal was given the name Atatürk ("father of the Turks") by the Grand National Assembly.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/turkey/0349033175.html (1459 words)

	Learn more about Kemal Atatürk in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Kemal Atatürk (March 12, 1881 - November 10, 1938), Turkish soldier and statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey.
		Born in Salonika (Thessaloniki) as Mustafa Kemal (later given the title Pasha), he entered the military secondary school in Salonika in 1893 and the military academy at Monastir (now Bitola) in 1895.
		This group overthrew the incumbent Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI and the Allies in Anatolia, and he and his lieutenant Ismet Pasha (later Ismet Inönü) presided over the defeat of the Greek invasion of 1920 - 1922.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /k/ke/kemal_ataturk_1.html (666 words)

	Atatürk’s creation by David Fromkin
		Mustafa Kemal was born at the frontier: in Salonika, capital city of Macedonia.
		Kemal emerged from it, and from the entire 1914–18 conflict, as a war hero of the Ottoman armies.
		Kemal was supremely disciplined in his approach to politics.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/18/apr00/fromkin.htm (3173 words)

	Ataturk Biography - Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (father of modern turkey)
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (March 12, 1881 - November 10, 1938), Turkish soldier and statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey.
		Mustafa studied at the military secondary school in Selânik, where he was given the additional name Kemal ("perfection") by his math teacher in recognition of his academic brilliance.
		In October 1918 the Ottomans capitulated to the Allies, and Kemal became one of the leaders of the party which favoured a policy of defending the Turkish-speaking heartlands of the Empire, while agreeing to withdraw from all the non-Turkish territories.
	www.quotemonk.com /authors/ataturk/biography-profile.htm (1797 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Mustafa Kemal Pasha
		Mustafa Kemal Pasha (1881-1938), also referred to as Kemal Ataturk ('Father of the Turks') served in field commands during World War One and subsequently became Turkey's first president.
		With the Ottoman Empire's entry into the war in November 1914 Kemal was given command of the 19th Division based at Gallipoli.
		After successfully leading a guerrilla campaign against the Greek army's attempt to occupy Smyrna Kemal deposed Sultan Mehmed VI (abolishing the sultanate and in 1924 the caliphate) and became Turkey's first president in 1924, serving until 1938.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/kemal.htm (439 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		After playing a minor role in the Balkan Wars of 1912 - 1913, he gained a major victory by repulsing the Allied invasion of Gallipoli in 1915.
		Kemal organized the Turkish Nationalist Republican Party in 1919 from local resistance groups.
		Kemal opened new schools to teach the new art form for boys and girls.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/k/ke/kemal_ataturk_1.html (567 words)

	Historical Figures - Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 — November 10, 1938), Turkish reformist, soldier, and statesman, was the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey.
		Atatürk studied at the military secondary school in Selânik, where he was given the additional name Kemal ("perfection") by his math teacher in recognition of his academic brilliance.
		Kemal regarded the fez (the Ottoman hat) as a symbol of feudalism and banned it, instead he encouraged Turkish men to wear modern hats.
	www.dailypast.com /historical-figures/mustafa-ataturk.shtml (1449 words)

	Ataturk - All About Turkey
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in Salonica (now in Greece) in 1881.
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was president for 15 years, until his death in 1938, on November 10th.
		His achievements are a legacy to the modern state of Turkey and he is considered a pioneer of national liberation.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /ataturk.htm (480 words)

	Mustafa Kemal ATATURK 1
		Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of the Turkish Republic and its first President, stands as a towering figure of the 20th Century.
		As President for 15 years, until his death in 1938, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk introduced a broad range of swift and sweeping reforms - in the political, social, legal, economic, and cultural spheres - virtually unparalleled in any other country.
		The New Turkey's ideology was, and remains, "Kemalism", later known as "Ataturkism".
	jhonniedenmark.8m.com /custom2.html (1691 words)

	Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
		Kemal was the only Ottoman commander to gain fame during World War I. He defeated the British attempt (1915) to land at Gallipoli and later kept the Turkish army of Syria together as it was pushed back into Anatolia by the British, helped by the Arab Revolt.
		Kemal vigorously opposed the Turkish government's decision to surrender (1918) to the Allies and sign the Treaty of Sevres (1920), which gave up large areas of Anatolia to foreign occupation or influence.
		Mustafa Kemal, later called Kemal Atatürk ("Father of the Turks"), won fame as a military commander during World War I and led the revolution that established the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
	www.turkishnews.com /DiscoverTurkey/who/ataturk (734 words)

	"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: The Liberator, The Nation-Builder and The Statesman" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is the day in 1919 when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk arrived in the port city of Samsun on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, to launch the War of Independence against the powers which had invaded Turkey at the end of the First World War.
		The will power of Mustafa Kemal and the members of the Grand National Assembly was not to be broken, even when the government in Istanbul, controlled by the British, sentenced Mustafa Kemal to death and sent troops for his capture.
		Mustafa Kemal and his friends were confident, because they derived their power from the people and not from the Sultan.
	www.ataturksociety.org /asa/voa/remarks_ilkin.html (2521 words)

	Mustafa Kemal - Armeniapedia.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Sadettin Ferit showed up at Mustafa Kemal's house in Sisli with the bad news, although it happened to be a rather late hour of the night.
		After Mustafa Kemal launched the liberation campaign in Anatolia, Berch Keresteciyan Efendi, as the Vice President of Hilal-i Ahmer Society, personally oversaw the shipment of crates of medicine from Istanbul to Anatolia on cargo barges.
		Mustafa Kemal and his friends were carrying on the war under great privation and difficulties, and were trying their best to stop the Greek occupation forces marching towards Ankara.
	www.armeniapedia.org /index.php?title=Mustafa_Kemal (998 words)

	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
		During World War I he led three Ottoman divisions in the defense of the Dardanelles and he was instrumental in the Ottoman defeat and expulsion of the Allied Forces.
		After the war, from the years 1919 and 1923, Mustafa Kemal led a national uprising (the Turkish War of Independence) against the last Ottoman sultan and the Greeks which laid the foundation of the new Turkish State.
		Mustafa Kemal selected the name Atatürk for his surname; Atatürk means, "Father of the Turks" or "Father of the Turkish Nation".
	ehistory.osu.edu /middleeast/PeopleView.cfm?PID=213 (309 words)

	Mustafa Kemal ATATURK - Turkish Republic
		His full name was Mustafa Kemal and the Ataturk surname, meaning the father of Turks, was given to him by the Turkish people (1934 November 24th.) in accordance with the reforms he introduced to create a modern Turkish country.
		Above all, Kemalism is the introduction and the rendering of the rights to the nation.
		It is the expression of the national sovereignity.It is an attempt to reach the level of the modern civilizations, it is westernization, modernization.
	www.turizm.net /turkey/history/ataturk.html (891 words)

	MSN Encarta - Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
		Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (1881-1938), Turkish soldier, nationalist leader, and statesman, who founded the republic of Turkey and was its first president (1923-1938).
		These included abolishing the caliphate, which embodied the religious authority of the sultans, and all other Islamic institutions; introducing Western law codes, dress, and calendar; using the Latin alphabet; and, in 1928, removing the constitutional provision naming Islam as the state religion.
		By 1931 the ideology of the regime, known as Kemalism or Atatürkism, was articulated and defined by six principles: republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, secularism, and revolutionism.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761555416 (799 words)

	Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		His original name was Mustafa Kemal, and the honorary title "Atatürk" was bestowed upon him as late as 1934, by the Grand National Assembly, and means "Father of the Turks".
		1909: With the coup that ousted the Sultan, Kemal is central and active.
		At this time, Kemal was the inspector of the Third Army in Anatolia, and started to operate against the orders from the sultan's regime in Istanbul, gathering support from other powers in Turkey.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ataturk.htm (698 words)

	Directory - Regional: Middle East: Turkey: Society and Culture: History: Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Founder of modern Turkey · cached · Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is the founder of todays Republic of Turkey from the remanants of the Ottoman Empire.
		The Electronic Passport to Kemal Ataturk · cached · Kemal Ataturk was a Turkish leader who unified his nation, forced colonial powers to leave, and modernized Turkish society.
		Mustafa Kemal Ataturk - Turkish Republic · cached · Recounting of the Turkish founder's accomplishments.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=68583 (144 words)

	AllRefer.com - Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Turkish And Ottoman History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Turkish And Ottoman History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Turkish And Ottoman History, Biographies
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Mustafa Kemal Pasha
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/X/X-KemalPas.html (127 words)

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