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Topic: Mustard gas

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Poison gas

Vesicant

Use of poison gas in World War I

Blood agent

Mustard

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Chemical warfare

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	AllRefer.com - mustard gas (Organic Chemistry) - Encyclopedia
		mustard gas, chemical compound used as a poison gas in World War I. The burning sensation it causes on contact with the skin is similar to that caused by oil from fl mustard seeds.
		Mustard gas was introduced by the Germans in warfare against the British at Ypres, Belgium, in July, 1917, and took a heavy toll of casualties.
		It is dispersed as an aerosol by a bursting shell.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/mustardg.html (291 words)

	First World War.com - Weapons of War - Poison Gas
		Raising Special Gas Companies in the wake of the Germans' April attack (of approximately 1,400 men) operating under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Foulkes, instructions were given to prepare for a gas attack at Loos in September 1915.
		Mustard gas, an almost odourless chemical, was distinguished by the serious blisters it caused both internally and externally, brought on several hours after exposure.
		Gas never turned out to be the weapon that turned the tide of the war, as was often predicted.
	www.firstworldwar.com /weaponry/gas.htm (1737 words)

	Blister Agent: HD
		Mustard gas rapidly became the premier agent used by the Germans, as they were well aware of the psychological advantage it gave them.
		The methods investigated for detecting mustard gas included the use of snails, which were said to wave their tentacles wildly in the air and then withdraw into their shells when it was present.
		That mustard gas was so effective was due in large measure to the fact that the Iranians were poorly equipped for gas warfare - in many ways their situation was similar to that of the Allies in 1917.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Chemical/Blister/HD.shtml (6686 words)

	Molecule of the Month - Mustard Gas
		Mustard gas is the common name given to 1,1-thiobis(2-chloroethane), a chemical warfare agent that is believed to have first been used near Ypres in Flanders on 12th July 1917.
		Mustard gas is a paticularly deadly and dehabilitating poison, but its real danger when it was first used in WW1, compared to other chemical warfare agents at the time, was the fact that it could penetrate all protective materials and masks that they had available at the time.
		Mustard gas has always been seen as a particularly nasty poison, resulting in a painful and often slow death, and, ironically, whilst it causes cancer, it has also been used to help cure it.
	www.bris.ac.uk /Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/mustard/mustard.htm (762 words)

	Fact Sheet: Chemical Warfare in the Iraq-Iran War
		Mustard gas was first used as a chemical-warfare agent during World War I, when it was responsible for about 70 per cent of the million-plus gas casualties.
		Mustard gas can be spread from munitions deliverable by virtually any type of weapon, including the mortars, artillery and aircraft with which Iraqi forces are reported to have used it.
		Mustard gas may be made in different ways according to whether ethylene, vinyl chloride or thiodiglycol is chosen as the starting material.
	projects.sipri.se /cbw/research/factsheet-1984.html (4148 words)

	Poison Gases
		Chlorine gas destroyed the respiratory organs of its victims and this led to a slow death by asphyxiation.
		One disadvantage for the side that launched chlorine gas attacks was that it made the victim cough and therefore limited his intake of the poison.
		Mustard Gas (Yperite) was first used by the German Army in September 1917.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWgas.htm (2095 words)

	Trenches on the Web - Armory: Gas Warfare
		Gas was a nuisance, a crippling nuisance, often only wounding and causing widespread panic instead of outright killing.
		The cannister gas mask was developed to protect the soldier from the use of chlorine gas and tearing agents such as xylyl bromide.
		Gas was invented (and very successfully used) as a terror weapon meant to instill confusion and panic among the enemy prior to an offensive.
	www.worldwar1.com /arm006.htm (1180 words)

	Defensive Measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mustard gas was probably the most difficult gas that the medical facilities had to deal with.
		Although the use of gas during the Verdun campaign did not significantly alter the battle, it did cause a significant number of French casualties that caused further logistical and medical difficulties on a French system that was already over-burdened with conventional injuries.
		Initially gas casualties were listed as ‘other causes’ and therefore the exact number of men who were casualties in the early phase of gas usage is relatively unknown.
	members.tripod.com /Brian_Blodgett/Chemical.htm (4789 words)

	ww1, 1914-18, mustard gas
		Gas as we know it was first used on the western front at Ypres in 1915 (it had been first used on the eastern front) when they released Chlorine gas which was a suffocator, it caused great terror.
		The terror of a gas attack often caused non experienced troops to run, all in all it added to the hazardous environment of trench warfare.
		In 1917 the Germans developed a gas which could get through all masks and clothing etc, this was Mustard Gas- A real nasty one.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/kylet1/gas.htm (789 words)

	Mustard Gas
		Mustard Gas (Yperite) was first used by the
		The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to vomit.
		Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWmustard.htm (582 words)

	Terrorism: Q & A \| Mustard Gas
		Mustard gas was first used in World World I by German troops.
		Making mustard gas is easier than making nerve gases but harder than “weaponizing” industrial chemicals such as chlorine, experts say.
		Mustard gas is a blister agent, less likely to kill large numbers of people than such nerve agents as sarin and VX.
	www.terrorismanswers.com /weapons/mustard.html (542 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mustard gas was used in different occasions - causing thousands of casualties among the civilians, Sepah, and Army personnel in Iran.
		Mustard gas is a known mutagen and may be a human carcinogen too.
		An additional group was not given mustard gas, but injected with 0.12 ml DMSO and considered as a negative control group.
	www.chronicillnet.org /PGWS/tuite/IRMED/Iran001.htm (404 words)

	mustard gas on Encyclopedia.com
		chemical compound used as a poison gas in World War I. The burning sensation it causes on contact with the skin is similar to that caused by oil from fl mustard seeds.
		Mustard 'gas' in use around Adelaide.(public transport to be partially powered by biodiesel)
		Sidney Wolfson, 85, of Farmington, Michigan, still bears the scars from mustard gas burns on his forearms.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m1/mustardg.asp (695 words)

	CDC \| Facts About Sulfur Mustard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sulfur mustard is also known as “mustard gas or mustard agent,” or by the military designations H, HD, and HT.
		If sulfur mustard is released into water, people can be exposed by drinking the contaminated water or getting it on their skin.
		Sulfur mustard breaks down slowly in the body, so repeated exposure may have a cumulative effect (that is, it can build up in the body).
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/sulfurmustard/basics/facts.asp (1010 words)

	ATSDR - MMG: Blister Agents: Sulfur Mustard Agent H or HD; and Sulfur Mustard Agent HT
		Sulfur mustards are yellow to brown oily liquids with a slight garlic or mustard odor.
		Sulfur mustards were first developed in the early-to-mid-1800s and were introduced as chemical warfare agents in 1917 during World War I. They have been used extensively in chemical warfare and remain a major threat.
		Sulfur mustards are vesicants and alkylating agents; however, the biochemical mechanisms of action are not clearly understood.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg165.html (5934 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Sulfur Mustard
		Sulfur mustard (HD) is a thick liquid at ambient temperature, but becomes a solid at 58 °F. It is heavier than water as a liquid and heavier than air as a vapor.
		Sulfur mustard is no longer made in the United States and is only stored at a few Army storage sites; therefore, the general public is not exposed to sulfur mustard.
		Sulfur mustard causes the eyes and skin of children to burn similarly to adults; however, the burns are more severe and blisters appear sooner in children.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts49.html (1150 words)

	ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Sulfur Mustard
		It is often called by its common name, 'mustard gas.' However, the term 'mustard gas' can be confusing, since it is stored as a liquid and is not likely to change into a vapor immediately if it is released at ordinary temperatures.
		Sulfur mustard causes the eyes and skin of children to burn similarly to adults; however, the burns may be more severe in children.
		Sulfur mustard vapors are heavier than air and since young children are closer to the ground or floor because of their height, they may be exposed to more sulfur mustard vapors than adults during accidental exposures.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /toxprofiles/phs49.html (2615 words)

	Mustard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Culinary mustard, most especially the condiment by the same name, but also the seeds and greens.
		Mustard gas, a chemical weapon used in war
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mustard (97 words)

	Fact Sheet: Mustard Gas Exposure and Long-Term Health Effects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1991, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) relaxed requirements for evaluating mustard gas-related compensation claims because of the confidentiality of some of the World War II testing and a lack of military medical records and followup.
		At that time, a review of studies of the effects of mustard gas exposure led VA to publish regulations authorizing service-connection and disability compensation payments to veterans who were exposed to significant levels of mustard gas and who suffer from chronic forms of certain diseases.
		Veterans who were exposed to significant amounts of mustard gas and have health problems that may be compensable -- or their survivors -- may contact the nearest VA regional office at 1-800-827-1000 for more information about benefits.
	www.va.gov /pressrel/99mustd.htm (638 words)

	poison gas
		Gas did not have any dominant influence on the course of the war, but it did seem to point toward wide-scale use in the future.
		However, except for the use of poison gas by the Italians in the war against Ethiopia (1935–36) and by the Japanese against Chinese guerrillas (1937–42), poison gas was not employed in warfare after World War I out of fear of retribution, even though the military powers of the world continued to develop new gases.
		Poison gas was used in the Iran-Iraq War, and Iraq has used poison gas on its own civilians, in particular the Kurds.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0839475.html (428 words)

	Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite -- Executive Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		So vivid were the memories of the first use of "mustard gas" (sulfur mustard) by the Germans in World War I that the United States government began to prepare for chemical warfare even before the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.
		Its task was to survey the medical and scientific literature on mustard agents and Lewisite, assess the strength of association between exposure to these agents and the development of specific diseases, identify the gaps in the literature, and recommend strategies and approaches to deal with any gaps found.
		In the chamber tests, human subjects were required to enter gas chambers repeatedly for an hour or more per trial, until, after a number of trials, their skin showed evidence of chemical burns (erythema)—an indication that the agents were penetrating the protective clothing.
	www.nap.edu /execsumm/030904832X.html (6033 words)

	USATODAY.com - White House: Bush cited wrong amount of mustard gas found in Libya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		WASHINGTON (AP) — Once again, President Bush misspoke on a weapons issue, telling the nation that 50 tons of mustard gas were found in Libya — twice the amount actually uncovered.
		The president should have said in his Tuesday night address and press conference that 23.6 tons of mustard gas were found in Libya, instead of 50 tons, McClellan said.
		The second time, Bush was using the example of the Libyan mustard gas disclosure to suggest that weapons of mass destruction could still turn up in Iraq.
	www.usatoday.com /news/washington/2004-04-14-bush-libya-mistake_x.htm (479 words)

	Nerve Gas used in Northern Iraq on Kurds
		The PHR team concluded that bombs containing mustard gas and at least one unidentified nerve agent had been dropped on Kurdish villages in northern Iraq.
		At Porton Down, analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry found that six soil samples taken from the first two craters contained mustard agent and/or thiodiglycol, a compound produced by the hydrolysis (breakdown by water) of mustard, 1,4- thioxane and 1,4-dithiane, were also detected in these samples.
		No traces of mustard or nerve agents or their breakdown products were found in the samples taken from the gravesites, although only about three grams of clothing were examined.
	www.phrusa.org /research/chemical_weapons/chemiraqgas2.html (1378 words)

	Poison Warfare Gases; Treatment
		It is used to reactivate the the acetylcholinestrase that is bound by the nerve agent.
		Tthey are also said to have access to a "Mustard Gas" type agent, which can cause extensive skin and respiratory system burns.
		Reportedly, Iraq used "Mustard" type agents in past attacks on the Kurdish tribemen in their own country.
	www.emergency.com /nervgas.htm (760 words)

	CNN.com - U.N. destroying mustard gas shells - Feb. 12, 2003
		U.N. weapons inspectors Wednesday were to begin destroying 10 artillery shells filled with potentially deadly mustard gas that were found by previous inspection teams.
		Mustard gas -- one of the most potent chemical weapons -- is a potentially deadly chemical agent that attacks the skin and eyes.
		Al-Muthanna, which was heavily bombed during the 1991 Gulf War, was once Iraq's chief production center for chemical and biological weapons, producing agents such as anthrax, mustard gas and the agent that causes botulism.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/meast/02/12/sprj.irq.inspections (412 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Mustard gas found by Iraq weapon hunters
		Dozens of mortar rounds believed to be armed with mustard gas have been discovered buried in Iraq, Danish troops said yesterday.
		Even coalition military spokesmen said the weapons were likely to be a leftover from the Iran-Iraq war fought during the Eighties when mustard gas was widely used.
		The gas blisters the skin painfully and can be lethal if it is breathed in.
	www.guardian.co.uk /Iraq/Story/0,2763,1120720,00.html (598 words)

	Chemical Weapons Programs - Iraq Special Weapons Facilities
		They progressed to the use of CW agents in mid-1983 with mustard, and in March 1984 with tabun (the first use ever of a nerve agent in war).
		The poison gas attack on Halabja was the largest-scale chemical weapons (CW) attack against a civilian population in modern times.
		The quality of the mustard agent was good (not less than 80 per cent pure) and was such that the agent could be stored for long periods, either in bulk or in weaponized form.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/iraq/cw/program.htm (1859 words)

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